Die Arbeit geht der offenbar bisher kaum bearbeiteten Ideengeschichte von Kinnier Wilsons hepatolentikulärer Degeneration und Carl Westphals Pseudosklerose in der deutschsprachigen Literatur von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis in die Gegenwart nach. Als Beispiel zeigt sie eindrücklich, wie neurologische Krankheitslehren entstanden sind. Außerdem wird deutlich, wie klinische Beschreibungen von zum Teil nur wenigen Fällen sukzessive in nosologische Diagnosen mit anerkannten Therapiemaßnahmen mündeten und schließlich die für die Krankheit verantwortlichen Genloki identifiziert werden konnten. Im deutschen Sprachraum herrschte Uneinigkeit darüber, ob eine von Westphal 1883 beschriebene Krankheit deckungsgleich mit der von Wilson beschriebenen und später nach ihm benannten Entität sei. Dieser Artikel führt u. a. anhand von Arbeiten von Adolf Strümpell, Alois Alzheimer, August Bostroem oder Walther Spielmeyer die wesentlichen Beiträge auf dem Weg des Erkenntnisgewinns vor Augen und wendet sich der Frage nach der Einheit beider Krankheiten zu. Für die Entwicklung der Therapie und deren Einsatz in der klinischen Praxis gewann ab 1970 in Ostdeutschland die Leipziger „Zentralstelle für Morbus Wilson“ für das Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR Bedeutung, deren Arbeit und Erfahrungen schließlich auch in die aktuellen „Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie“ (2008) über die Behandlung des M. Wilson eingeflossen sind

Die Arbeit geht der offenbar bisher kaum bearbeiteten Ideengeschichte von Kinnier Wilsons hepatolentikulärer Degeneration und Carl Westphals Pseudosklerose in der deutschsprachigen Literatur von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis in die Gegenwart nach. Als Beispiel zeigt sie eindrücklich, wie neurologische Krankheitslehren entstanden sind. Außerdem wird deutlich, wie klinische Beschreibungen von zum Teil nur wenigen Fällen sukzessive in nosologische Diagnosen mit anerkannten Therapiemaßnahmen mündeten und schließlich die für die Krankheit verantwortlichen Genloki identifiziert werden konnten. Im deutschen Sprachraum herrschte Uneinigkeit darüber, ob eine von Westphal 1883 beschriebene Krankheit deckungsgleich mit der von Wilson beschriebenen und später nach ihm benannten Entität sei. Dieser Artikel führt u. a. anhand von Arbeiten von Adolf Strümpell, Alois Alzheimer, August Bostroem oder Walther Spielmeyer die wesentlichen Beiträge auf dem Weg des Erkenntnisgewinns vor Augen und wendet sich der Frage nach der Einheit beider Krankheiten zu. Für die Entwicklung der Therapie und deren Einsatz in der klinischen Praxis gewann ab 1970 in Ostdeutschland die Leipziger „Zentralstelle für Morbus Wilson“ für das Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR Bedeutung, deren Arbeit und Erfahrungen schließlich auch in die aktuellen „Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie“ (2008) über die Behandlung des M. Wilson eingeflossen sind

O neuropeptídeo urocortina 1 (UCN 1) tem entre os seus principais locais de expressão o núcleo de Edinger-Westphal (EW) e o núcleo lateral superior da oliva. Após sua descoberta, sugeriu-se que o EW e o núcleo paraventricular do hipotálamo (PVH) possuíssem papéis complementares e opostos na resposta ao estresse, porém, não existem trabalhos que relacionam anatomicamente núcleos hipotalâmicos e o EW. A fim de contribuir para esta área foi proposto o mapeamento das aferências hipotalâmicas do EW, através da injeção de Fluoro-Gold neste núcleo e posterior mapeamento de suas aferências. Os resultados encontrados foram: PVH, área hipotalâmica lateral (LHA) e o núcleo posterior do hipotálamo (PH) e outras regiões do sistema nervoso central. Para controle, o traçador anterógrado Amina Dextrana Biotinilada, foi injetado nos núcleos/áreas hipotalâmicas PVH, LHA e PH sendo encontradas fibras próximas as células urocortinérgicas do EW. Nossos dados mostram um possível envolvimento das células UCN 1 do EW com o controle de funções autonômicas e neuroendócrinas. / The neuropeptide urocortin 1 (UCN 1) has its main sites of expression at the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) and the lateral superior olivary nucleus. After its discovery has suggested that EW and paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH) have complementary and opposing roles in the stress response. However, there are no works relating anatomically the hypothalamic nuclei and EW. To contribute to this area we proposed mapping the hypothalamic afferents of the EW. We have used the Fluoro-Gold injected in the EW as a result of we have found retrogradely labeled cells in the following nuclei: PVH, lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PH) and other regions of the central nervous system. For control, the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the nuclei/areas hypothalamic PVH, LHA, and PH we have found anterogradely labeled fibers in a very close apposition over urocortinergic cells at EW. Based on these data we are suggesting a involvement of cells with UCN 1 EW control of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions.

