Widespread protein-calorie malnutrition in many countries has stimulated interest in direct use of whole soybeans. However, acceptability of this protein/calorie-rich food is limited by several factors such as prolonged cooking time, poor texture and lack of consumer familiarity. Direct use of soybeans might be more acceptable if beans were dehulled prior to use. The objective of this investigation was to study the cooking quality, nutritive value, sensory characteristics and shelf life of dehulled soybeans in comparison with whole soybeans. The soaking time of whole soybeans was four times greater than that of dehulled soybeans (12 to 3 hr, respectively). Solid losses during soaking were greater for dehulled beans than for whole beans (8.6% and 0.7%, respectively), but cooking times (5.9 to 6.1 hr) were not significantly different. Whether raw or cooked, bean types did not significantly differ for PER, NPR and apparent digestibility. After cooking, there were significant increases in all nutritional parameters studied. Dry dehulled beans were significantly preferred over whole beans, but cooking reversed this preference. Both soybean types were stored in lots of 500 g polyethylene bags up to 6 mo at two environmental conditions (25°C, 75% RH, env. l; and 38°C, 90% RH, env. 11) and sampled monthly. Moisture content of whole and dehulled beans increased significantly during storage, however, rate of moisture increase was greater when both soybean types were stored under env. II. Cooking time of whole and dehulled beans increased linearly with storage duration. Storage environment affected the rate/extent of this increase (19%, env. I; 87%, env. II). Trypsin inhibitor activity decreased during storage; cooking destroyed this activity in all samples. PERs of dehulled beans were reduced by storage under both conditions, whereas those of whole beans were influenced only by env. II. For both soybean types, NPR and apparent digestibility values were independent of storage treatment. Color and odor of dry samples were adversely affected by storage duration under env. II. The increased color associated with storage under env. II. was less pronounced after samples were cooked. No practical limitation was found for dehulled beans in relation to whole beans and several advantages were suggested. Dehulled soybeans may constitute another alternative for increasing direct consumption of this protein/calorie-rich food.

Four different heating treatments with two different methods of cooking were applied to soybeans. The treatments were boiling 20 min, autoclaving 5 min, 10 min, or 20 min, after soaking the beans for 10 hr at 25°C. Vitamin B-6 and free folacin in cooking water were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the heat treatments. Treatments also significantly influenced vitamin B-6, free folacin, trypsin inhibitor activity, water absorption, moisture content; and blue, green, and amber values, in the cooked soybeans. Treatments decreased the definition of the soybean cell structures. Boiling method caused relatively more losses of vitamin B-6 into cooking water, inactivated trypsin inhibitor at the same level, and caused a lighter color of cooked soybean than autoclaving methods. Analysis of covariance showed relationships (P<0.05) between water absorption after cooking with total folacin in cooked soybeans, and water absorption after cooking with blue color value. Other relationships (P<0.05) were observed in cooked soybeans between texture and total folacin, moisture content and trypsin inhibitor activity and free folacin. / Graduation date: 1982

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2006.

Apparent digestibility of forage soybean silage was evaluated utilizing a dual continuous flow apparatus in a Latin Square design. The fermenters were inoculated with a mixture of rumen fluid from two ruminally cannulated Angus cows. Fermenters were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) 76.1% alfalfa silage, 16.1% corn stover, 6.7% dry distiller’s grains (CON); 2) 75.1% soybean silage, 6.5% corn stover, 17.3 % soyhulls (SB); 3) 63.5% soybean pearl millet mixed silage, 15.2% corn stover, 20.2 % soyhulls (SBPM);4) 61.4 % rye grass, 14.8% corn stover, 4.8% dried distiller’s grains, 18.0 % soyhulls (RYE). All diets contained 1.1 % Purdue Heifer developer and were balanced to meet or exceed NRC requirements for a developing heifer and to contain 13.9% crude protein. Treatment had no effect (P ≥ 0.43) on the apparent ruminal digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) or crude protein (CP). The SB forage source had the greatest (P = 0.03) fat digestibility compared to SBPM but similar to CON and RYE. Data suggests that the digestibility of forage soybean silage is similar to the digestibility of alfalfa silage. Additionally, if a producer is interested in planting a mixture of forage soybeans and pearl millet silage it too is similar in digestibility when compared to forage soybean alone and alfalfa silage.

