Thesis (M.M.P.)--University of Delaware, 2006. / Principal faculty advisor: Willet Kempton, College of Marine and Earth Studies. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 115-129.

Ο σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η παροχή πληροφόρησης: α) για τις ΑΠΕ και την αιολική ενέργεια, β) για την ορθή χρήση τους με απώτερο σκοπό την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος, την οικονομική ανάπτυξη της χώρας και την απρόσκοπτη παροχή ενεργείας. Επίσης, επιδιώκει να παράσχει πληροφορίες για τις πολιτικές, τις οποίες χρησιμοποιούν άλλες χώρες της ΕΕ, για την προώθηση των ΑΠΕ και της αιολικής ενέργειας και να συγκρίνει αυτές τις πολιτικές με αυτές που χρησιμοποιεί η χώρα μας, με σκοπό να αντιληφθούμε τους λόγους, οι οποίοι είναι υπεύθυνοι για την υστέρηση της ανάπτυξης της αιολικής ενέργειας στην Ελλάδα. Επιπλέον, αυτή η εργασία έχει ως σκοπό να προταθούν εναλλακτικοί τρόποι ώστε να προωθηθούν οι ΑΠΕ και κυρίως η αιολική ενέργεια μιας και το ανάγλυφο και οι καιρικές συνθήκες στη χώρα μας το επιτρέπουν. / The aim of this thesis is to provide information about: a) renewable energy sources and wind power energy and b) their right use with the ultimate purpose to protect the environment, develop the economy and provide free energy. Also, this thesis aims at providing information on the policies governing the promotion of RES and wind power energy used by other countries of the European Union, and comparing these policies with the policies used by our country, in order to identify the reasons responsible for the delay of the development of wind energy in our country. Furthermore, this thesis aims to provide alternative solutions to the promotion of RES and mainly the promotion of wind energy, because soil formation and weather conditions allow their development.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αφορά την διαχείριση της αιολικής ενέργειας και την δημιουργία προγράμματος υπολογισμού των καμπυλών «Weibull» σε μετρημένα ανεμολογικά στοιχεία περιοχών, και δυνατότητα αποθήκευσης, επεξεργασίας και ανάκτησης δεδομένων ανά περιοχή. Αρχικά στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο μελετώνται μερικές θεμελιώδης αρχές που διέπουν τον άνεμο όπως για παράδειγμα η ισχύς του. Στην συνέχεια αναλύεται η μεταβλητότητα των ανέμων με τον χρόνο, τον χώρο και την ύπαρξη επιφανειακών εμποδίων αλλά και η εξάρτηση του από το ύψος. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια ιστορική αναδρομή στην ανάπτυξη της αιολικής ενέργειας αλλά και προβλέψεις για τις μελλοντικές εξελίξεις της. Στο κομμάτι αυτό παρουσιάζεται και η ανάπτυξη της αιολικής ενέργειας στην Ελλάδα. Αναλύονται επίσης ζητήματα που αφορούν την παραγωγή ενέργειας, το κόστος παραγωγής, το κόστος αιολικής ενέργειας, την διασύνδεση στο δίκτυο παροχής αλλά και περιβαλλοντολογικά ζητήματα. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο ταξινομούνται οι ανεμογεννήτριες με βάση κάποια κύρια χαρακτηριστικά τους, αναλύονται τα μέρη ανεμογεννήτριας οριζοντίου άξονα και περιγράφονται οι σχεδιαστικές επιλογές για τα κύρια μέρη. Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αφορά τα χαρακτηριστικά της αιολικής απόδοσης. Συγκεκριμένα περιγράφονται έννοιες όπως αυτή της αιολικής διείσδυσης ενός αιολικού πάρκου ή του συντελεστή δυναμικού της γεννήτριας, εκτιμάται η ετήσια ενεργειακή παραγωγή, και αναφέρεται η αξιοπιστία των αιολικών συστημάτων (διαθεσιμότητα, ανταποδοτικότητα κόστους κλπ). Στο κεφάλαιο πέντε, αναλύεται η διανομή Weibull : μιας συνεχής κατανομή πιθανότητας, η οποία προσδιορίζει την πιθανότητα εμφάνισης όλως των δυνατών ταχυτήτων ανέμου σε μια περιοχή βάση μόνο δύο παραμέτρων. Οι παράμετροι αυτοί υπολογίζονται. Τέλος στο κεφάλαιο έξι επεξηγείται η λειτουργία του προγράμματος μας και εφαρμόζεται ένα παράδειγμα με μετρημένα ανεμολογικά στοιχεία της περιοχής «Χώρα Κύθνου» για το έτος 1984. / This thesis has to do with the management of wind energy and the construction of a java program for calculating the “Weibull” curves on measured wind data of areas, giving the capability of storage, editing and retrieving the data of each area. To begin with, in the first chapter some fundamental principles of wind, such as its power, are studied. Later on, we study the variability of wind in relation with the time, location and the existence of obstacles and the dependence of the wind on height. In the second chapter, we examine the history of the early development of wind energy and forecasts for future developments. In this part, we also examine the development of wind energy in Greece. Moreover, we describe issues related to energy production, wind energy costs, generation costs, connection on the grid and environmental issues as well. In third chapter, wind turbines are sorted in relation to some basic characteristics, then the basic parts of horizontal axis wind turbines are described and later on we state design choices of the main parts. The fourth chapter has to do with the characteristics of wind energy performance. To be more accurate, we estimate the annual energy production and we indicate the reliability of wind energy systems (like availability and so on). We also introduce the terms of capacity factor of the generator. In chapter five, we analyze the Weibull distribution : a continuous probability distribution, which determines the probability of all the wind speeds appearance in an area based on only two parameters. These parameters are calculated. Finally, in the sixth chapter, the operation of the java program is explained and an example with measured wind data of the area «Χώρα Κύθνου» for the year 1984 is applied.

