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Optimization of fermentation processes for the production of indigenous fruit wines (Marula)Fundira, Margaret 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The importance of indigenous fruit wines is not well researched and documented. There
is a need to develop and exploit these valuable food resources through improved
production practices, storage, preservation and utilization technologies. The maruia fruit
is beneficial in many ways, it can be used for making juice, jam, beer or can be eaten as
a whole fruit. The highly nutritive nature of the fruit, its distinctive tropical flavor, its wild
occurrence and demand by the local and international communities for the by-products
of the fruit necessitated efforts to optimize the technological processes for the
production of the possible by-products. This study focuses on the fermentation
technology of the maruia fruit.
The effect of enzymes prior to the fermentation process and post-fermentation
was evaluated. For pre-fermentation processes we focused on the ability of commercial
enzymes to increase juice yield, improve the clarification and filterability. For pre- and
post-fermentation applications, aroma release was considered. The results indicated a
significant increase in the yield depending on the enzyme used. An increase of at least
2% was recorded and a maximum of 12% yield increase was observed. The enzymes
also had a phenomenal effect on the release of bound monoterpenes and hence
enhancing the flavor of the juice. The panel of judges confirmed the results from the gas
chromatography analyses by noting an increase in flavor intensity in the enzyme treated
juice.
The possibility of selecting a yeast strain that performs best during the
fermentation of maruia pulp was also looked at. This study aimed at selecting a strain
that produces wine and distillate with the typical maruia flavor complex. We showed the
effect of the different yeast strains, in the wines and distillates, on the principal volatile
compounds. We then correlated the performance of the different strains as perceived by
the panel to the various volatile compounds. The effect of fermentation temperature on
the performance of the different yeast strains was also considered. Fermenting the
maruia pulp at different temperatures resulted in the production of wines and distillates
with different volatile profiles for the different yeast strains. The wines and distillates
fermented at a low temperature of 15°C were preferred to the wines and distillates
fermented at 30°C. However, not all strains performed well at 15°C, strains like NT116
performed better at 30°C. The different commercial strains produced wines and
distillates with significantly different flavor profiles. These differences in the flavor profiles
were reflected in the sensory evaluation where, depending on the interaction of the
volatile compounds some wines and distillates were preferred to others. The effect of the
different commercial enzymes and yeast strains should thereof be further evaluated and
optimized on a larger scale. This would greatly help prevent variation in quality of the
fermented by-products of the maruia fruit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belang van inheemse vrugtewyne is nie goed nagevors en gedokumenteer
nie. Daar is 'n behoefte om hierdie waardevolle voedselbronne te ontwikkel en te benut,
deur verbeterde produksiepraktyke, storing, preservering en benuttingstegnologieë. Die
maroelavrug is veelsydig op baie wyses, deurdat dit gebruik word vir die maak van sap,
konfyt, bier, of as heel vrug geëet kan word. Die vrug is hoog in voedingswaarde, het In
kenmerkende tropiese geur, kom wild voor, en is in aanvraag by plaaslike en
internasionale gemeenskappe vir die by-produkte van die vrug. Dit maak dit essensieel
om die tegnologiese prosesse vir die produksie van hierdie moontlike by-produkte te
optimiseer. Hierdie studie fokus op die fermentasie-tegnologie van die maroelavrug.
Die effek van ensieme voor en na die fermentasie-proses is geëvalueer. Vir
prosesse wat voor fermentasie plaasvind, het ons gefokus op die vermoë van
kommersiële ensieme om sapopbrengs te verhoog, asook om verheldering en filtrering
te verbeter. Vir beide voor- en na-fermentasie toepassings is die vrystelling van aroma
gemonitor. Die resultate dui op 'n betekenisvolle verhoging in die sapopbrengs,
afhangende van die ensiem wat gebruik is. 'n Verhoging van ten minste 2% is
opgeteken, en 'n maksimum van 12% opbrengsverhoging is waargeneem. Die ensieme
het ook 'n geweldige effek op die vrystelling van gebonde monoterpene gehad, en dus
die verhoging in die geur van die sap. Die proepaneel het die resultate bevestig van die
gaschromatografie-analises, deur 'n verhoging in die geurintensiteit in die ensiembehandelde
sap te bemerk.