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Keith Harris / The growing number of participants in the grain market shows just how globalized this sector is in Brazil nowadays. It is difficult to distinguish between mergers and acquisitions of local companies and that of investment funds, which are actively engaged in acquiring a part or even the totality of Brazilian companies. For instance, the soybean crushing company “XYZ” that acquired some assets such as crushing plants in the state of Mato Grosso, located on the center-west region of Brazil and access to two port terminals to export the byproducts. This thesis contains data from January of 2014 to September of 2017, which includes prices of soybean and by products, freight rates, basis at the ports and operational costs. This information is from different sources including government and private agencies and Thomson Reuters Eikon software. This information was used to build a model in Microsoft Excel and by using the Risk Solver Platform, a statistic calculator tool and to find a solution to improve “XYZ” profitability. The results of the model suggest changes in the origination of grains, a reduction of the volume in some locations and increasing the volume originated in other locations. After running two different scenarios, “XYZ” profit increased by 3.81 million of Brazilian Reais.

Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee all border the Mississippi River, a primary shipping channel in the United States. These Mid-South states serve as a southern agricultural hub in terms of corn and soybean production. The Mid-South is a prime location for merchandisers to take advantage of the Mississippi River in addition to a vast connection of railway systems and interstates for moving grain. The main objective of this study is to analyze local basis for selling locations in the Mid-South and connect basis movements with transportation flows to understand grain basis dynamics in the Mid-South better. An empirical analysis shows the nearby futures months have the greatest effect on both corn and soybean basis dynamics in the Mid-South. Farmers and merchandisers can take the results to better understand how changes in basis patterns can impact producer revenue and how to benefit from those changes.

Global production of soybeans continues to increase, reflecting the value of soybeans in food products, soil amendments, and petroleum replacements. While the N2O aspect of the legume greenhouse gas (GHG) budget has been given substantial, and mostly negative, attention, the CO2 side needs to be explored. During nitrogen fixation, hydrogen is produced. As a result of hydrogen-coupled CO2 fixation, legume soils have the ability to increase the amount of atmospheric carbon fixed into the soil. However, the amount and fate of this fixed carbon has yet to be determined. Therefore, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment explored the methods of 13C labeling of four soil treatments over a period of 28 days. Results showed that most of this carbon uptake was through biotic processes, and that the pattern of carbon uptake was similar for all four soil treatments. The ideal labeling time for both ‘root’ and ‘nodule’ soil was determined to be between 7 and 14 days. The second experiment incubated four 13C labeled soil treatments in a continuous soybean field for 11 months. Throughout this time, bags of soil were removed and separated into three soil organic matter (SOM) fractions; the microbial biomass fraction (MBF), the light fraction (LF), and the acid stable fraction (ASF). These fractions were then measured for δ13C, providing a time series showing carbon movement through the soil which enabled an estimation of the MRT of fixed carbon in the soil. Results showed that the MBF was responsible for the initial flux of carbon uptake in all soil treatments, and that the ‘nodule + H2’ MBF continued to fix carbon at the end of the 11 months. While the LF was not ideal at representing the intermediate SOM pool, the ASF did increase in enrichment at the end of the experiment, showing the movement of newly fixed carbon into long-term carbon storage. Therefore, hydrogen-coupled CO2 fixation does contribute to long-term carbon storage in legume soils, however, longer study times with focus on different legume plants and soil types are required to determine the mean residence time (MRT) of fixed carbon in the ASF. / Thesis (Master, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2013-01-30 09:28:01.899

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Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1940.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1940.