O neuropeptídeo urocortina 1 (UCN 1) tem entre os seus principais locais de expressão o núcleo de Edinger-Westphal (EW) e o núcleo lateral superior da oliva. Após sua descoberta, sugeriu-se que o EW e o núcleo paraventricular do hipotálamo (PVH) possuíssem papéis complementares e opostos na resposta ao estresse, porém, não existem trabalhos que relacionam anatomicamente núcleos hipotalâmicos e o EW. A fim de contribuir para esta área foi proposto o mapeamento das aferências hipotalâmicas do EW, através da injeção de Fluoro-Gold neste núcleo e posterior mapeamento de suas aferências. Os resultados encontrados foram: PVH, área hipotalâmica lateral (LHA) e o núcleo posterior do hipotálamo (PH) e outras regiões do sistema nervoso central. Para controle, o traçador anterógrado Amina Dextrana Biotinilada, foi injetado nos núcleos/áreas hipotalâmicas PVH, LHA e PH sendo encontradas fibras próximas as células urocortinérgicas do EW. Nossos dados mostram um possível envolvimento das células UCN 1 do EW com o controle de funções autonômicas e neuroendócrinas. / The neuropeptide urocortin 1 (UCN 1) has its main sites of expression at the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) and the lateral superior olivary nucleus. After its discovery has suggested that EW and paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH) have complementary and opposing roles in the stress response. However, there are no works relating anatomically the hypothalamic nuclei and EW. To contribute to this area we proposed mapping the hypothalamic afferents of the EW. We have used the Fluoro-Gold injected in the EW as a result of we have found retrogradely labeled cells in the following nuclei: PVH, lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PH) and other regions of the central nervous system. For control, the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the nuclei/areas hypothalamic PVH, LHA, and PH we have found anterogradely labeled fibers in a very close apposition over urocortinergic cells at EW. Based on these data we are suggesting a involvement of cells with UCN 1 EW control of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-30T14:05:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000467347-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 1416129 bytes, checksum: 5e5fcb1ff6fbad8133efdf313926309d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This work intends to contribute to the discussion that occurs in analytic philosophy on the epistemology of Hegel, investigating the Dilemma of the criterion based on the interpretation of Hegelian response to it made by Westphal and suggesting possibilities of dialogue from the approach with the Chisholm. The Dilemma of the criterion relates to the arguments of Sextus Empiricus on the impossibility of deciding whether there is or not a Criterion of truth. The argument support that there is a circularity between demonstration and criterion, which branches to the contradictory requirement that the criterion is conditioned and unconditioned, and is based on the application of skeptical Trilemma of Agrippa. We agree with Westphal that Hegel faces the Dilemma of criterion to propose to verify the legitimacy of different conceptions of knowledge without presupposing a concept of knowledge as a criterion. However we consider his approach ambiguous to identify criteria that have been borne by Hegel. These criteria defined the coherence in pragmatic, internal and reflexive dimensions. In addition, Westphal points to several assumptions not shown in Hegel: a realism that assumes that coherence is only possible if there is correspondence, a trust in the capabilities and cognitive dispositions of consciousness, the idea of a common culture to unite the figures of consciousness, the readers of Phenomenology and Hegel himself and a teleological view of history. These theses are not integrated with fallibilism that Westphal attributes to Hegel and at the same time, they did not solve the Dilemma of criterion. These theses are interesting, also for its critical potential, but we believe that the essence of Hegel's response to the Dilemma of the criterion is in its immanent approach of justification that it is expressed in the Phenomenology in two methodological perspectives: phenomenological exposure and the dialectical phenomenology. This contains three steps: auto exposure of ontological and epistemological assumptions, reductio ad absurdum and determinate