Daar is ook gekyk na die moontlikheid om 'n gisras te selekteer wat die beste
presteer tydens die fermentasie van maroela-pulp. Hierdie studie het die doelstelling
gehad om In gisras te selekteer wat wyn en distillaat produseer met In tipiese maroelageurkompleks.
Ons het die effek van verskillende gisrasse aangedui in die wyne en
distillate, op grond van van vlugtige komponente. Ons het dan die prestasie van die
verskillende rasse, soos waargeneem deur die paneel, gekorrelleer met die verskeie
vlugtige komponente. Die effek van fermentasie-temperatuur op die werkverrigting van
die verskillende gisrasse is ook in ag geneem. Fermentasie van die maroela-pulp by
verskillende temperature het gelei tot die produksie van wyne en distillate met
verskillende vlugtige profiele vir die verskillende gisrasse. Die wyne en distillate wat by
In laer temperatuur van 15°C gefermenteer is, is verkies bo die wyne en distillate wat by
30°C gefermenteer is. Alle rasse het egter nie baie goed presteer by 15°C nie, soos
byvoorbeeld NT116 wat beter presteer het by 30°C. Die verskillende kommersiële rasse
het wyne en distillate geproduseer met betekenisvol verskillende geurprofiele. Hierdie
verskille in geurprofiele is gereflekteer in die sensoriese evaluering waar, afhangende
van die interaksie van die vlugtige komponente, sommige wyne en distillate bo ander
verkies is. Die effek van die verskillende kommersiële ensieme en gisrasse moet verkieslik verder op groter skaal geëvalueer en geoptimiseer word. Dit sal veral help om
variasie in kwaliteit van die gefermenteerde by-produkte van die maroelavrug te
voorkom.
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Genetic characterisation and breeding of wine yeastsVan der Westhuizen, T. J. (Theunes Johannes) January 1990 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1990. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: To remain competitive in the market place, the South African wine industry will
have to direct well-planned yeast strain-development programmes. However, the
winemaker can only benefit from the extensive biochemical and molecular
information of the yeast cell and the impressive arsenal of genetic techniques
available, if the wine industry defines its requirements in genetic terms. The
successful application of these genetic and recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) techniques in breeding programmes depends on the availability of rapid
and reliable techniques to differentiate between parental and hybrid strains.
Ten strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae used for commercial production of
wine in South Africa, were characterised by electrophoretic banding patterns of
total soluble cell proteins, DNA restriction fragments and chromosomal DNA.
Variations in the protein and DNA profiles of strains N6, N21, N66, N76, N95
and N97 were apparent in the number, position and intensity of the bands.
Strains N93 and N181 originated from the same culture and, as expected,
displayed the same characteristic protein, DNA restriction fragment and
chromosomal banding patterns. Similar protein and DNA profiles were also
obtained for killer strain N96 and strain N91. Strain N91 is a derivative of strain
N96, cured of the K2 killer character. Results obtained by electrophoretic
fingerprinting and karyotyping corresponded well, indicating that these
techniques are valuable in the identification and quality control of industrial wine
yeasts.