abstract: This thesis is focused on the study of wind energy integration and is divided into two segments. The first part of the thesis deals with developing a reliability evaluation technique for a wind integrated power system. A multiple-partial outage model is utilized to accurately calculate the wind generation availability. A methodology is presented to estimate the outage probability of wind generators while incorporating their reduced power output levels at low wind speeds. Subsequently, power system reliability is assessed by calculating the loss of load probability (LOLP) and the effect of wind integration on the overall system is analyzed. Actual generation and load data of the Texas power system in 2008 are used to construct a test case. To demonstrate the robustness of the method, relia-bility studies have been conducted for a fairly constant as well as for a largely varying wind generation profile. Further, the case of increased wind generation penetration level has been simulated and comments made about the usability of the proposed method to aid in power system planning in scenarios of future expansion of wind energy infrastructure. The second part of this thesis explains the development of a graphic user interface (GUI) to demonstrate the operation of a grid connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The theory of DFIG and its back-to-back power converter is described. The GUI illustrates the power flow, behavior of the electrical circuit and the maximum power point tracking of the machine for a variable wind speed input provided by the user. The tool, although developed on MATLAB software platform, has been constructed to work as a standalone application on Windows operating system based computer and enables even the non-engineering students to access it. Results of both the segments of the thesis are discussed. Remarks are presented about the validity of the reliability technique and GUI interface for variable wind speed conditions. Improvements have been suggested to enable the use of the reliability technique for a more elaborate system. Recommendations have been made about expanding the features of the GUI tool and to use it to promote educational interest about renewable power engineering. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

O setor eólico está em processo de consolidação no Brasil desde o início dos anos 2000, e oportunidades de pesquisas e desenvolvimento estão presentes em todas as etapas do processo. Este trabalho apresenta uma relação entre os parâmetros de velocidade do vento, energia, efeito de esteira e intensidade de turbulência com diferentes alturas de turbinas existentes no mercado brasileiro, em três regiões distintas, Triunfo/PE, São João do Cariri/PB e São Martinho da Serra/RS. A finalidade do trabalho é auxiliar os desenvolvedores e os investidores de parques eólicos na tomada de decisão sobre as alturas de aerogeradores a serem consideradas em seus projetos eólicos, antecipando a avaliação criteriosa do recurso eólico local. Para tal, primeiramente são citadas referências de trabalhos similares disponíveis na literatura bem como é realizada a fundamentação teórica do estudo com as principais equações e modelos utilizados na área. A metodologia do cálculo é teórica e aplicada às ferramentas computacionais do WAsP para a modelagem do vento e do WindFarmer para avaliar a produção de energia elétrica, com adaptações específicas para cada projeto. Procedimentos estatísticos são efetuados a fim de se garantir que as análises contenham o menor nível possível de incerteza na identificação do recurso eólico de cada região. Os resultados do trabalho são apresentados comparativamente entre os sete modelos de aerogerador testados e também entre as três áreas estudadas. O comportamento das turbinas é consideravelmente diferente em todas as opções estudadas. Os modelos de aerogerador A e D são os que apresentam o maior ganho energético percentual com o incremento da altura da turbina com valores médios de 0,42% e 0,44% a cada metro. Já os modelos C e D apresentam as melhorias mais consideráveis em termos de redução de intensidade de turbulência e diminuição de perdas por efeito de esteira, conforme se aumenta a