Direct current motors and stepping motors are very often used for electric drives in cars. The most frequent representatives of direct current motors are electric starter and wind- screen wiper motor. Stepping motors are very often used for electric regulating of outsides driving mirrors and seats. This study is focused on innovation and DC permanent magnet motor. The disadvanage of direct current motors is so called „sliding contact“. A possible compensation of direct current motor are EC (electronically commutator) motors that do not need sliding contact for their work.

Electric drives used in automotive industry are often based on standard DC motor as it is widely recognised as mature and reliable technology. The most common applications of DC motors in automotive industry are starters and wind screen wiper motors. Aim of this thesis is to provide design overview of typical automotive DC motor therefore main parts and features of the machine will be described in detail. Main disadvantage of DC motor is „sliding contact“ between commutator and carbon brushes which introduces source of electromagnetic disturbance and requires regular maintenance. Within this project different aspects of DC motor design and innovation are expected to be tackled including examples of loss calculation.

In this thesis analysis and inovation of electric machines for cars is discused. There are described principles of basics DC and AC electric machines. In detail this thesis deals with small electric machines used in cars. At least, electro motor for wiper is investigated and possibilities of its inovation in different ways are also mantioned.

Ce mémoire présente une méthode de reconstruction de la surface d’un pare-brise à partir d’une image observée au travers de celui-ci. Cette image est déformée, car les rayons lumineux traversant le pare-brise subissent deux réfractions : une de chaque côté du verre. La déformation de l’image est dépendante de la forme du pare-brise, c’est donc cette donnée qui est utilisée pour résoudre le problème. La première étape est la construction d’un champ de vecteurs dans l’espace ambiant à partir des déviations des rayons lumineux passant par le pare-brise. Elle repose sur la loi de la réfraction de Snell-Descartes et sur des hypothèses simplificatrices au sujet de la courbure et de l’épaisseur du pare-brise. Le vecteur en un point de ce champ correspond à une prédiction du vecteur normal à la surface, sous l’hypothèse que celle-ci passe par le point en question. La deuxième étape est de trouver une surface compatible avec le champ de vecteurs obtenu. Pour y arriver, on formule un problème de minimisation où la donnée minimisée est la différence entre les vecteurs normaux à la surface et ceux construits à partir des mesures du système d’inspection. Il en résulte une équation d’Euler-Lagrange non linéaire à laquelle on impose des conditions de Dirichlet. Le graphe de la solution à ce problème est alors la surface recherchée. La troisième étape est une méthode de point fixe pour résoudre l’équation d’Euler-Lagrange. Elle donne une suite d’équations de Poisson linéaires dont la limite des solutions respecte l’équation non linéaire étudiée. On utilise le théorème du point fixe de Banach pour obtenir des conditions suffisantes d’existence et d’unicité de la solution, qui sont aussi des conditions suffisantes pour lesquelles la méthode de point fixe converge. / This Master’s thesis presents a method for the reconstruction of a windshield surface using an image observed through it. This image is distorted because the light rays passing through the windshield undergo two refractions : one on each side of the glass. The distortion depends on the windshield shape and therefore this data is used to solve the problem. The first step is the construction of a vector field in the ambient space, from the deviations of the light rays passing through the windshield. This step relies on the Snell-Descartes refraction law and on simplifying assumptions regarding the curvature and thickness of a windshield. A vector at a point of this field corresponds to a prediction of the surface normal vector at this point, under the hypothesis that this point lies on the surface. The second step is to find a surface that is compatible with the obtained vector field. For this purpose, a minimisation problem is formulated for which the minimized variable is the difference between the surface normal vector and the one deduced from the system’s measurements. This leads to a nonlinear Euler- Lagrange equation for which the Dirichlet boundary conditions are imposed. The graph of the solution is the desired surface. The third step is a fixed-point method to solve the Euler- Lagrange equation. At the center of this method is a sequence of linear Poisson equations, each giving an approximating solution. It is shown that the limit of this sequence of solutions respects the original nonlinear equation. The Banach fixed-point theorem is used to get sufficient existence and uniqueness conditions, that are also sufficient conditions under which the proposed fixed-point method converges.