negation. All Phenomenology’s assumptions are submitted to an attempted reductio ad absurdum, and what all they assume is shown as absolute knowledge. This notion contains the elimination of the scission between knowledge and object and, with it, the scission between truth and justification, which underlies to transcendent approach to justification, presupposed by the Dilemma of the criterion and the epistemological approaches. Hegel's answer to the Dilemma of the criterion thus assumes an exhaustive reduction to absurd of all transcendent approaches and the legitimacy of the demonstration by refutation. From this, we propose some points of contact between the approach of Hegel and the Chisholm. Firstly, this author has a very restricted view of the nature of the criteria, which could be extended from Hegel's vision. Second, both Chisholm as his critics use forms of immanent approach that could be better respected, including their relationship with skepticism by a dialogue with Hegel. Third, the potential implicit in the Hegelian approach to knowledge could be further exploited through contact with the theoretical and language resources available in contemporary analytic epistemology. / Este trabalho pretende contribuir com a discussão que ocorre na filosofia analítica sobre a epistemologia de Hegel, investigando o Dilema do critério a partir da interpretação que Westphal faz da resposta hegeliana a ele e sugerindo possibilidades de diálogo a partir da aproximação com a abordagem de Chisholm. O Dilema do critério diz respeito aos argumentos de Sexto Empírico sobre a impossibilidade de decidir se há ou não um critério de verdade. O argumento sustenta que há uma circularidade entre demonstração e critério, decorrente da exigência contraditória de que o critério seja condicionado e incondicionado, e baseia-se na aplicação do Trilema cético de Agripa. Concordamos com Westphal que Hegel enfrenta o Dilema do critério ao propor-se verificar a legitimidade de diferentes concepções de conhecimento sem pressupor um conceito de conhecimento como critério. Mas consideramos sua abordagem ambígua, ao identificar critérios que teriam sido assumidos por Hegel. Esses critérios definiriam a coerência nas dimensões pragmática, interna e reflexiva. Além disso, Westphal aponta diversos pressupostos não demonstrados em Hegel: um realismo que supõe que a coerência só é possível se há correspondência, uma confiança nas capacidades e disposições cognitivas da consciência, a tese de uma cultura comum a unir as figuras da consciência, os leitores da Fenomenologia e o próprio Hegel e uma visão teleológica de história. Essas teses não se integram com o falibilismo que Westphal atribui a Hegel e, ao mesmo tempo, tornam não resolvido o Dilema do critério. Consideramos essas teses interessantes, inclusive pelo seu potencial crítico, mas acreditamos que o essencial da resposta hegeliana ao Dilema do critério está em sua abordagem imanente da justificação, que na Fenomenologia expressa-se em duas perspectivas metodológicas: a exposição fenomenológica e a fenomenologia dialética. Esta contém três passos: autoexposição dos pressupostos ontológicos e epistemológicos, redução ao absurdo e negação determinada. Todos os pressupostos da Fenomenologia são submetidos a uma tentativa de redução ao absurdo, e o que todos eles pressupõem evidencia-se como saber absoluto. A noção de saber absoluto contém a eliminação da cisão entre saber e objeto e, com ela, da cisão entre verdade e justificação, que subjaz à abordagem transcendente da justificação, pressuposta pelo Dilema do critério e pelas abordagens epistemológicas. A resposta hegeliana ao Dilema do critério, assim, pressupõe uma redução ao absurdo exaustiva de todas as abordagens transcendentes e a legitimidade da demonstração por refutação.A partir disso, propomos alguns pontos de contato entre a abordagem de Hegel e a de Chisholm. Em primeiro lugar, esse autor tem um ponto de vista bastante restrito sobre a natureza dos critérios, que poderia ser alargado a partir da visão de Hegel. Em segundo lugar, tanto Chisholm como seus críticos utilizam formas da abordagem imanente que poderiam ser mais bem conceituadas, inclusive em sua relação com o ceticismo, mediante um diálogo com Hegel. Em terceiro lugar, a potencialidade implícita na abordagem hegeliana do conhecimento poderia ser mais bem explorada através do contato com os recursos teóricos e linguísticos disponíveis na epistemologia analítica contemporânea.