The value of electrophoretic fingerprinting and karyotyping was also
demonstrated in a breeding programme. The aim of this breeding programme
was to obtain hybrids that combine the desired oenological characteristics of
strains N76 and N96, and of strains N96 and N181. The protein banding patterns
of hybrids USM21, USM22 and USM23 were identical and contained a
combination of prominent unique bands present in the profiles of parental
strains, N76 and N96H (N96H is a haploid derived from N96). The DNA
restriction fragment profiles of hybrids USM21, USM22 and USM23 contained
slight variations, whereas their profiles were quite different from those of their
parental strains, N76 and N96H. The contour clamped homogeneous electric
field (CHEF) karyotypes of hybrids USM21, USM22 and USM23 were identical
but differed from those of their parental strains, N76 and N96H. The protein
profiles of hybrid USM30 and its parental strains, N96H and N181, were similar,
whereas their DNA restriction fragment banding patterns and CHEF karyotypes
showed discrete differences. In conclusion, protein and DNA fingerprinting techniques were found to be valuable in selecting four hybrid killer strains after
mass spore-cell mating. These four killer hybrids contain desirable oenological
properties long sought after by the South African wine industry. Fermentation
trials and evaluation of these hybrids were conducted independently by the
Deparment of Oenology, University of Stellenbosch and by Stellenbosch Farmers'
Winery and they have now been released for commercial wine production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om mededingend in die handel te bly, sal die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf weloorwoe
gisras-ontwikkelingsprogramme moet loads. Die wynmaker sal egter
slegs voordeel kan trek uit die omvattende biochemiese en molekul...Lre inligting
oor die gissel en die indrukwekkende arsenaal van genetiese tegnieke wat
beskikbaar is, indien die wynbedryf sy vereistes in genetiese terme definieer. Die
suksesvolle toepassing van hierdie genetiese en rekombinante
deoksiribonuklei"ensuur (DNA) tegnieke in telingsprogramme sal afhang van die
beskikbaarheid van vinnige en betroubare tegnieke om tussen ouerlike en
hibried-rasse te onderskei.
Tien rasse van Saccharomyces cerevisiae wat vir kommersiele
wynproduksie in Suid-Afrika gebruik word, is met behulp van elektroforetiese
bandpatrone van totale oplosbare selprotei"ene, DNA-restriksiefragmente en
chromosomale DNA gekarakteriseer. Variasies in die protei"en- en DNA-profiele
van rasse N6, N21, N66, N76, N95 en N97 het geblyk uit die aantal, posisie en
intensiteit van die bande. Rasse N93 en N181 het uit dieselfde kultuur ontstaan
en het, soos verwag, dieselfde karakteristieke protei"en-, DNA-restriksiefragmenten
chromosomale bandpatrone getoon. Soortgelyke protei"en en DNA profiele is
ook vir killerras N96 en ras N91 verkry. Ras N91 is 'n variant van ras N96 wat die
K2 killerkenmerk verloor het. Resultate wat met behulp van elektroforetiese
vingermerking en kariotipering verkry is, het goed ooreengestem en dui daarop
dat hierdie tegnieke waardevol is vir die identifisering en beheer van industriele
giste.
Die waarde van elektroforetiese vingermerking en kariotipering in
telingsprogramme is ook gedemonstreer. Die doel van hierdie telingsprogram
was om hibriede te kry waarin die gewenste kenmerke van rasse N76 en N96, en
van rasse N96 en N181, gekombineer is. Die protei"en-bandpatrone van hibriede
USM21, USM22 en USM23 was identies en het 'n kombinasie van prominente
unieke bande, teenwoordig in die profiele van hul ourlike rasse, N76 en N96H
(N96H is 'n haploi"de afstammeling van N96), bevat. Die DNArestriksiefragment-
profiele van hibriede USM21, USM22 en USM23 toon geringe
onderlinge verskille, maar hul profiele het wesenlik van die van hul ouerlike rasse,
N76 en N96H, verskil. Die kontoergeklampde-homogene-elektriese-veld
(CHEF) elektroforetiese kariotipes van hibriede USM21, USM22 en USM23 was
identies, maar het verskil van die van hul ouerlike rasse, N76 en N96H. Die
protei"enprofiele van hibried USM30 en sy ouerlike rasse, N96H en N181, was
soortgelyk, terwyl hul DNA-restriksiefragment-bandpatrone en CHEF-kariotipes diskrete verskille getoon het. Ten slotte is gevind dat prote'ien- en DNAvingermerkingstegnieke
waardevol was in die seleksie van vier hibried-killerrasse
na massa spoor-sel paring. Hierdie vier killerhibriede beskik oor gewenste
wynkundige eienskappe waarna die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf reeds lank soek.
