Inaug. Diss.--Berlin, Freie Universität. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-25).

This thesis is a life cycle assessment (LCA) on three window types commonly available to the North American residential consumer: PVC, fiberglass, and wood covered with an aluminum cladding. The LCA was a case study based on the production of the three windows by a single representative manufacturer of each type. Average transportation distances, commodity systems, maintenance, and service life estimations were used to complete the life cycle inventory model. These inventories were grouped into impact categories and scaled based on IMPACT 2002+ v2.1 characterization and damage factors. The damage modeling results indicated that the life cycle impacts are dominated by the combustion of nonrenewable energy resources. Burning fuels cause increased emissions of respiratory inorganics, terrestrial acidification/nutrification impacts, and global warming. The PVC window's life cycle used the most nonrenewable energy and caused the most damage due to that window's shorter service life, 18 years vs. 25 years for fiberglass and aluminum clad wood. This is despite the fact that PVC requires less energy to produce than the fiberglass. The impacts of the steel reinforcement required to strengthen the PVC window outweigh the benefits of the PVC over the fiberglass. The wood window was negatively affected by the addition of aluminum cladding, which required greater energy to manufacture than the wood component. The sensitivity analysis revealed that replacing the virgin material in aluminum cladding with recycled content improved the life cycle impacts of the wooden window. Using fiberglass or PVC to clad the wood window also improved the environmental performance by reducing energy consumption. The use of cladding materials other than aluminum also prevented the disposal of aluminum into municipal landfills which reduced the aquatic ecotoxicity of the wood window's life cycle. Other potential improvements to the impacts of the three windows' life cycles include improving energy efficiency, particularly during secondary manufacturing.

This thesis is a life cycle assessment (LCA) on three window types commonly available to the North American residential consumer: PVC, fiberglass, and wood covered with an aluminum cladding. The LCA was a case study based on the production of the three windows by a single representative manufacturer of each type. Average transportation distances, commodity systems, maintenance, and service life estimations were used to complete the life cycle inventory model. These inventories were grouped into impact categories and scaled based on IMPACT 2002+ v2.1 characterization and damage factors. The damage modeling results indicated that the life cycle impacts are dominated by the combustion of nonrenewable energy resources. Burning fuels cause increased emissions of respiratory inorganics, terrestrial acidification/nutrification impacts, and global warming. The PVC window's life cycle used the most nonrenewable energy and caused the most damage due to that window's shorter service life, 18 years vs. 25 years for fiberglass and aluminum clad wood. This is despite the fact that PVC requires less energy to produce than the fiberglass. The impacts of the steel reinforcement required to strengthen the PVC window outweigh the benefits of the PVC over the fiberglass. The wood window was negatively affected by the addition of aluminum cladding, which required greater energy to manufacture than the wood component. The sensitivity analysis revealed that replacing the virgin material in aluminum cladding with recycled content improved the life cycle impacts of the wooden window. Using fiberglass or PVC to clad the wood window also improved the environmental performance by reducing energy consumption. The use of cladding materials other than aluminum also prevented the disposal of aluminum into municipal landfills which reduced the aquatic ecotoxicity of the wood window's life cycle. Other potential improvements to the impacts of the three windows' life cycles include improving energy efficiency, particularly during secondary manufacturing.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Erlangen.

