Spectral and kinetic studies made on CoPc over a concentration range of 1.72 x 10-6M – 1.00 x 10-5M in DMSO are consistent with a monomer-dimer equilibrium at 303 K. The dimerization constant obtained at 303 K is 1.67 x 104M-1 and is two to three orders of magnitude smaller than those of several tetrasulfonated metallophthalocyanines in aqueous solution. The rate constants for the formation and dissociation of the CoPc dimer in DMSO at 303 K are 1.29 x 102M-1s-1 and 7.20 x 10-3s-1, respectively. The low dimerization constant for CoPc in DMSO is attributed to its relatively slow rate of dimer formation. Introduction of cyanide, detergents, and salts to solutions of CoPc in DMSO all enhanced the dissociation of the CoPc dimer. Furthermore, both cyanide and the catonic detergent cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at concentrations of 6.0 x 10-2M and higher, facilitate oxidation of cobalt in CoPc. For cyanide, this is accomplished by destabilization of the metal eg electrons by back-bonding in the axial positions of CoPc while the CTAB detergent forms a micelle which encapsulates a CoPc monomer striping the dye of axial DMSO molecules in the process. Thus, oxygen can bind to the vacant axial positions on the metal. Kinetic studies of the interactions between cyanide and CoPc in DMSO show two fast reactions which are attributed to the addition of cyanide to the axial positions of CoPc. The rate constants for the addition of the first and second cyanide ligands to CoPc are 7.72 x 105M-1s-1 and 5.51 x 104M-1s-1, respectively, at 299 K. Activation parameters, ΔHs* and ΔSs* for the second cyanide addition are 9.9 kcal/mol and -4.0 e.u., respectively. Both additions are faster than the corresponding reactions with CoTSPc4- in DMSO. The three detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) dissociate the CoPc dimer more than by dilution with DMSO. Furthermore, Triton X-100 dissociates the CoPc dimer at about the same rate as CTAB while SDS is not as efficient at comparable concentrations to CTAB. The critical micelle concentration for the CTAB-DMSO system is reached at a CTAB concentration of 6.0 x 10-2M where the CoPc dimer dissociation rate nearly triples compared to solvent dilution and oxidation of the metal in CoPc is observed. The addition of tetraethylammonium bromide, tetrapropylammonium bromide and tetrabutylammonium bromide to CoPc in DMSO increases the dimer dissociation rate by a factor of two compared to dilution with DMSO. All salts dissociate the CoPc dimer at similar rates suggesting the hydrocarbon chain is of insufficient length to be as effective as CTAB. Finally, oxygen does not seem to effect the dissociation of the CoPc dimer in DMSO

A nitrogen laser was constructed for use in multiphoton ionization studies. The short pulse duration and highly intense pulse make the nitrogen laser ideal for pumping a dye laser. By using the nitrogen laser to pump a tunable dye laser, the multiphoton ionization spectrum for molecular iodine vapor was obtained for the visible spectrum between 23,188 cm-1 (430 nm) and 16, 304 cm-1 (615 nm) using pulsed electronics and a parallel plate ionization chamber. The ionization occurs in this region upon the absorption of four or five photons. The ionization appears to take place via a three-step process. The first photon excites the molecule to a resonant state which is one of the vibrational states of B3πo+u level. From this level, two photons are absorbed to a higher resonant level, and then ionization takes place when that higher excited state absorbs the one or two photons necessary for ionization.

A review of the research on spatial problem solving indicates that spatial problems can be solved using verbal or spatial strategies. Research on block designs further indicate that increased solving speed is correlated with increased left-handed use in right-handers. However, the effect of strategy teaching on hand involvement has not been explored. The present study selected 38 right-hand dominant college students low in spatial ability (Total Standard Score ≤ 95) using the matrices Analogies Test (Naglieri, 1985). Subjects were randomly assigned to a spatial, verbal, or no (control) strategy condition. After completing the pretest consisting of seven block designs based on Grote and Salmon (1986), subjects spent 20 minutes on strategy training and practice on 67 two-dimensional spatial figures taken from the Dental Aptitude Test (Rudman, 1988). The same block designs used during the pretest were used in the posttest. Results indicate no significant differences in performance between the control and the treatment groups. However, within-group analyses suggest that teaching either a spatial or verbal strategy may help subjects to improve in speed at least for the easier block designs.

Sixty-two male and femal 9-, 10- and 11-year olds were administered the Naglieri Draw-A-Person (DAP) and the Vocabulary and Block Design subtests fro mthe Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). The study was conducted to determine the effects of verbalizations during the DAP on correlations with an estimated Full Scale IQ Score obtained from the two WISC-R subtests. Results of the study indicate that although there was an increase in the correlations between the Verbal DAP group and the estimated Full Scale IQ Score, compared to the standard DAP and the Full Scale IQ, it was not significant. The difference between the mean scores on the Verbal DAP group and the Nonverbal DAP group was also nonsignificant. The overall correlations between the DAP and the estimated Full Scale IQ Scores showed no improvement from previous attempts to correlate standard intelligence tests with drawing tests. Further research is suggested to determine the effects of a larger sample size on a similar design.

