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Les ressources marines constituent un réservoir considérable de substances actives, en particulier, de peptides bioactifs appelés cryptides. Les cryptides, qui sont initialement dissimulés au cœur des protéines, sont libérés lors de la digestion ou lors de procédés protéolytiques industriels. Ces cryptides pourraient procurer des bienfaits physiologiques ou assurer une protection contre des pathologies telles que celles du syndrome métabolique. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’action de certains cryptides marins sur des cibles impliquées dans l’hypertension, le diabète et l’obésité. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que certains cryptides pouvaient cibler in vitro plusieurs facteurs de risques associés au développement des anomalies du syndrome métabolique. / Marine products represent an important source of active substances, in particular bioactive peptides called cryptides. Cryptides are hidden within the sequence of a parent protein and are released during digestion or industrial proteolytic processes. These cryptides could provide physiological benefit or protection against diseases such as those of metabolic syndrome. In this context, we investigated the action of some marine cryptides on hypertension, diabetes and obesity. We demonstrated that some cryptides can target in vitro several factors associated with the development of metabolic syndrome.

During embryonic development, adipocytes emerge from microvasculature. Lineage-­‐tracing studies in mice have shown that adipocyte progenitors reside in the adipose tissue capillaries. However, the direct evidence of an association between adipocyte progenitors and vasculature in humans is lacking. A specific class of adipocytes (brown and beige/brite) expresses the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which consumes glucose and fatty acids to generate heat. The abundance of UCP1- containing adipocytes correlates with a lean metabolically healthy phenotype in human. However, a causal relationship between the presence of these cells and metabolic benefits in human is not clear. In this thesis, I report human adipocyte progenitors proliferate in response to pro-angiogenic factors in association with adipose capillary networks in-vitro. The capillary-derived adipocytes transform from being UCP1-negative to positive upon adenylate cyclase activation, a defining feature of the brite/beige phenotype. Activated cells have denser, round mitochondria with UCP1 protein, and display uncoupled respiration. When implanted into NOD-scid IL2rgnull (NSG) mice, the adipocytes can form a vascularized fat pad that induces vascularization and becomes integrated into mouse circulatory system. In normal or high fat diet-fed NSG mice, activated brite/beige adipocytes enhance systemic glucose tolerance and improved hepatic steatosis, thus providing evidence for their potential therapeutic use. The adipocytes also express neuroendocrine and secretory factors such as Interleukin-33, proprotein convertase PCSK1 and proenkephalin PENK, which are correlated with human obesity. Finally, analyses on single-cell clones of capillary-sprout cells reveal the existence of diverse adipogenic progenitor populations. Further characterization of the clones will define the identifying features of the diverse adipocyte progenitor types that exist in human adipose tissue.