This thesis is a life cycle assessment (LCA) on three window types commonly available to the North American residential consumer: PVC, fiberglass, and wood covered with an aluminum cladding. The LCA was a case study based on the production of the three windows by a single representative manufacturer of each type. Average transportation distances, commodity systems, maintenance, and service life estimations were used to complete the life cycle inventory model. These inventories were grouped into impact categories and scaled based on IMPACT 2002+ v2.1 characterization and damage factors. The damage modeling results indicated that the life cycle impacts are dominated by the combustion of nonrenewable energy resources. Burning fuels cause increased emissions of respiratory inorganics, terrestrial acidification/nutrification impacts, and global warming. The PVC window's life cycle used the most nonrenewable energy and caused the most damage due to that window's shorter service life, 18 years vs. 25 years for fiberglass and aluminum clad wood. This is despite the fact that PVC requires less energy to produce than the fiberglass. The impacts of the steel reinforcement required to strengthen the PVC window outweigh the benefits of the PVC over the fiberglass. The wood window was negatively affected by the addition of aluminum cladding, which required greater energy to manufacture than the wood component. The sensitivity analysis revealed that replacing the virgin material in aluminum cladding with recycled content improved the life cycle impacts of the wooden window. Using fiberglass or PVC to clad the wood window also improved the environmental performance by reducing energy consumption. The use of cladding materials other than aluminum also prevented the disposal of aluminum into municipal landfills which reduced the aquatic ecotoxicity of the wood window's life cycle. Other potential improvements to the impacts of the three windows' life cycles include improving energy efficiency, particularly during secondary manufacturing. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Microsoft lanserade Windows 10 i mitten av 2015. Windows 10 är en serie operativ-system med flera versioner anpassade för många olika användningsområden. Windows 10 IoT Enterprise är en av versionerna inriktade på olika typer av inbyggda system. Vid anpassning utefter miljö kan delar av operativsystemet därför låsas ned och begränsas. För konfiguration av Windows 10 finns både gamla och nya verktyg tillgängliga. I detta projekt görs en undersökning av nedlåsnings- och anpassningsmöjligheter, samt konfigurationsverktyg med fokus på Windows 10 IoT Enterprise. De verktyg som har använts är Microsofts helt nya Windows Imaging and Configuration Designer, men även det lite äldre Windows System Image Manager. Med och utan hjälp av dessa verktyg har flera konfigurationsmöjligheter undersökts. Detta inkluderar bl.a. användar- och applikationsbegränsningar, branding (mjukvarumässig produktmärk-ning), och utseendeanpassningar. Utöver detta behandlas även framtagandet av färdig-konfigurerade Windows-avbildningar ytligt. Projektet har bestått av åtskilliga tester, främst baserade på Microsofts egna dokumentation. Majoriteten av de möjligheter och konfigurationer som har undersökts har visat sig fungerande och någorlunda lättanvända. En fungerande funktion har endast bedömts som sådan om denna uppfyller de beskrivningar Microsoft själva har givit ut. Detta utan att för den sakens skull förstöra andra delar av systemet. I slutändan beskriver resultaten till stor del funktioner som finns och fungerar, men inte i vilka praktiska scenarier dessa lämpar sig för användning. Vid konfiguration av större nedlåsningsfunktioner uppvisar Windows ICD problem. Ytterligare problem som också har noterats berör bl.a. möjligheterna för profilkopiering och generalisering i Windows 10. / Microsoft released Windows 10 in the middle of 2015. Windows 10 is a series of operating systems with multiple versions adapted for many different fields of work. Windows 10 IoT Enterprise is one of the versions aimed at various types of embedded systems. During adaptation into certain environments, parts of the operating system may therefore be locked down or limited. For configuration of Windows 10, both old and new tools are available.  In this project, an examination of lockdown and adaptation possibilities, as well as configuration tools, focusing on Windows 10 IoT Enterprise is made. The tools used are Microsoft’s brand new Windows Imaging and Configuration Designer, but also their older Windows System Image Manager. Multiple configurations have been examined both with, and without the help of these tools. This includes user and application limitations, branding, and appearance. In addition to this, the creation of fully configured Windows images is superficially addressed. The project has consisted of several tests, mainly based on documentation from Microsoft. A majority of the examined possibilities and configurations have proven functional and quite easy to make use of. A working functionality has only been evaluated as such if it satisfies descriptions released by Microsoft themselves. This, as well as not breaking other parts of the system. In the end, the result mainly describes existing and working functionalities, not in what practical scenarios they fit. During configuration of major lockdown features, Windows ICD displays problems. Other problems has also been noted, among other things related to profile copying and generalization in Windows 10.

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The window insulation always plays an important role in building design and thermal comfort, it is one of the main parts needed to be optimized in building envelop. Window insulation is a basic element which can decide the insulation capacity. The large heat loss from the window is the main part of wasting energy, and simultaneously, there is also difficult to explore the new energy source and to improve the current heat generation device efficiency in this energy crisis century. Therefore, building a proper insulated window system is a good approach to keep an acceptable indoor climate as well as to reduce energy use and negative climate effects. On the other hand, there are amounts of old houses and poorly design houses all over the world either in a well developed country or a developing country. Therefore it can form a better atmosphere to optimize the window worldwide. The aim of the thesis is telling the reader what kind of optimization can be done to get better window insulation. This thesis starts with a briefly introduction to give the basic knowledge of heat loss from windows, and then shows the heat loss level in comparison with other parts of building. Afterwards it gives the optimization strategy to make good window glazing and window frames. For frame design, the hollow frame material property and the benefits of insulants filling window system are described. There are still some problems which exist for the energy efficient windows, such as condensation problem. The thesis also shows this kind of problem and the solution approach.