Fermentasie-proewe en evaluering is onafhanklik deur die Departement
Wynkunde, Universitiet van Stellenbosch en deur Stellenbosch-Boerewynmakery
gedoen en hulle is nou vir kommersiele wynproduksie vrygestel.
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Glycerol and wineNieuwoudt, Helene Hesta 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Key research areas in modern enology are related to the production of wine of
consistent quality, as well as to the improvement of existing wine quality through the
enhancement of the sensory properties of wine. The formation of glycerol during
alcoholic fermentation is highly relevant to both these issues. Since the early years of
the zo" century, glycerol has been positively associated with the quality of wine and it
is thought to impart important mouth-feel sensations such as "viscosity",
"smoothness" and "body". In general, it is considered that glycerol concentrations
higher than those normally found in wine, can contribute towards the improvement of
wine quality. It has also been suggested that increased concentrations of glycerol
can enhance the aroma of wine. On the basis of these perceptions, several strategies
have been developed to favour the production of glycerol during the fermentation
process and over a period of years, a large volume of data has been collected that
relates to various aspects regarding glycerol production during alcoholic
fermentation.
To date, however, several aspects regarding the relationship between glycerol
and wine quality remain unclear. The reasons for this situation can mainly be
ascribed to the lack of reliable analytical data to serve as a basis for investigating the
relationship between glycerol and wine quality, as well as the preponderance of
empirical and anecdotal evidence. Despite numerous opinions regarding optimal
glycerol concentrations in wine, glycerol is indeed seldom assayed on a routine basis
and targets with respect to specific wine grape cultivars and glycerol concentrations
have largely remained unspecified. To date, very little information regarding glycerol
concentrations in South African wines has been published. The analytical techniques
that are most frequently used for the quantification of glycerol in grape juice,
fermenting must and wine are not easily automated and this aspect placed severe
limitations on the generation of large volumes of analytical data on glycerol
concentrations in these matrices.
This project was undertaken with the aim to holistically address some of the
unresolved issues relating to the relationship between glycerol and wine quality. This
also implied the development and optimisation of analytical techniques suitable for
the rapid and accurate determination of glycerol in fermentation media, as well as in
finished wine. In the first stage of this project a quantitative database was established
that contained the analytical data on the glycerol concentrations of a statistically
significant number of wines of adjudged quality, as well as additional information for
each wine regarding the geographic origin, vintage, routine chemical analyses and
the yeast strain(s) used for the production of the wine. The relevance of glycerol in
wine for the modern South African winemaker was evaluated through the
establishment of a quantitative database that contained the opinions of an expert
panel of 15 South African winemakers, enologists and wine chemists on topics
relating to glycerol in wine.
In the second stage of the project the data captured in the databases were
used to investigate aspects regarding the relationship between glycerol and wine quality. From the data captured in the qualitative database, it was clear that the topic
regarding glycerol in wine was important to the South African winemakers and it was
also evident that there was a need for the development and optimisation of methods
suitable for the routine analysis of the glycerol concentrations in grape juice,
fermenting must and wine. The opinions of the panel members also highlighted the
issue that the mouth-feel property of wine was considered to be an area where the
quality of some wines could be further improved.