altura das turbinas. As áreas apresentam, também, recursos eólicos distintos entre elas. O projeto eólico de Triunfo é o que apresenta a maior geração de energia dentre os estudados, sendo 24,2% maior que em São Martinho da Serra e 45,0% maior que em São João do Cariri. Verifica-se, também, que caso a velocidade média do vento de longo prazo fosse dobrada em Triunfo, a energia líquida teria um acréscimo de 88%. Já em São Martinho da Serra este valor chegaria em 170% e em São João do Cariri em 220%. / The wind energy sector has been under consolidation in Brazil since the early 2000s. Opportunities for researches and developments are present at all stages of the process. This paper presents a link among wind speed, energy, wake effect and turbulence intensity parameters and the height of existing wind turbine models in Brazil, considering three distinct regions as Triunfo/PE, São João do Cariri/PB and São Martinho da Serra/RS. This paper also aims to support developers and investors in the decision making process in the wind turbines height that should be considered in its wind farms. To this end, the references of similar studies as well as the theoretical basis for the study, including the main equations and models, are presented. The calculation methodology is theoretical and it has been applied to the computational tools WAsP (wind modeling) and WindFarmer (evaluate the energy production), considering specific adaptations for each project. Statistical procedures are performed in order to ensure that the analyses contain the lowest possible level of uncertainty in the characterization of the wind resources in each region. The results are presented comparatively among the seven tested turbine models and also among the three studied areas. The turbine models behavior is considerably different for all options. The wind turbine models A and D are those with the highest percentage energy increase with increasing the turbine height. Their average values are 0.42% and 0.44% per meter height. The models C and D present the most considerable improvements in terms of turbulence intensity and wake effect reductions with increasing the turbine height. The different locations also present distinguished wind resources among them. Triunfo wind farm is the one with the highest energy generation, 24.2% higher than in São Martinho da Serra and 45.0% higher than in São João do Cariri. It is also noted that if the long term mean wind speed was doubled in the project locations, the energy would have an increase of 88% in Triunfo, 170% in São Martinho da Serra and 220% in São João do Cariri.

Pakistan has been riddled with energy shortage crisis. Long hours of load shedding have caused major economic setbacks in urban areas and rural areas do not even make the cut. Some rural parts, which are connected to the grid, suffer major load shedding and so economic growth is minimal. Most energy is directed towards industrial demand; hence the domestic demand suffers and causes long hours of load shedding. To aid this supply-demand gap, microgrids can be helpful in relieving some of the domestic load on the grid. A microgrid may be more economical only as a support for the main grid in an area, depending on its configuration. Since microgrids are generally composed of renewable energy sources like wind or solar or a combination of both, the supply from just these sources may result in high intermittency. To allow uniform supply, a backup energy source or energy storage is included with the renewable sources. Sizing a microgrid for the targeted region is critical. Some major sizing factors include the availability of renewable resource, load profile of the region, land availability, grid availability, etc. For this thesis, a region near Gharo, a town in Thatta District in Sindh, Pakistan, is selected to deploy the microgrid with a wind farm and battery energy storage system. The microgrid is connected to the main feeder, which supplies grid electricity to a small town of 30 small homes, a school and a small hospital. Hourly wind speed data and an annual load profile is used to calculate the most economic size of the microgrid, depending on the energy dispatch philosophy. To find the most economical solution, this thesis incorporates a stochastic technique, known as the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which is a powerful intelligence evolution algorithm for solving optimization problems. Over the years, PSO has gained popularity due to its simple structure and high performance in solving linear or non-linear objective functions with any number of constraints. In this case, the objective function to be minimized is the net present cost of the microgrid, which comprises of annual capital cost, annual operation and maintenance cost, annual replacement cost of all equipment involved and the annual net cost of buying/selling electricity from/to the grid, respectively.