Immature Orconectes immunis were obtained from Michigan in August, 1973, and July 1974 to determine the effects of photoperiod and temperature on the molt cycle of the crayfish and to test the effects of preconditioning on this species at a cold (7C) temperature from 45 to 90 days. Two sets of 3 experiments were conducted, each involving photoperiod, temperature and preconditioning. The first experiment of each set was initiated within a day after bringing the animals from the field, the subsequent two experiments of each set being initiated at 45-day intervals thereafter. There were significant responses to photoperiod among the experimental animals; however, these positive responses were from large animals (17 mm+). Small animals (less than 17 mm) did not respond to photoperiod. Combined experimental analyses indicated a highly significant (.01) positive linear relationship between temperature and molt frequency and photoperiod and molt frequency. Larger animals (19.0-24.9 mm CT) exhibited a more definite photoperiod response than smaller animals (13.4-18.9 mm CT). At 14 C 64.9%, at 18 C 45.8% and at 22 C 17.4% of the animals formed gastroliths but did not molt. Data relating to feeding, effects of temperature on molting and gastrolith formation suggest that either premolt was prolonged or that molting was inhibited by cold temperature.

The literature cited points to an increase in sexual permissiveness among females which may be a function of their need for approval. It was hypothesized that there is a relationship between need for approval and sexual liberalism. In addition, several other aspects of female sexual attitudes and their relationship to need for approval were examined in the present study. Specifically, need for approval was hypothesized to be related to sexual satisfaction, sexual libido (drive), and sexual prudishness. In order to establish the relationship between need for approval and aspects of female sexuality the effects of religiosity must be considered. Previous studies cited in the literature indicate that religiosity is an important covariate in relation to sexual attitudes and behaviors (Cardwell, 1969; Deadman, 1959; Heltsley & Broderick, 1969; Kinsey, 1953). Therefore, the above hypotheses were investigated statistically controlling for the effects of religiosity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative predictive efficiency of the WISC-R deviation IQ’s and the WISC-R factor scores in predicting academic achievement. Eighty-nine lower-middle to lower class fifth grade students were administered the WISC-R and the Stanford Achievement Test. WISC-R-IQ’s and WISC-R complete estimation factor scores were calculated for each student. Product Moment Correlations were calculated between the SAT stanines and the WISC-R factor scores. Of all of the predictor variable, the Verbal IQ was the most efficient. The results also indicated that two of the WISC-R factor variables. Verbal Comprehension and Freedom from Distractibility, were generally as efficient predictors as the Verbal IQ for math, spelling, reading, and total achievement. The Perceptual Organization factor variable did not prove to be as efficient as the Verbal IQ as a predictor of academic achievement. The relative predictive efficiency of the variable was determined by rank-ordering the validity coefficient from highest to lowest within each achievement area. The highest validity coefficient was used as a reference point from which the magnitude of the difference between it and the remaining coefficients was estimated. In general, the results yielded preliminary evidence that the WISC-R IQ’s were as efficient predictors of academic achievement as the WISC-R factor structure. For example, The Freedom from Distractibility variable has demonstrated promise as a non-intellective aspect of intelligence and achievement, and coupled with the Verbal IQ, could be used in a short form of the WISC-R for predicting academic achievement.

Mice undergoing a graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) exhibit a surppressed immune response. Cells responsible for this suppression have been found to be localized in the spleen. Thus, in this research, a study was made to evaluate the effect of spleen cells from F­1 mice undergoing a GVHR upon the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytea (SRBC) in parental mice. An attempt was made to create an experimental model involving the transfer of suppressor cells in vivo. Parental BALB/c spleen cells were injected into (C57BL X BALB/c)F1 hybrids to induce a GVH disease. Ten or twenty days later, spleen cells from the F1 hybrids were transferred to adult BALB/c mice. The adult BALB/c mice were subsequently inoculated with SRBC and their antibody response to the SRBC were followed. The resulting data indicate that BALB/c mice injected with spleen cells from F1 hybrids undergoing a CVHR for 10 days and then challenged with SRBC exhibited a significantly lower than normal antibody response to the antigen than did the controls. However, the transfer of suppression was not successful in BALB/c mice that received spleen cells from F1 mice that had a 20 day long CVHR.

A questionnaire-made up of a portion of the Shepard-Crawford Social Referent Scale, the Willoughby Schedule, and a student information form – was developed to ascertain whether or not the level of alienation differed in students seeking associate degrees from those students seeking baccalaureate degrees in the College of Business and Public Affairs at Western Kentucky University. The instrument was administered to 453 students enrolled in classes required to complete an association degree program in the College of Business and Public Affairs at Western Kentucky University. The statistical results for this study were computed by resources available at Western Kentucky University through Academic Computing and Research Services and the use of the Kentucky Educational Computer Network. The program package accessed was the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) using the t-test and frequency procedure. The variables utilized to investigate the relationships that exist between the feelings of alienation by associate degree students and the associate-baccalaureate student mix in the classroom were: the first year associate degree student and the second year associate degree student; the first year associate degree student and the first year baccalaureate degree student; the second year associate degree student and the second year baccalaureate degree student. The study developed no significant differences in feelings of alienation in associate degree students although mean scores did indicate a slight trend toward a higher level of alienation developing in associate degree students.

The effect of evaluative feedback on the simple motor performance of young males of varying levels of adaptive behavior was examined. Subjects were 50 male Caucasians (6.0 to 8.5 years of age) randomly assigned to either a praise, criticism, or control condition. Subjects participated in a motor task twice (pretest, posttest). After the first trial of the task (pretest), subjects received either positive evaluative feedback (praise), negative evaluative feedback (criticism), or were asked for biographical information (neutral). The second trial of the task immediately followed feedback. The adaptive behavior level of each subject was determined in a subsequent interview with the mother using the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children (ABIC). Multiple regression analysis was performed on the data with pretest score as the covariate. Only one significant effect emerged, a positive relationship between adaptive behavior and posttest performance under praise.