No description available.

No description available.

In this thesis the performance of a step quantum well infrared photodetector, designed by Kevin Lantz (June 2002) and experimentally studied by Michael Touse (September 2003) and Yeo Hwee Tiong (December 2004), was simulated in Matlab using the transfer matrix method. The results obtained by the Matlab program are compared with the experimental results in a try to make inferences about the optimum way of designing QWIP detectors. Simulation of the above implies numerical solution of the SchroÌ dinger equation, using algorithms and methods, which give accurate results. In our approach, the transfer matrix method is used with exponential and, Airy functions to represent the solutions to SchroÌ dinger equation under zero and nonzero bias, respectively. In the final section of the thesis we examine and simulate in Matlab the application of the extended Kalman filtering (EKF) to an infrared photodetector as a target tracking mechanism to both maneuvering and non-maneuvering targets.

Fotodetectores baseados em poços quânticos (QWIPs Quantum¬-Well Infrared Photodetectors) possuem inúmeras aplicações nos campos da medicina, engenharia, defesa e monitoramento meteorológico e ambiental. O espectro de absorção dos QWIPs possui alta seletividade do comprimento de onda, e esse tipo de fotodetector é a escolha atual para a fabricação de câmeras de alta resolução operando no infravermelho. Atualmente, o Brasil enfrenta uma limitação na importação desse tipo de tecnologia, imposta pelos países mais desenvolvidos, devido à possibilidade de ser usada em aplicações militares. Neste trabalho, propomos o desenvolvimento e a fabricação de novos fotodetectores baseados em transições intrabanda em poços quânticos crescidos por epitaxia de feixes moleculares sobre substratos de GaAs. O crescimento epitaxial dos poços quânticos foi investigado, e as amostras foram analisadas por fotoluminescência (PL, Photoluminescence) de modo a verificarmos a qualidade e reprodutibilidade das heteroestruturas produzidas. O cálculo dos níveis de energia e das funções de onda dos poços quânticos foi feito por meio da implementação numérica do método da matriz de transferência [21] no software Mathematica. Esse método também foi aplicado ao cálculo autoconsistente envolvendo a dopagem da estrutura. A partir dos valores das energias de confinamento e das funções de onda obtidas pelo programa, algumas grandezas físicas puderam ser estimadas tais como o coeficiente de absorção teórico, a corrente de escuro e o ruído. Também foi implementado um modelo para o cálculo dos níveis de energia de uma impureza hidrogenóide dentro de um poço quântico de GaAs com barreiras de AlGaAs. Acredita-se que esse sistema possua melhores características de ruído em relação a um QWIP comum, no qual as impurezas estão completamente ionizadas [25] [26] [27]. O processamento das amostras para a fabricação dos fotodetectores foi desenvolvido e otimizado, e envolveu técnicas convencionais de fotolitografia, para a formação por ataque químico das estruturas de pequenos fotodetectores singelos sobre a amostra, e a deposição de filmes finos metálicos para a obtenção dos contatos (ôhmicos). Foram desenvolvidas e implementadas várias técnicas de caracterização para determinar o comprimento de onda de operação, a responsividade, o ruído intrínseco, e a corrente no escuro (dark current) dos QWIPs fabricados. No inicio deste projeto de doutorado, nenhuma das técnicas de caracterização estava disponível no laboratório. A caracterização completa dos QWIPs foi feita medindo-se o coeficiente de absorção e a resposta espectral por espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), a fotocorrente foi