Resumo : O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um estudo técnico e econômico de alternativas de suprimento energético por autoprodução em condomínios residenciais horizontais a partir do desenvolvimento de um modelo de otimização. O estudo de caso foi realizado em um condomínio residencial de São José dos Campos, cidade do estado de São Paulo. O modelo proposto analisa formas alternativas de produção de energia, compatíveis com este tipo de "empresa", a saber: eólica, fotovoltaica e geração de energia elétrica com motor de combustão interna; desta forma, busca estabelecer as bases técnicas das alternativas energéticas, considerando os aspectos técnicos e econômicos. Foram identificadas as necessidades elétricas das áreas comuns do condomínio em base temporal, nas quais o consumo e os custos são compartilhados entre os moradores. O modelo de otimização é baseado na concepção inicial de uma superestrutura que considera equipamentos comerciais para produção de energia de origem fotovoltaica, eólica e a partir de motor de combustão interna. O software LINGO foi utilizado para simulação de diferentes situações e obtenção da rota tecnológica ótima correspondente. Foram simulados cenários com diferentes condições de preços de energia e custos dos equipamentos de modo a se obter as condições nas quais as tecnologias renováveis conseguem se habilitar a compor a configuração final do sistema de autoprodução de energia elétrica / Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to develop a technical and economic study of energy supply alternatives by self-production in horizontal condominiums. The case study was developed in a neighborhood of São José dos Campos city, state of São Paulo. The proposed model analyzes alternative forms of energy production, compatible with this type of "business", namely: wind, solar and electric power generation with an internal combustion engine, thus, seeks to establish the technical basis of alternatives energy, considering the technical and economic aspects.It was identified the electrical needs of the common areas of the condominium in time basis, in which the consumption and costs are shared among the residents. The optimization model is based on the initial design of a superstructure where it is considered commercial equipment for generating energy from photovoltaic and wind sources and from internal combustion engine. The software LINGO was used to simulate different situations and obtain the corresponding optimal technological route. Were considered the simulation scenarios with different conditions of energy prices and equipment costs in order to obtain the conditions under which renewable technologies are able to be qualified to compose the final configuration of the system of electricity self-generation / Orientador: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Coorientadora: Diovana A. dos S. Napoleão / Banca: Teofilo Miguel de Souza / Banca: Eliane Ap. Faria Amaral Fadigas / Mestre

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Banca: Guilherme de Azevedo e Melo / Banca: Luiz Carlos de Freitas / Resumo: O presente estudo propõe a utilização do conversor integrado Buck-Boost monofásico no aproveitamento da energia proveniente de pequenos geradores eólicos, considerando-se o atual crescimento da utilização em pequena escala de potência das fontes de energia alternativas, o que motiva o desenvolvimento de novas e eficientes tecnologias para os sistemas de conversão. Tipicamente, os sistemas de conversão de energia eólica, em baixas potências, disponibilizam tensões contínuas de saída na faixa de 12 V até 48 V (valores médios), por outro lado, a grande maioria das cargas de uso domiciliar necessitam de tensão alternada com valores eficazes entre 110 V a 240 V. Isto leva à necessidade da utilização de conversores CC-CA, denominados de inversores. As estruturas inversoras tradicionais fornecem tensões alternadas cujo valor de pico está limitado ao valor máximo da tensão de entrada, o que leva à necessidade de incluir um estágio elevador adicional ao sistema de conversão de energia eólica, antes de realizar a conversão CC-CA, resultando em redução do rendimento, aumento de peso e volume. O inversor integrado apresentado neste trabalho realiza, em uma única estrutura, as funções de elevação e redução da tensão, próprias do conversor Buck-Boost CC-CC, e a função de conversão de tensão contínua em alternada, garantindo uma baixa distorção harmônica para a tensão de saída e um rendimento elevado. Porém, as características dinâmicas são as correspondentes às do conversor Buck-Boost CC-CC, o que significa a presença de um zero no semi-plano positivo, com a conseqüente limitação no projeto dos controladores. Para resolver esta situação, adotou-se como estratégia o controle em modo corrente por valores médios instantâneos. Um requisito para a realização desta estratégia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work proposes the utilization of the single-phase integrated Buck-Boost inverter in small wind energy conversion systems, considering the constant increase use of low power renewable and alternative energy systems in the last decade. This fact has been encouraging the development of new and more efficient technologies for these conversion systems. Typically, small wind energy conversion systems supply DC voltages within 12 to 48 Volts (mean values). However, the most of the domestic loads require AC voltage to operate (with rms values within 110 to 240 V) and it is necessary to use DC-AC converters (known as inverters). Traditional inverters supply AC voltage with peak values that are lower than the peak value of the input