The purpose of this study was to compare halo levels between a set of behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) developed by conventional methodology with a set of BARS developed by factor analytic means. The conventionally-developed BARS were developed at the University of California-Berkeley by Department of Psychology faculty members in conjunction with undergraduate psychology students. The factor analytically-derived BARS were developed during the course of the research reported here. In Phase 1 of the present study, undergraduate psychology students rated their instructors on a 1-7 Likert scale using the individual anchors which comprised the conventional BARS. A factor analysis of these ratings was used to form a modified set of BARS. In Phase 2, a new group of undergraduate psychology students was asked to rate their instructors using either the conventional (Harari-Zedeck) BARS or the newly developed modified BARS in order to test for differences in the halo levels for each form of BARS. Halo was measured by the strength of the dimension intercorrelations in each set of scales. It was hypothesized that the factor analytic approach would yield a set of scales with reduced levels of illusory halo. Results indicated, however, that the conventionally-developed and factor analytically-developed BARS were not significantly different in their halo levels. A post hoc reliability check revealed that the conventionally-developed BARS had significantly less interrater reliability than the factor analytically-derived BARS, which may partially account for the lack of difference in the scales’ halo levels.

A polymer bound catalyst is a relatively new type of catalyst. The basis of polymer bound catalysis lies in the chemical attachment of a homogeneous catalyst to a solid support, in our case, polystyrene. Applications of polymer bound catalysts started in the late 1960’s, and have been used in several types of reactions. In some cases such a catalyst offers a series of advantages over the classical models of catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous. The hydrogenation of various aromatic and aliphatic nitro compounds, such as nitro-benzene and 2-nitropropane, were performed successfully. The hydrogenation activity in most cases was high, and in some reactions the catalyst was able to hydrogenate molecules that the analogous homogeneous catalyst could not. Different metals; specifically palladium, platinum, nickel, and rhodium, were attached to the polymer and the effects of varying the metal on the activity were studied. Palladium supported catalysts with anthranilic acid as a polymer supported ligand were found to be more active and selective than palladium catalysts with a bipyridyl ligand. Substitution on the aromatic ring of the substrate alters the reaction rate. Steric effects have a large influence over the catalytic activity. Electron withdrawing groups do not alter reaction rates greatly, while resonance effects can increase the rate of reaction. Finally the effect of the reaction conditions (temperature, pressure and time) on the catalyst activity were analyzed.

The present study deals with the fear of appearing incompetent as delineated by White, Goffman and Adler. The fear of appearing incompetent is an aspect of competence that may threaten self-esteem. The fear of appearing incompetent can purportedly be measured by the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale (FAIS). It was found that the fear of appearing incompetent correlated positively with self-estimated IQ, but correlated negatively with obtained IQ. The fear of appearing incompetent had no significant relationship to GPA. The fear of appearing incompetent in participants who over-estimated their IQs did not differ significantly from the fear of appearing incompetent in participants who under-estimated their IQs. There was also no significant difference between the mean self-estimated IQ and the mean obtained IQ. Out of a total of 68 participants 44% accurately estimated their IQs, 22% over-estimated their IQs and 34% under-estimated their IQs.

The catalytic vapor-phase isomerization, hydrogenolysis, and/or disproportionation of trimethylbenzen (TMB) over Co-Mo/Al2O3 and Ni-W/Al2O3 was studied at 480°C, 400 psi reactor pressure, and a constant H2 flow. Each catalyst was run in the reduced or sulfided form. The results show a marked difference in the product distributions for each catalyst, which is attributed to differences in the catalysts’ acidities. The hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of quinolone and the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of benzothiophene were also studied. The compounds were reacted in a 1 liter autoclave at 325°C and varying partial pressures of H2. The same supported metal catalysts used in the TMB study were evaluated in the reduced or sulfided forms for HDN and HDS activity. The differences in activity and selectivity of the two catalysts are correlated with the acidity determined by the TMB probe reaction.