medida com um corpo negro, a corrente de escuro usando curvas I-V, e o ruído com um analisador de espectros. As medidas foram realizadas em função da voltagem de polarização (bias) aplicada, em diferentes valores de temperatura. Foram crescidas várias amostras de QWIPs, para absorção nas janelas atmosféricas de 3m a 5m e de 8m a 12m. A curva de absorção de cada amostra foi medida, e a caracterização optoeletrônica completa foi realizada em dois desses QWIPs, para a região de 8m a 12m. O melhor resultado foi obtido em um QWIP com o pico de absorção em 9,3m, que apresentou detectividade de 5×1010 cm.Hz1/2/W para 10K e 4×109 cm.Hz1/2/W para 70K. / Photodetectors based on quantum wells (QWIPs Quantum-Well Infrared Photodetectors) have numerous applications in the fields of medicine, engineering, defense, meteorology and environmental monitoring. The absorption spectrum of QWIPs has high wavelength selectivity, and this type of photodetector is the current choice for the fabrication of high-resolution cameras operating in the infrared. Currently, Brazil faces restrictions to import such a technology, imposed by the developed countries, due to its possibility of being used in military applications. In this thesis, we propose the development and optimization of photodetectors based on intraband transitions in quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on GaAs substrates. The epitaxial growth of the quantum wells was investigated, and the samples were analyzed by photoluminescence (PL) to verify the quality and reproducibility of the heterostructures. The calculations of the energy levels and wavefunctions of the quantum wells were done by numerical implementation of the transfer matrix method [21] in the Mathematica software. This method was also applied to the self-consistent calculations involving the doping of the structures. From the values of the confinement energies, the wave functions could be obtained as well, and some physical quantities such as the theoretical absorption coefficient, the dark current and noise could be estimated. A model was also developed for the calculation of the energy levels of a hydrogenoid impurity inside a GaAs quantum well with AlGaAs barriers. It is believed that this system could have better noise characteristics when compared to a common QWIP in which the impurities are completely ionized [25] [26] [27]. The sample processing for the manufacture of the photodetectors was developed, optimized, and involved conventional photolithography techniques to define the physical size of the devices (followed by wet etching) as well as metallic film deposition to obtain ohmic contacts . Several characterization techniques were developed and installed to determine the wavelength of operation, the responsivity, the intrinsic noise and the dark current of the QWIPs manufactured in our laboratory. When this PhD project started, none of the characterization techniques was available in the lab. A complete set of experimental data was achieved by measuring the absorption coefficient and the spectral response by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the photocurrent using a blackbody, the dark current using I-V curves, and the noise with a spectrum analyzer. The measurements were performed as a function of the bias voltage at different temperatures. Several QWIPs samples were grown for absorption in the atmospheric windows from 3m to 5m and from 8m to 12m. The absorption curve of each sample was measured, and full characterization was performed on two QWIPs, in the region of 8m to 12m. The best results were obtained in a QWIP with peak absorption at 9.3m, which showed a detectivity of 5×1010 cm.Hz1/2/W at 10K and 4×109 cm.Hz1/2/W at 70K.