The quantitative database contained the information on the glycerol
concentrations of 450 commercial South African table wines of adjudged quality. The
premium cultivars Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet
Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz and Pinotage were used for the purpose of investigating
the relationship between glycerol concentration and wine quality. The wines
represented a wide variety of wine styles, including dry white, off-dry white, dry red
and late harvest wines. The average glycerol concentration was significantly
associated with the wine style. In white wines the average glycerol concentration was
much lower than in the red wines (6.82 gIL versus 10.49 gIL, respectively). No
significant relationship between the final glycerol concentration and the geographic
origin, vintage and the yeast strain used for the fermentation was found. Wine quality
could not be significantly associated with glycerol concentration in the red wines. In
the white wines, the relationship between glycerol concentration and wine quality was
significant, but due to the very small differences in the average glycerol
concentrations of the wines of different quality ratings, the statistical significance is
probably of little practical value.
The effect of glycerol on the volatility of a selection of esters and higher alcohols
was also investigated. Solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography,
was used to analyse the composition of the headspace at equilibrium between the
liquid phase and the gas phase of a model wine, and a dry white wine that contained
a basal concentration of 5.4 gIL glycerol. Results showed that incremental increases
in the glycerol concentrations over a range of 1 -10 gIL in the model wine and in a
Chenin blanc wine, were not accompanied by a proportional increase or decrease in
the abundance of the aroma components in the headspace. The volatile components
tested were isoamyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl valerate, ethyl lactate, ethyl
hexanoate, hexyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol and isobutanol. For all the volatile
components tested, the difference between the headspace composition of samples
containing the lowest glycerol concentration, and those containing the highest
glycerol concentration, was not significant. However, sufficient experimental evidence
was obtained to indicate that increasing glycerol concentrations had an effect on the
volatility of aroma components, and that the effect is of a complex and non-linear
nature.
In the third phase of the work Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
was used to establish and optimise methods for the accurate and rapid quantification
of glycerol in wine. For this purpose calibrations were developed for the quantification
of glycerol in dry wine and late harvest wines. The accuracy of prediction was
evaluated by means of the standard error of prediction that was 0.38 gIL for the dry
wines and 0.65 gIL for the sweet wines. Large variations are introduced in the FT-IR spectra of wine by factors such as process technology, cultivar and geographic
origin, and this variation can have an effect on the accuracy of the analytical data
generated when employing FT-IR spectroscopy. Using glycerol prediction in wine as
a model system, principal component analysis of the FT-IR spectra was done in order
to establish quality control measures for the detection of poorly predicted, or outlier
samples. A classification model, based on principal component analysis, was
established that enabled the interpretation and classification of the outlier samples in
the data set in 100% of the cases tested. This work forms the basis for expanding the
quality control measures for the detection of wines of which the FT-IR spectra are
highly unnatural, as well as for establishing quality control measures to ensure that
accurate analytical data are generated when FT-IR is used.
FT-IR spectroscopy was also used to develop a rapid screen for the evaluation of
the fermentation profiles of wine yeasts. For this purpose, a selection of wine yeasts,
which included commercial wine yeasts frequently used in winemaking in South
Africa, as well as a selection of hybrid Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts, that were
obtained through a selective breeding strategy aimed at increasing glycerol
concentrations were used. Calibrations necessary for the accurate quantification of
glycerol, volatile acidity, ethanol, reducing sugar and glucose, in Chenin blanc must
and a synthetic must were developed and optimised. This work forms the basis upon
which the scope of the analysis, both in terms of the number of components that can
be measured, as well as the medium in which the yeasts are being evaluated, can be
enlarged. This would be valuable for future applications in both the research as well
as the industrial environment. The method that was developed serves to illustrate
how this application can play a supportive role in yeast development programmes,
through the speeding up of the initial stages of yeast strain evaluation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Navorsing in moderne wynkunde is sterk gefokus op die produksie van wyn waarvan
die kwaliteit van In volhoubare goeie peil is, sowel as die verdere verbetering van
bestaande wynkwaliteit, deur In verhoging van die sensoriese eienskappe van wyn.