DC voltage, then an extra boost input stage is required before the DC- AC conversion, resulting in additional losses and reduced efficiency, greater size and weight. The proposed inverter is able to reduce and boost the DC input voltage (as an buck- boost converter) and also to make the DC-AC conversion with low harmonics and high efficiency, all in a single stage. However, dynamics are the same of the DC-DC buck-boost converter; this means a right half-plane zero which limits the compensator performance. To overcome this limitation, the used control strategy is the current programming mode. In order to obtain a linear equivalent model (required for this control strategy) the converter is modeled by the state averaging method. Furthermore, as buck-boost is an inductive accumulation converter, the resulting topology is a current source inverter. Thus, reverse blocking capability is required for the transistors at the inverter bridge. Two alternatives were considered to implement the inverter bridge: IGBTs with reverse blocking capability (RB- IGBTs) and the series association of diode and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O setor eólico está em processo de consolidação no Brasil desde o início dos anos 2000, e oportunidades de pesquisas e desenvolvimento estão presentes em todas as etapas do processo. Este trabalho apresenta uma relação entre os parâmetros de velocidade do vento, energia, efeito de esteira e intensidade de turbulência com diferentes alturas de turbinas existentes no mercado brasileiro, em três regiões distintas, Triunfo/PE, São João do Cariri/PB e São Martinho da Serra/RS. A finalidade do trabalho é auxiliar os desenvolvedores e os investidores de parques eólicos na tomada de decisão sobre as alturas de aerogeradores a serem consideradas em seus projetos eólicos, antecipando a avaliação criteriosa do recurso eólico local. Para tal, primeiramente são citadas referências de trabalhos similares disponíveis na literatura bem como é realizada a fundamentação teórica do estudo com as principais equações e modelos utilizados na área. A metodologia do cálculo é teórica e aplicada às ferramentas computacionais do WAsP para a modelagem do vento e do WindFarmer para avaliar a produção de energia elétrica, com adaptações específicas para cada projeto. Procedimentos estatísticos são efetuados a fim de se garantir que as análises contenham o menor nível possível de incerteza na identificação do recurso eólico de cada região. Os resultados do trabalho são apresentados comparativamente entre os sete modelos de aerogerador testados e também entre as três áreas estudadas. O comportamento das turbinas é consideravelmente diferente em todas as opções estudadas. Os modelos de aerogerador A e D são os que apresentam o maior ganho energético percentual com o incremento da altura da turbina com valores médios de 0,42% e 0,44% a cada metro. Já os modelos C e D apresentam as melhorias mais consideráveis em termos de redução de intensidade de turbulência e diminuição de perdas por efeito de esteira, conforme se aumenta a altura das turbinas. As áreas apresentam, também, recursos eólicos distintos entre elas. O projeto eólico de Triunfo é o que apresenta a maior geração de energia dentre os estudados, sendo 24,2% maior que em São Martinho da Serra e 45,0% maior que em São João do Cariri. Verifica-se, também, que caso a velocidade média do vento de longo prazo fosse dobrada em Triunfo, a energia líquida teria um acréscimo de 88%. Já em São Martinho da Serra este valor chegaria em 170% e em São João do Cariri em 220%. / The wind energy sector has been under consolidation in Brazil since the early 2000s. Opportunities for researches and developments are present at all stages of the process. This paper presents a link among wind speed, energy, wake effect and turbulence intensity parameters and the height of existing wind turbine models in Brazil, considering three distinct regions as Triunfo/PE, São João do Cariri/PB and São Martinho da Serra/RS. This paper also aims to support developers and investors in the decision making process in the wind turbines height that should be considered in its wind farms. To this end, the references of similar studies as well as the theoretical basis for the study, including the main equations and models, are presented. The calculation methodology is theoretical and it has been applied to the computational tools WAsP (wind modeling) and WindFarmer (evaluate the energy production), considering specific adaptations for each project. Statistical procedures are performed in order to ensure that the analyses contain the lowest possible level of uncertainty in the characterization of the wind resources in each region. The results are presented comparatively among the seven tested turbine models and also among the three studied areas. The turbine models behavior is considerably different for all options. The wind turbine models A and D are those with the highest percentage energy increase with increasing the turbine height. Their average values are 0.42% and 0.44% per meter height. The models C and D present the most considerable improvements in terms of turbulence intensity and wake effect reductions with increasing the turbine height. The different locations also present distinguished wind resources among them. Triunfo wind farm is the one with the highest energy generation, 24.2% higher than in São Martinho da Serra and 45.0% higher than in São João do Cariri. It is also noted that if the long term mean wind speed was doubled in the project locations, the energy would have an increase of 88% in Triunfo, 170% in São Martinho da Serra and 220% in São João do Cariri.