Fotodetectores baseados em poços quânticos (QWIPs Quantum¬-Well Infrared Photodetectors) possuem inúmeras aplicações nos campos da medicina, engenharia, defesa e monitoramento meteorológico e ambiental. O espectro de absorção dos QWIPs possui alta seletividade do comprimento de onda, e esse tipo de fotodetector é a escolha atual para a fabricação de câmeras de alta resolução operando no infravermelho. Atualmente, o Brasil enfrenta uma limitação na importação desse tipo de tecnologia, imposta pelos países mais desenvolvidos, devido à possibilidade de ser usada em aplicações militares. Neste trabalho, propomos o desenvolvimento e a fabricação de novos fotodetectores baseados em transições intrabanda em poços quânticos crescidos por epitaxia de feixes moleculares sobre substratos de GaAs. O crescimento epitaxial dos poços quânticos foi investigado, e as amostras foram analisadas por fotoluminescência (PL, Photoluminescence) de modo a verificarmos a qualidade e reprodutibilidade das heteroestruturas produzidas. O cálculo dos níveis de energia e das funções de onda dos poços quânticos foi feito por meio da implementação numérica do método da matriz de transferência [21] no software Mathematica. Esse método também foi aplicado ao cálculo autoconsistente envolvendo a dopagem da estrutura. A partir dos valores das energias de confinamento e das funções de onda obtidas pelo programa, algumas grandezas físicas puderam ser estimadas tais como o coeficiente de absorção teórico, a corrente de escuro e o ruído. Também foi implementado um modelo para o cálculo dos níveis de energia de uma impureza hidrogenóide dentro de um poço quântico de GaAs com barreiras de AlGaAs. Acredita-se que esse sistema possua melhores características de ruído em relação a um QWIP comum, no qual as impurezas estão completamente ionizadas [25] [26] [27]. O processamento das amostras para a fabricação dos fotodetectores foi desenvolvido e otimizado, e envolveu técnicas convencionais de fotolitografia, para a formação por ataque químico das estruturas de pequenos fotodetectores singelos sobre a amostra, e a deposição de filmes finos metálicos para a obtenção dos contatos (ôhmicos). Foram desenvolvidas e implementadas várias técnicas de caracterização para determinar o comprimento de onda de operação, a responsividade, o ruído intrínseco, e a corrente no escuro (dark current) dos QWIPs fabricados. No inicio deste projeto de doutorado, nenhuma das técnicas de caracterização estava disponível no laboratório. A caracterização completa dos QWIPs foi feita medindo-se o coeficiente de absorção e a resposta espectral por espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), a fotocorrente foi medida com um corpo negro, a corrente de escuro usando curvas I-V, e o ruído com um analisador de espectros. As medidas foram realizadas em função da voltagem de polarização (bias) aplicada, em diferentes valores de temperatura. Foram crescidas várias amostras de QWIPs, para absorção nas janelas atmosféricas de 3m a 5m e de 8m a 12m. A curva de absorção de cada amostra foi medida, e a caracterização optoeletrônica completa foi realizada em dois desses QWIPs, para a região de 8m a 12m. O melhor resultado foi obtido em um QWIP com o pico de absorção em 9,3m, que apresentou detectividade de 5×1010 cm.Hz1/2/W para 10K e 4×109 cm.Hz1/2/W para 70K. / Photodetectors based on quantum wells (QWIPs Quantum-Well Infrared Photodetectors) have numerous applications in the fields of medicine, engineering, defense, meteorology and environmental monitoring. The absorption spectrum of QWIPs has high wavelength selectivity, and this type of photodetector is the current choice for the fabrication of high-resolution cameras operating in the infrared. Currently, Brazil faces restrictions to import such a technology, imposed by the developed countries, due to its possibility of being used in military applications. In this thesis, we propose the development and optimization of photodetectors based on intraband transitions in quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on GaAs substrates. The epitaxial growth of the quantum wells was investigated, and the samples were analyzed by photoluminescence (PL) to verify the quality and reproducibility of the heterostructures. The calculations of the energy levels and wavefunctions of the quantum wells were done by numerical implementation of the transfer matrix method [21] in the Mathematica software. This method was also applied to the self-consistent calculations involving the doping of the structures. From the values of the confinement energies, the wave functions could be obtained as well, and some physical quantities such as the theoretical absorption coefficient, the dark current and noise could be estimated. A model was also developed for the calculation of the energy levels of a hydrogenoid impurity inside a GaAs quantum well with AlGaAs barriers. It is believed that this system could have better noise characteristics when compared to a common QWIP in which the impurities are completely ionized [25] [26] [27]. The sample processing for the manufacture of the photodetectors was developed, optimized, and involved conventional photolithography techniques to define the physical size of the devices (followed by wet etching) as well as metallic film deposition to obtain ohmic contacts . Several characterization techniques were developed and installed to determine the wavelength of operation, the responsivity, the intrinsic noise and the dark current of the QWIPs manufactured in our laboratory. When this PhD project started, none of the characterization techniques was available in the lab. A complete set of experimental data was achieved by measuring the absorption coefficient and the spectral response by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the photocurrent using a blackbody, the dark current using I-V curves, and the noise with a spectrum analyzer. The measurements were performed as a function of the bias voltage at different temperatures. Several QWIPs samples were grown for absorption in the atmospheric windows from 3m to 5m and from 8m to 12m. The absorption curve of each sample was measured, and full characterization was performed on two QWIPs, in the region of 8m to 12m. The best results were obtained in a QWIP with peak absorption at 9.3m, which showed a detectivity of 5×1010 cm.Hz1/2/W at 10K and 4×109 cm.Hz1/2/W at 70K.