Alkylaryl sulfoxides possess a chiral sulfur atom easily identifiable by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Separation of chiral alkylaryl sulfoxides has already been accomplished by modified method of CZE known as micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). However, no articles have been published on the enantioseparation of alkylaryl sulfoxides using capillary zone electrophoresis. A series of sulfoxides were synthesized, purified and identified via NMR. Enantioseparation was performed using CZE employing a 10 mmol. Phosphate buffer (pH 4.0, 25% acetonitrile, 2% sulfated-β-cyclodextrin). Synthesis of these sulfoxides will be presented along with the results of the procedure’s optimization. Separation of the sulfoxide enanitomers relies on the partitioning between the chiral additive (sulfated-β-cyclodextrin) and buffer solution.

Various theorists have treated the problem of sound and sense in poetry. The influence of sound in poetry can be found both in the overall musical structure of a poem and in the internal sounds of rhythm and diction. Plato suggests that rhythm and harmony have a direct effect on man, and can establish either balance or disproportion within the soul. The debate whether sound determines sense or sense determines sound is rejected in favor of a third possibility: an interdependent relationship between sound and sense, an intrinsic formal structure, as the ideal governing the creation of poetry. Further, Aristotle proves to be quite close to Plato in suggesting a moral character to certain sounds. Poe, in emphasizing the distinction between poetry and prose, points to sound as the distinguishing characteristic of verse. Yeats stresses the rhythm of poetry in linking man with an ancient past. Eliot uses care in describing the function of music in poetry, but reaffirms its significance as interdependent with the meaning of the words. Stevens explores the relationship of music and poetry, and offers a rich theory that poetry is the embodiment in sound of a bridge between spirit and reality. The influence of free verse on Eliot and Stevens appears in their conversational tone, yet the sound of their poetry determines its value to a significant extent. This tracking of the ideas about sound and sense from Plato and Aristotle to Poe, Yeats, Eliot, and Stevens helps to clarify the nature and range of the problem.

The synergistic effect between each of two minor contaminating UV wavelengths has been studied. The TC-7 host cell-capacity system was used. The macromolecular damage induced in monolayers of cell cultures as the result of exposure to UV radiation was measured by determining the ability of irradiated cells to support the replication of Herpes simplex virus. The macromolecule involved has been shown to be DNA and the damage is probably due to the formation of thymine dimers plus some undefined chromosphore associated with the DNA of the cell. Preliminary experiments showed that low exposures of germicidal radiation are less effective in decreasing the survival of capacity while higher exposures are more effective when compared to monochromatic 254 nm radiation. Subsequent experiments showed a synergistic interaction between 254 nm and either 295 nm or 313 nm radiation at doses comparable to those emitted from a germicidal lamp as well as greatly increased doses.

The purpose of this thesis was twofold: to investigate the effects of categorized versus uncategorized material on selective attention and to test predictions derived from Filter Theory (Broadbent, 1958), Response Selection Theory (Deutsch and Deutsch, 1963), and Attenuation Theory (Treisman, 1969). Subjects performed a dichotic-listening task in which they shadowed a list of words presented to one ear (i.e., relevant message) while trying to ignore a simultaneously presented list of words on the other ear (i.e., irrelevant message). Lists were 16 words in length and consisted of either categorized words (C) or uncategorized words (U) presented at a rate of one word per second. Four conditions were generated by using all pairings of C lists and U lists for relevant versus irrelevant messages: U-U, U-C, C-U and C-C. Note that the left-most symbol designates the relevant message and the right-most symbol designates the irrelevant message. Subjects received two presentations of each of the four conditions. Measurements of pupil size were taken twice (9 sec and 5 sec) before the presentation of each dichotic trial (i.e., baseline measures) and at six positions (1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) in the word lists (i.e., trial measures). Since each subject received eight experimental trials (two trials in each of four conditions), there were a total of four baseline measurements and twelve trial measurements for each condition. In each condition the four baseline measurements were averaged and the two trial measurements were averaged at each of the six positions. The mean baseline was subtracted from each of the six position means in each condition. These mean difference scores were used as the basis for one analysis. Shadowing errors (i.e. omissions of relevant words, mispronunciations of relevant words, or intrusions of irrelevant words) were scored by quadrants separately for each of the four conditions. The first quadrant consisted of the first through fourth words, the second quadrant consisted of the fifth through eighth words and so on. Error scores were then converted to percents and used as the bass for a second analysis. A 4 by 6 ANOVA with repeated measures on both factors (condition and position, respectively) was used to analyze the pupil size data. The results indicated that pupil size decreased across serial position in a similar fashion for all conditions. Furthermore, pupil size did not differ significantly among the four conditions. A 4 by 4 ANOVA with repeated measures on both factors (condition and quadrant, respectively) was used to analyze the error rate data. The results indicated in an interaction between condition and quadrant. The C-U and C-C conditions resulted in a relatively constant error rate across quadrants, while the U-U and U-C conditions exhibited an increasing error rate across quadrants. The results of the two analyses are discussed in terms of their implications for Filter Theory, Response Selection Theory and Attenuation Theory.