Die vorming van gliserol tydens alkoholiese fermentasie het betrekking op beide
hierdie aspekte. In Opvatting wat wyd gehuldig word en wat reeds sedert die vroeë
jare van die 20e eeu geld, impliseer dat gliserol In positiewe bydrae lewer tot
wynkwaliteit. Oor die algemeen word dit beskou dat gliserolvlakke hoër as wat
normaalweg in wyn aangetref word, kan bydra om die kwaliteit van die wyn nog
verder te vehoog. Daar is ook spekulasie dat verhoogde gliserolvlakke in wyn die
intensiteit van die aroma van wyn kan verhoog. Hierdie opvattings het tot gevolg
gehad dat veskeie strategieë ontwikkel is om die gliserol vlakke wat tydens die
fermentasieproses gevorm word, te verhoog.
Baie min inligting oor die gliserolinhoud van Suid-Afrikaanse wyn is tot onlangs
gepubliseer. Ten spyte van die opvattings oor gliserol en wynkwaliteit wat reeds oor
In lang tydperk gehuldig word, bly sekere aspekte van die verwantskap tussen
gliserol en wynkwaliteit nog steeds onduidelik. Redes vir hierdie situasie kan
hoofsaaklik toegeskryf word aan die totale afwesigheid van betroubare en
substansiële eksperimentele data wat as basis kan dien vir die evaluering van die
algemene opvattings aangaande die verwantskap tussen gliserol en wynkwaliteit. Die
inligting wat wel beskikbaar is, is verder ook oorwegend van In empiriese aard.
Huidig word gliserol selde op In roetine basis in die analitiese laboratorium bepaal,
hoofsaaklik omdat die bestaande metodes tydrowend is en nie maklik geoutomatiseer
kan word nie.
In hierdie studie is In kwantitatiewe databasis opgestel waarin die inligting ten
opsigte van die gliserolvlakke van 450 kommersiële Suid-Afrikaanse tafelwyne
waarvan die kwaliteit beoordeel is, vervat is. Die kultivars Chardonnay, Chenin blanc,
Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz en Pinotage is gebruik vir
hierdie doel en die seleksie van wyne was verteenwoordigend van In wye
verskeidenheid wynstyle, insluitende droë wit-, halfdroë wit-, droë rooi- en laatoeswyne.
Die gemiddelde gliserolvlakke in die witwyne was heelwat laer as die
gemidelde gliserolvlakke in die droë rooiwyne (6.82 gIL teenoor 10.49 gIL,
onderskeidelik). Geen beduidende verwantskap kon aangetoon word tussen die
gliserolkonsentrasie in die wyn en die geografiese oorsprong, oesjaar, en die gisras
wat gebruik is in die produksie van die wyn nie. Die kwaliteit van rooiwyn kon nie
beduidend met die gliserolkonsentrasie geassosieer word nie. In die geval van wit
wyn was die verwantskap statisties beduidend, maar die verskille was klein en
moontlik nie van veel praktiese waarde nie.
Die aktualiteit van gliserol vir die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse wynmaker is
geëvalueer op grond van die opinies van In paneel van 15 Suid-Afrikaanse kundiges, rakende aspekte wat verband hou met die algemene opvattings oor gliserol en wyn.
Die paneel het bestaan uit wynmakers, wynkundiges en chemici. Die opinie van die
panel is deur middel van "n vraelys bekom en is vervat in "n kwalitatiewe databasis.
Die resultate van hierdie menigspeiling het getoon dat gliserol wel vir die Suid-
Afrikaanse wynmakers belangrik is en dit het ook die behoefte uitgewys vir die
ontwikkeling en optimisering van metodes wat geskik is vir die roetine analyses van
gliserol in wyn.
Die invloed van gliserol op die vlugtigheid van "n seleksie van hoëralkohole en
esters is ondersoek in "n model wyn sowel as "n wit wyn, waarvan die basiese
gliserolkonsentrasie 5.4 gIL was. Soliede-fase mikroekstraksie van die gasfase van
wyn is opgevolg met "n gaschromatografiese analise. Resultate het getoon dat "n
stapsgewyse toename in die gliserol konsentrasie, oor "n konsentrasie reeks van 0 -
10 gIL in die model wyn, en 0 - 15 gIL in die wit wyn, nie gepaard gegaan het met "n
reglynige toename of afname in die konsentrasie van die aromakomponente nie. Vir
al die komponente wat ondersoek is, was die samestelling van die gasfase in
monsters wat die laagste gliserol konsentrasie gehad het, teenoor dié wat die
hoogste gliserol konsentrasie gehad het, nie beduidend nie. Nietemin het die
resultate getoon dat gliserol wel "n effek het op die vlugtigheid van die aroma
komponente wat in hierdie ondersoek gebruik is, maar dat die aard van die effek
kompleks en nie-liniê is.
Fourier-transformasie-infrarooispektroskopie (FT-IR) is gebruik om die metodes
vir die analise van gliserol in wyn sodanig te optimiser, dat vinnige en akkurate
bepalings op "n roetine basis in wyn gedoen kan word. Kalibrasies is ontwikkel vir die
kwantifisering van gliserol in droëwyn en laatoeswyn. Die standaard voorspellingsfout
van die kalibrasies wat ontwikkel is, was 0.38 gIL in droëwyn en 0.65 gIL in die geval
van laatoeswyn. Inherente variasie in die FT-IR-spektra word deur eksterne faktore
soos die proses tegnologie wat gebruik is om die wyn te berei, die kultivar en
geografiese oorsprong van die wyn veroorsaak en hierdie variasie kan "n effek hê op
die voorspelingsakkuraatheid van FT-IR spektroskopie. Om die effek van hierdie
variasie op die akkuraarheid van die analitiese data te evalueer, is die voorspelling
van gliserol as modelsisteem gebruik. Hoofkomponentanalise van die FT-IR spektra
is gedoen om dié wyne met onnatuurlike FT-IR-spektra te identifiseer, ten einde
beheer oor die akkuraatheid van die analitiese data uit te oefen. "n Verdere model
wat ook gebaseer is op hoofkomponentanalise van die FT-IR-wynspektra is ontwikkel
vir die interpretasie en klassifikasie van wynmonsters met onnatuurlike FT-IRspektra.
Met die model wat ontwikkel is kon onnatuurlike wynmonsters met "n
akkuraatheid van 100% gëidentifiseer word. Hierdie werk vorm die basis waarop
kwaliteitsbeheer verder uitgebrei kan word sodat wyne met onnatuurlike spektra
gëidentifiseer kan word, sowel as om te verseker dat akkurate data gegenereer word
as FT-IR as analitiese metode gebruik word vir die kwantifisering van gliserol in wyn.
FT-IR spektroskopie is ook gebruik om "n vinnige skandeerproses te ontwikkel
waarmee die fermentasieprofiele van wyngiste geëvalueer kan word. Die seleksie giste wat vir hierdie doel gebruik is, sluit kommersiële Suid-Afrikaanse wyngiste in,
sowel as hibriede Saccharomyces cerevisia-giste wat normaalweg hoër vlakke van
gliserol tydens die fermentasieproses produseer. Kalibrasies is ontwikkel vir die
akkurate kwantifisering van gliserol, vlugtige suur, alkohol, reduserende suiker en
glukose, in Chenin blanc-mos sowel as in 'n sintetiese medium. Hierdie werk vorm
die basis waarop verdere uitbreidings gedoen kan word, sodat meer metaboliete
gemeet kan word en 'n groter verskeidenheid van fermentasiemedia gebruik kan
word. Hierdie ontwikkeling is waardevol vir toekomstige toepassings in die
navorsings- sowel as die industriële omgewing. Die metode wat ontwikkel is illustreer
ook hoe hierdie toepassing 'n ondersteunende rol kan speel in wyngisontwikkelingsprogramme
deur die aanvanklike evalueringsproses van die giste te
versnel.