No description available.

Chronic exposure to naturally occurring arsenic (As) in groundwater threatens the health of >150 million villagers in S/SE Asia. In Bangladesh, low As aquifers offer the best hope of reducing the exposure of 35-40 million remain exposed to elevated levels of As in drinking water (>10 μg/L). These low As aquifers could be affected, however, by massive pumping from shallow (<30 m) depths for growing rice and overexploitation of deeper aquifer for municipal water supply. The goal of this dissertation is to assess the impacts of groundwater pumping on the distribution in groundwater of dissolved As, reactive carbon, and redox-sensitive elements in anoxic aquifers of Bangladesh based on long-term hydrologic measurements, geochemical analyses, and numerical flow modeling. In the second chapter, changes in the well-water As concentrations within a 25 sq. km area over a 10+ year timespan are assessed on the basis of continuous time series for 18 monitoring wells, a set of 271 wells resampled three times, and a large dataset obtained from blanket surveys of several thousand wells in the region. The two larger data sets both show a 10% decline in the initial areal mean As of 100 μg/L. This decline can be explained by flushing of As in the shallow aquifer by low-As recharge water, evidently compensated to some extent by the desorption of sediment-bound As. The presence of a large exchangeable pool of As in the sediment therefore seems to buffer changes in the distribution of As in the face of large perturbation in groundwater flow, albeit not enough to prevent some trends indicated by the detailed time series. The third chapter provides a complementary perspective on groundwater-sediment interactions by quantifying the rates of adsorption and desorption of As with column experiments conducted in the field for two different types of sediments: grey reduced Holocene sands and orange oxidized Pleistocene sands. The data show that, contrary to widely held beliefs, retardation of As transport by adsorption is quite similar in Holocene and Pleistocene sediments, even if Holocene sands initially contain a much larger pool of easily mobilizable As. The field column experiments also showed significant changes in solid phase speciation that affected As retention within a timespan of only a few weeks. Detailed field observations and flow modeling in the fourth chapter examine how perturbed flow paths can draw either As or reactive carbon into a Pleistocene aquifer. A groundwater flow model, constrained by head measurements and isotopic tracer data shows that certain portions of the aquifer are becoming increasingly contaminated with As as a result of municipal pumping, but against a background of redox transformation in the aquifer that probably preceded this perturbation. Overall, the research conducted for this thesis shows that alteration of the hydrological system due to local and regional forcing is affecting the distribution of As in groundwater. These changes do not affect all wells yet and, if they do, the increase in As concentrations observed so far are gradual because of the buffering capacity of the sediment. Lowering exposure by targeting low As aquifer should therefore definitely continue in Bangladesh, with particular attention paid to regular monitoring using vulnerability criteria this research has helped to identify.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, June, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-128)

Predicting the performance of wells in compartmentalized reservoirs can be quite challenging to most conventional reservoir engineering tools. The purpose of this research is to develop a Compartmentalized Gas Depletion Model that applies not only to conventional consolidated reservoirs (with constant formation compressibility) but also to unconsolidated reservoirs (with variable formation compressibility) by including geomechanics, permeability deterioration and compartmentalization to estimate the OGIP and performance characteristics of each compartment in such reservoirs given production data. A geomechanics model was developed using available correlation in the industry to estimate variable pore volume compressibility, reservoir compaction and permeability reduction. The geomechanics calculations were combined with gas material balance equation and pseudo-steady state equation and the model was used to predict well performance. Simulated production data from a conventional gas Simulator was used for consolidated reservoir cases while synthetic data (generated by the model using known parameters) was used for unconsolidated reservoir cases. In both cases, the Compartmentalized Depletion Model was used to analyze data, and estimate the OGIP and Jg of each compartment in a compartmentalized gas reservoir and predict the subsequent reservoir performance. The analysis was done by history-matching gas rate with the model using an optimization technique. The model gave satisfactory results with both consolidated and unconsolidated reservoirs for single and multiple reservoir layers. It was demonstrated that for unconsolidated reservoirs, reduction in permeability and reservoir compaction could be very significant especially for unconsolidated gas reservoirs with large pay thickness and large depletion pressure.