Over the past decade the luminescence properties of sapphire (∝-AL2O3) and ruby (Al2O3:Cr2O3) have been the subject of many investigations because of their importance in materials technology. Sapphire and ruby are at present used as lasing materials, radiation dosimeters, and as optical windows. In order that these operations may be made more efficient, and that other useful luminescent properties may be systematically explored and developed, much attention has been given to understanding the luminescent mechanisms from the standpoint of the physics of the solid state. However, mechanisms have not yet been proposed that describe in detail the known luminescent properties of sapphire and ruby. The luminescence experiments which have been previously reported in the literature on sapphire and ruby fall into two classes: experiments in which the exciting energy is stored in the crystal by some defect mechanism and subsequently released by perturbing the crystal, and experiments in which the luminescence is observed while the crystals are being excited. Thermoluminescence, in which energy is stored in the crystals by exposing it to ionizing radiation and subsequently released by raising the temperature of the crystal, is the most extensively used technique of the former class. The facts concerning the thermoluminescence of sapphire and ruby are well documented. (11,12) Numerous experiments in the latter class have been reported in which the exciting radiation was in the visible or ultraviolet energy region. (16, 17) These latter experiments have a disadvantage; the amount of exciting energy absorbed is not independent of two important parameters, temperature and chromium concentration. It was the primary intent of these investigations to resolve the difficulty of the dependence of the absorbed energy by exciting sapphire and ruby crystals with x-rays. Because the energy of the x-ray photons incident on and within the crystal is more than an order of magnitude more energetic than is necessary to produce highly mobile or free electrons within the crystal, the number of such electrons produced is independent of the temperature and chromium concentration over the range that these parameters were varied. The program of experiments reported herein was designed to answer the following questions: (1) How does the intensity of the total luminescence depend on the temperature? (2) How does the emission spectrum depend on temperature and chromium concentration? (3) How does the luminesce yield depend on temperature? The answers to these questions were obtained by observing the luminescence of sapphire and ruby, subjected to continuous x-ray excitation, as a function of temperature and chromium concentration. The total x-ray-induced luminescence and emission spectra of two crystals, one nominally pure sapphire and the other sapphire containing 0.005% Cr2O3, were observed as the temperature of the crystals was raised and lowered between 25°C and 400°C. The results for other chromium concentrations (0.05% and 0.5% Cr2O3) may be found in Mr. Wayne Cooke’s masters’ thesis (21) The thermoluminescence total emission and emission spectra were observed between 25°C and 400°C after x-ray exposure at room temperature. It should be noted that there is one experiment in the literature in which the x-ray-induced luminescence of ruby was observed as a function of temperature.(19) The investigators observed the luminescence as the temperature increased; hence, much of the emission as the temperature decreases because the energy stored in a crystal at a particular temperature has a decreasing probability of being released at lower temperatures.

Adult BALB/c mice were immunized with C57BL/6 spleen cells first on day 0 and again on day 8 of the experimental procedure. Serum was collected from these animals on day 0 (before the first immunization), day 4, day 8 (before the second immunization), day 12, and day 16. Two groups of normal BALB/c bone marrow cell suspensions were incubated with the experimental immune sera: and one of the groups of cell suspensions was subsequently incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Following the incubation steps, both groups of cell preparations were assayed for their ability to absorb the activity of the anti-Thy-1.2 serum. Subsequent testing of the residual anti-thymocyte cytotoxic activity of the absorbed anti-Thy-1.2 sera revealed that the bone narrow cells incubated with day 4 and day 8 immune sera exhibit an increased capacity to absorb the antiserum compared to control bone narrows. These observations offer positive evidence for the existence of a feedback mechanism in animals undergoing foreign tissues graft rejection; the proposed mechanism apparently provides a circulating, non cellular substance which is capable of inducing bone marrow T-cell differentiation.