The intent of this paper is to discuss how the recent court rulings on the current workers compensation statutes will impact the rules to Florida’s workers compensation laws. Workers Compensation system is a social justice system that protects both the employer and employee. Employees that are injured while in the course and scope of their employment give up the right to sue, making workers compensation an exclusive remedy. In exchange for giving up that right, the injured worker receives statutory benefits in a no-fault system. This paper covers the legislative changes over the years that have impacted the constitutionality of the system and discusses how these changes have failed to uphold the legislative intent and design of the entire system. It covers the decisions rendered by the Florida Supreme Court and discusses the implications of those decisions.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-04-17T19:06:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 467347 - Texto Completo.pdf: 1416129 bytes, checksum: 5e5fcb1ff6fbad8133efdf313926309d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T19:06:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 467347 - Texto Completo.pdf: 1416129 bytes, checksum: 5e5fcb1ff6fbad8133efdf313926309d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-17 / This work intends to contribute to the discussion that occurs in analytic philosophy on the epistemology of Hegel, investigating the Dilemma of the criterion based on the interpretation of Hegelian response to it made by Westphal and suggesting possibilities of dialogue from the approach with the Chisholm. The Dilemma of the criterion relates to the arguments of Sextus Empiricus on the impossibility of deciding whether there is or not a Criterion of truth. The argument support that there is a circularity between demonstration and criterion, which branches to the contradictory requirement that the criterion is conditioned and unconditioned, and is based on the application of skeptical Trilemma of Agrippa. We agree with Westphal that Hegel faces the Dilemma of criterion to propose to verify the legitimacy of different conceptions of knowledge without presupposing a concept of knowledge as a criterion. However we consider his approach ambiguous to identify criteria that have been borne by Hegel. These criteria defined the coherence in pragmatic, internal and reflexive dimensions. In addition, Westphal points to several assumptions not shown in Hegel: a realism that assumes that coherence is only possible if there is correspondence, a trust in the capabilities and cognitive dispositions of consciousness, the idea of a common culture to unite the figures of consciousness, the readers of Phenomenology and Hegel himself and a teleological view of history. These theses are not integrated with fallibilism that Westphal attributes to Hegel and at the same time, they did not solve the Dilemma of criterion. These theses are interesting, also for its critical potential, but we believe that the essence of Hegel's response to the Dilemma of the criterion is in its immanent approach of justification that it is expressed in the Phenomenology in two methodological perspectives: phenomenological exposure and the dialectical phenomenology. This contains three steps: auto exposure of ontological and epistemological assumptions, reductio ad absurdum and determinate negation. All Phenomenology?s assumptions are submitted to an attempted reductio ad absurdum, and what all they assume is shown as absolute knowledge. This notion contains the elimination of the scission between knowledge and object and, with it, the scission between truth and justification, which underlies to transcendent approach to justification, presupposed by the Dilemma of the criterion and the epistemological approaches. Hegel's answer to the Dilemma of the criterion thus assumes an exhaustive reduction to absurd of all transcendent approaches and the legitimacy of the demonstration by refutation. From this, we propose some points of contact between the approach of Hegel and the Chisholm. Firstly, this author has a very restricted view of the nature of the criteria, which could be extended from Hegel's vision. Second, both Chisholm as his critics use forms of immanent approach that could be better respected, including their relationship with skepticism by a dialogue with Hegel. Third, the potential implicit in the Hegelian approach to knowledge could be further exploited through contact with the theoretical and language resources available in contemporary analytic epistemology. / Este trabalho pretende contribuir com a discuss?o que ocorre na filosofia anal?tica sobre a epistemologia de Hegel, investigando o Dilema do crit?rio a partir da interpreta??o que Westphal faz da resposta hegeliana a ele e sugerindo possibilidades de di?logo a partir