published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy

In the 1970s, international development planners began to recognize women's important roles in their communities. A variety of approaches to include women have since evolved, and their merits are debated. They have been described in the literature as "welfare," "Women-in-Development" (WID), and "Gender and Development" (GAD). The welfare approach focuses on basic needs while strengthening women's homemaker and reproductive roles. The WID approach is based on increasing women's incomes as a means toward empowerment. The Gender and Development (GAD) addresses systemic gender discrimination. There is need for research in development planning. Development programs track results during the project, but seldom look at long term impacts and sustainability. This thesis reports the results of research on a 1991 WID efficiency approach, women's income generation project in Shaanxi Province, China, by examining the impact seven years later. My methodology involved interviews with twenty-one women project participants, eight husbands, village leaders and informal lunch-hour focus group discussions with villagers. The project involved transition from grain to orchards. The orchards dramatically increased women's incomes and improved the quality of village life. The women took full control of orchard management, pushing men out of the orchards saying that they were "incapable" of the monotonous orchard tasks. Most husbands found off-farm jobs, diversifying household incomes. Women gained marketing skills, self-confidence, and financial independence, but remained vulnerable as primary producers to income fluctuations. Most women stayed outside village politics, and traditional gender role socialization was maintained. The project fulfilled women's needs and interests, however, long term results for women are mixed. The Shaanxi field project was one of sixty-six field projects under the Canada- China Women-in-Development Project (1990-1995) implemented in partnership by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the All-China Women's Federation. The project had two components: poverty reduction and institutional strengthening of the Women's Federation. I was the Canadian co-manager of the Canada-China WID Project, and have since completed more than thirty contracts (fifteen projects) plus a two-year contract as co-manager of the Canada-China Women's Law Project (one year of which was full-time in China). My research is intended to assist and improve my future work in the development field, and to inform those interested in women's development program planning and gender equality policy. Good planning was key to the strength of the Canada-China WID Project. Partners shared a common goal. CIDA's efficiency approach supported the Women's Federation policy to bring women into production as a means of achieving equality. Participatory planning and decision-making involved Federation project officers across China. Delegation in management and clear, commonly set guidelines increased partners' involvement and accountability. Power in planning gradually, and tacitly, transferred to the Women's Federation as they assumed ownership and responsibility for results. Strong donor/recipient partnership and participatory planning processes strengthen potential for sustainable results. Suggestions to improve women's development planning include: increasing gender awareness, strengthening women's interest and capacity in political participation, developing risk mitigation strategies to lessen income insecurity, blending WID/GAD projects, and further research on project impacts.

Violence against women, especially wife abuse, is a social problem that exists in almost every country in the world. China is no exception. Statistics show that wife abuse in present-day China is prevalent and serious. However, this social problem was largely invisible until the early 1990s. At present, it is still not recognized at the official level and there has been no systematic in-depth research on it to date. North American feminists have long realized the seriousness of this issue and have since done a great deal of research with respect to the causes, prevalence and control of wife abuse. Their perspectives reflect the social reality in North American countries, but are they useful for other countries? This thesis tries to explore a feminist approach to the analysis of violence against women in the home in China's context, especially the lack of political will, which inevitably results in the failure of the criminal justice system to enforce the laws against wife abuse. The thesis tries to prove that violence against women in the home is a serious social problem in China that must be recognized and dealt with effectively. In order to control it, a sincere political commitment to deal with the problem is of paramount importance. The joint efforts of all social sectors, the criminal justice system in particular, are vital to guarantee gender equality in the private sphere. The thesis considers western feminist theories with respect to violence against women in the home as a gendered issue and the impact of feminist perspectives on controlling wife battery in western countries; investigates the dimensions and causes of wife abuse in China, demonstrating that this abuse is an unrecognized but serious social problem in China; explores the existing legislative protection of crime victims in China; analyzes the existing problems with the criminal justice system with respect to providing assistance to battered wives; discusses various reasons why the criminal justice system fails battered women in China, including the factors of state policy, women's federations, patriarchal ideology, mass media and social indifference, and gives suggestions on how to prevent and control spousal assault.

From the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, the experiences of predominantly male Chinese migrants in Canada, their relationship with each other, and their interactions with Chinese and Canadian society were influenced by each society's patriarchal nature. Each society had a culturally-specific patriarchal system that perpetuated the interests of a few elite men over other groups and cultures, and each portrayed this group as the masculine ideal. Since each viewed events through this lens, racism frequently took on a gendered language. The construction of culturally-specific notions of gender helped maintain each community's culturally-specific patriarchal system. Furthermore, racialized gender constructs and gendered constructs of race legitimized existing patterns of domination both within each group and in these groups' interactions with each other. This thesis shows that the categories of race and gender were linked and that a feminist approach is useful for the study of immigration history.

In the 1970s, international development planners began to recognize women's important roles in their communities. A variety of approaches to include women have since evolved, and their merits are debated. They have been described in the literature as "welfare," "Women-in-Development" (WID), and "Gender and Development" (GAD). The welfare approach focuses on basic needs while strengthening women's homemaker and reproductive roles. The WID approach is based on increasing women's incomes as a means toward empowerment. The Gender and Development (GAD) addresses systemic gender discrimination. There is need for research in development planning. Development programs track results during the project, but seldom look at long term impacts and sustainability. This thesis reports the results of research on a 1991 WID efficiency approach, women's income generation project in Shaanxi Province, China, by examining the impact seven years later. My methodology involved interviews with twenty-one women project participants, eight husbands, village leaders and informal lunch-hour focus group discussions with villagers. The project involved transition from grain to orchards. The orchards dramatically increased women's incomes and improved the quality of village life. The women took full control of orchard management, pushing men out of the orchards saying that they were "incapable" of the monotonous orchard tasks. Most husbands found off-farm jobs, diversifying household incomes. Women gained marketing skills, self-confidence, and financial independence, but remained vulnerable as primary producers to income fluctuations. Most women stayed outside village politics, and traditional gender role socialization was maintained. The project fulfilled women's needs and interests, however, long term results for women are mixed. The Shaanxi field project was one of sixty-six field projects under the Canada- China Women-in-Development Project (1990-1995) implemented in partnership by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the All-China Women's Federation. The project had two components: poverty reduction and institutional strengthening of the Women's Federation. I was the Canadian co-manager of the Canada-China WID Project, and have since completed more than thirty contracts (fifteen projects) plus a two-year contract as co-manager of the Canada-China Women's Law Project (one year of which was full-time in China). My research is intended to assist and improve my future work in the development field, and to inform those interested in women's development program planning and gender equality policy. Good planning was key to the strength of the Canada-China WID Project. Partners shared a common goal. CIDA's efficiency approach supported the Women's Federation policy to bring women into production as a means of achieving equality. Participatory planning and decision-making involved Federation project officers across China. Delegation in management and clear, commonly set guidelines increased partners' involvement and accountability. Power in planning gradually, and tacitly, transferred to the Women's Federation as they assumed ownership and responsibility for results. Strong donor/recipient partnership and participatory planning processes strengthen potential for sustainable results. Suggestions to improve women's development planning include: increasing gender awareness, strengthening women's interest and capacity in political participation, developing risk mitigation strategies to lessen income insecurity, blending WID/GAD projects, and further research on project impacts. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Violence against women, especially wife abuse, is a social problem that exists in almost every country in the world. China is no exception. Statistics show that wife abuse in present-day China is prevalent and serious. However, this social problem was largely invisible until the early 1990s. At present, it is still not recognized at the official level and there has been no systematic in-depth research on it to date. North American feminists have long realized the seriousness of this issue and have since done a great deal of research with respect to the causes, prevalence and control of wife abuse. Their perspectives reflect the social reality in North American countries, but are they useful for other countries? This thesis tries to explore a feminist approach to the analysis of violence against women in the home in China's context, especially the lack of political will, which inevitably results in the failure of the criminal justice system to enforce the laws against wife abuse. The thesis tries to prove that violence against women in the home is a serious social problem in China that must be recognized and dealt with effectively. In order to control it, a sincere political commitment to deal with the problem is of paramount importance. The joint efforts of all social sectors, the criminal justice system in particular, are vital to guarantee gender equality in the private sphere. The thesis considers western feminist theories with respect to violence against women in the home as a gendered issue and the impact of feminist perspectives on controlling wife battery in western countries; investigates the dimensions and causes of wife abuse in China, demonstrating that this abuse is an unrecognized but serious social problem in China; explores the existing legislative protection of crime victims in China; analyzes the existing problems with the criminal justice system with respect to providing assistance to battered wives; discusses various reasons why the criminal justice system fails battered women in China, including the factors of state policy, women's federations, patriarchal ideology, mass media and social indifference, and gives suggestions on how to prevent and control spousal assault. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

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by Wong Chi Kan. / Thesis submitted in 1999. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 307-314). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter I --- Introduction --- p.1-7 / Chapter 1.1 --- Reasons for the research / Chapter 1.2 --- Research design / Chapter 1.3 --- Definitions / Chapter 1.4 --- Setting up for the research / Chapter 1.5 --- The objectives and scope of the study / Chapter 1.6 --- Chapter summary / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8-29 / Chapter 2.1 --- The feminist thoughts / Chapter 2.2 --- Self perceptions of women in general / Chapter 2.3 --- Discriminations against women in Hong Kong context / Chapter 2.4 --- From depression to empowerment / Chapter 2.5 --- Studies on self-help group for the unmotivated powerless people / Chapter 2.6 --- Chapter Summary / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Conceptual framework of self-help group for unmotivated powerless women --- p.30-45 / Chapter 3.1 --- Why community worker should concern those unmotivated powerless groups in the community / Chapter 3.2 --- Concepts of empowerment / Chapter 3.3 --- Why self help group for powerless people / Chapter 3.4 --- The concepts of self-help and self-help groups empowerment / Chapter 3.5 --- The concept of self-help group and empowerment / Chapter 3.6 --- The latent problems of women in Hong Kong / Chapter 3.7 --- Starting a self-help group / Chapter 3.8 --- The roles of social workers / Chapter 3.9 --- Chapter summary / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Methodology --- p.46-68 / Chapter 4.1 --- Research concept / Chapter 4.2 --- Rationale for application of qualitative research method / Chapter 4.3 --- Concept of qualitative research / Chapter 4.4 --- The built-in limitations of this research / Chapter 4.5 --- Research design of this study / Chapter 4.6 --- Chapter summary / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Preparations and Implementations --- p.69-100 / Chapter 5.1 --- Preparations / Chapter 5.2 --- Implementations / Chapter 5.3 --- The method of data collection / Chapter 5.4 --- The coding method / Chapter 5.5 --- The analysis framework / Chapter 5.6 --- Chapter summary / Chapter Chapter 6 --- The results of the study: The perceived empowerment effects of the self-help group on the unmotivated powerless women --- p.101-143 / Chapter 6.1 --- The first phase / Chapter 6.2 --- The second phase / Chapter 6.3 --- The third phase / Chapter 6.4 --- Testing the reliability: the common empowerment outcomes of the self-empowerment effects occurred in individual interviews and group meetings / Chapter 6.5 --- Chapter summary / Chapter Chapter 7 --- The perceived empowerment effects of individual members in the self-help process --- p.144-256 / Chapter 7.1 --- Member A / Chapter 7.2 --- Member B / Chapter 7.3 --- Member C / Chapter 7.4 --- Member D / Chapter 7.5 --- Member E / Chapter 7.6 --- Member F / Chapter 7.7 --- Member G / Chapter 7.8 --- Member H / Chapter 7.9 --- Member I / Chapter 7.10 --- Member J / Chapter 7.11 --- Member K / Chapter 7.12 --- Member L / Chapter 7.13 --- The explanations that generated from the results on the occurrence of difference in the development of different individuals in the same process / Chapter Chapter 8 --- The results of the study: under what conditions and how the process of the self-help group empowered the unmotivated powerless women --- p.257-276 / Chapter 8.1 --- The possible relationship between the self-help activities and the empowerment outcomes of the self- help group / Chapter 8.2 --- The possible relationship between the role of social work interventions and the empowerment outcome of the self-help group / Chapter 8.3 --- Chapter summary / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Discussions and Implications --- p.277-301 / Chapter 9.1 --- Discussions on the research findings / Chapter 9.2 --- Implications to community work / Chapter 9.3 --- Implications to social work / Chapter 9.4 --- Implications in working with women / Chapter 9.5 --- Implications in working with self-help group / Chapter 9.6 --- A proposed self-help group model for the unmotivated groups in the community / Chapter 9.7 --- Limitations of this study / Chapter 9.8 --- Chapter summary / Chapter Chapter 10 --- Conclusions --- p.302-306 / Reference List --- p.307-314

Mohinani, Nimishaa. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-42). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / work-family conflict --- p.1 / Social support and work-family conflict --- p.2 / Outcome variables --- p.4 / Child status --- p.7 / Cultural component --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.13 / Participants --- p.13 / Measures --- p.13 / Data analysis --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.17 / WFC and outcome variables --- p.17 / Moderating impact of culture --- p.17 / "Ethnicity, child status and levels social support" --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.27 / References --- p.33 / Footnotes --- p.43

黎燕芬. / "2009年8月". / "2009 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-129). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Yanfen. / 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 新會潮連的傳統農村生活 --- p.9 / 明中葉潮連地方社會 --- p.10 / 蘆鞭盧氏 --- p.16 / 小結 --- p.22 / Chapter 第二章 --- 中國新思潮 --- p.23 / 婦女的參政空間 --- p.23 / 婦女的法律地位 --- p.32 / 婚姻和納妾 --- p.35 / Chapter (一) --- 結婚 --- p.35 / Chapter (二) --- 離婚 --- p.40 / Chapter (三) --- 納妾 --- p.42 / 婦女就業 --- p.44 / Chapter 第三章 --- 參政空間：農村的婦女主任 --- p.48 / Chapter 第四章 --- 從戶口登記而來的財產問題 --- p.61 / Chapter 第五章 --- 虛假的宗族氣氛 --- p.70 / Chapter 結論 --- p.86 / Chapter 附錄一 --- 民國潮連地圖 --- p.89 / Chapter 附錄二 --- 洪聖廟碑文 --- p.90 / 劉敏，《重修南海神廟碑記》1784年。 --- p.90 / 作者不詳，《捐題洪聖殿嘗營名碑》1816年。 --- p.91 / 李豐，《重修昭明殿碑記》1818年。 --- p.95 / 區天民，《聖像洪聖古廟記》1861年。 --- p.99 / 作者不詳，《洪聖廟頭門碑記》1874年。 --- p.102 / 區德霖，《重修南海洪聖廣利王廟碑》1905年。 --- p.103 / Chapter 附表1.1 --- 〈潮連ˇёإ民在明朝時獲取的功名表〉 --- p.105 / Chapter 附表1.2 --- 〈新會蘆鞭盧氏族譜線圖〉 --- p.106 / 參考書目 --- p.107