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114 |
Bydrae tot die kennis omtrent die fisiologie, morfologie en sistematiek van die Apiculatus gisteNiehaus, Chas. J. G. January 1932 (has links)
Thesis(DScAgric.)--Stellenbosch University, 1932. / No Abstract Available
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115 |
A study of wine bouquet precursors in grapesDu Plessis, C. S. (Charl Stegmann) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 1970. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming
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Business model innovation : a case study on Van Loveren family cellarVan Onselen, Leon 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The terms business model and business model innovation have only gained prominence over the
past two decades, whilst little of the research has been applied in a South African context.
The main objective of this thesis was to ascertain the reasons for success of a local business
through the research and application of the themes of business models, business model innovation
and blue ocean strategy to a local organisation. The subject matter of the thesis was Van Loveren
Family Wine Cellar, a family-owned South African wine farm that has seen significant success over
the past 15 years in a highly competitive and fragmented local market. To complete this process, it
was also necessary to gain an understanding of both the global and local wine industries, and how
South Africa has grown within this environment.
The format of the thesis is a case study, selected because of its relevance to gaining a rich
understanding of the context of the research and the processes enacted, thereby facilitating the
main objectives. The case study approach also provides a tool to aid in the education of business
strategy students, allowing the principles to be applied to new scenarios.
The findings of the study include that there has been a shift in both consumption and production of
wine from the traditional Old World to the innovative New World. This shift is being driven by new
consumers of wine who are less concerned with the mystique and legacy of Old World wine,
instead demanding wines that fit their lifestyles through easy drinking taste profiles with an ease of
selection.
This phenomenon is present in South Africa, where growth in the market is seen at lower price
points. New consumers who are selecting wines that compete with existing alcohol alternatives as
gateway products are driving this demand.
Van Loveren launched their Four Cousins Rosé in 2000, with exponential growth experienced
between 2004 and 2008, driving the product to be one of South Africa’s best-selling brands. The
findings of the study were that the Van Loveren Family Cellar had positioned itself, through
business model innovation, to capture the growth in new wine drinkers. Van Loveren had built a
business model that provided a framework within which strategy can take on competitors. Core to
their success were the long-term relationships with key buyers and the collaborative partnerships
that allowed Van Loveren to utilise external capabilities as part of their own business. The success
was also based on the leap of faith to enter the market in a sweeter taste profile, through the
development of a brand that resonated with consumers, and in packaging that provided an
attractive price point. The combination of these decisions allowed Van Loveren to capture
uncontested market and grow exponentially.
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Die invloed van sekere mos- en wynbehandelings op die stabiliteit van droe witwyneVan Wyk, C. J. (Cornelius Johannes) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1958. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming
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118 |
Die oorproduksie van wyn in Suid-AfrikaMalherbe, P. J. 10 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA) -- Stellenbosch University, 1932. / VOORWOORD: Die doel van hierdie verhandleing is in die eerste plek om daarop te wys dat in Suid-Afrika meer wyn geproduseer word as wat tans van die hand gesit kan word teen 'n prys wat die produsente genoegsaam sal vergoed. Uit die oorproduksie en die heersende lae pryse volg dit dat die posiesie van die wynboere erg kritiek en haglik is. Die industrie gaan nou juis weer deur diepe waters en iets moet gedoen word om die bedryf van ondergang te red en vir die toekoms op 'n vaste basis te plaas.
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119 |
Die invloed van verskillende bereidingsmetodes op die chemiese samestelling en gehalte van sjerriesTheron, C. W. (Charel Wynand) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1969. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming
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120 |
Die bydrae van sommige gistingsgeurstowwe tot die geur van droe witwyneVan der Merwe, C. A. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis MSc(Agric)--Stellenbosch University, 1979. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming
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