da aproxima??o com a abordagem de Chisholm. O Dilema do crit?rio diz respeito aos argumentos de Sexto Emp?rico sobre a impossibilidade de decidir se h? ou n?o um crit?rio de verdade. O argumento sustenta que h? uma circularidade entre demonstra??o e crit?rio, decorrente da exig?ncia contradit?ria de que o crit?rio seja condicionado e incondicionado, e baseia-se na aplica??o do Trilema c?tico de Agripa. Concordamos com Westphal que Hegel enfrenta o Dilema do crit?rio ao propor-se verificar a legitimidade de diferentes concep??es de conhecimento sem pressupor um conceito de conhecimento como crit?rio. Mas consideramos sua abordagem amb?gua, ao identificar crit?rios que teriam sido assumidos por Hegel. Esses crit?rios definiriam a coer?ncia nas dimens?es pragm?tica, interna e reflexiva. Al?m disso, Westphal aponta diversos pressupostos n?o demonstrados em Hegel: um realismo que sup?e que a coer?ncia s? ? poss?vel se h? correspond?ncia, uma confian?a nas capacidades e disposi??es cognitivas da consci?ncia, a tese de uma cultura comum a unir as figuras da consci?ncia, os leitores da Fenomenologia e o pr?prio Hegel e uma vis?o teleol?gica de hist?ria. Essas teses n?o se integram com o falibilismo que Westphal atribui a Hegel e, ao mesmo tempo, tornam n?o resolvido o Dilema do crit?rio. Consideramos essas teses interessantes, inclusive pelo seu potencial cr?tico, mas acreditamos que o essencial da resposta hegeliana ao Dilema do crit?rio est? em sua abordagem imanente da justifica??o, que na Fenomenologia expressa-se em duas perspectivas metodol?gicas: a exposi??o fenomenol?gica e a fenomenologia dial?tica. Esta cont?m tr?s passos: autoexposi??o dos pressupostos ontol?gicos e epistemol?gicos, redu??o ao absurdo e nega??o determinada. Todos os pressupostos da Fenomenologia s?o submetidos a uma tentativa de redu??o ao absurdo, e o que todos eles pressup?em evidencia-se como saber absoluto. A no??o de saber absoluto cont?m a elimina??o da cis?o entre saber e objeto e, com ela, da cis?o entre verdade e justifica??o, que subjaz ? abordagem transcendente da justifica??o, pressuposta pelo Dilema do crit?rio e pelas abordagens epistemol?gicas. A resposta hegeliana ao Dilema do crit?rio, assim, pressup?e uma redu??o ao absurdo exaustiva de todas as abordagens transcendentes e a legitimidade da demonstra??o por refuta??o. A partir disso, propomos alguns pontos de contato entre a abordagem de Hegel e a de Chisholm. Em primeiro lugar, esse autor tem um ponto de vista bastante restrito sobre a natureza dos crit?rios, que poderia ser alargado a partir da vis?o de Hegel. Em segundo lugar, tanto Chisholm como seus cr?ticos utilizam formas da abordagem imanente que poderiam ser mais bem conceituadas, inclusive em sua rela??o com o ceticismo, mediante um di?logo com Hegel. Em terceiro lugar, a potencialidade impl?cita na abordagem hegeliana do conhecimento poderia ser mais bem explorada atrav?s do contato com os recursos te?ricos e lingu?sticos dispon?veis na epistemologia anal?tica contempor?nea.

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Background: Panic disorder with agoraphobia is characterized by panic attacks and anxiety in situations where escape might be difficult. However, neuroimaging studies specifically focusing on agoraphobia are rare. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with disorder-specific stimuli to investigate the neural substrates of agoraphobia. Method. We compared the neural activations of 72 patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia with 72 matched healthy control subjects in a 3-T fMRI study. To isolate agoraphobia-specific alterations we tested the effects of the anticipation and perception of an agoraphobia-specific stimulus set. During fMRI, 48 agoraphobia-specific and 48 neutral pictures were randomly presented with and without anticipatory stimulus indicating the content of the subsequent pictures (Westphal paradigm). Results: During the anticipation of agoraphobia-specific pictures, stronger activations were found in the bilateral ventral striatum and left insula in patients compared with controls. There were no group differences during the perception phase of agoraphobia-specific pictures. Conclusions: This study revealed stronger region-specific activations in patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia in anticipation of agoraphobia-specific stimuli. Patients seem to process these stimuli more intensively based on individual salience. Hyperactivation of the ventral striatum and insula when anticipating agoraphobiaspecific situations might be a central neurofunctional correlate of agoraphobia. Knowledge about the neural correlates of anticipatory and perceptual processes regarding agoraphobic situations will help to optimize and evaluate treatments, such as exposure therapy, in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia.