Dietary assessment methods are often plagued with inconsistent or inaccurate data. Self-reported intakes are particularly susceptible to error as research has shown that humans habitually report food intake inappropriately. Self-reported intakes have been used to create energy recommendations for populations. In order to assess energy intake, a novel 4 day multimedia dietary assessment method was developed utilizing a tape-recorder and camera in an attempt to more accurately quantify energy intake than traditional methods. The Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canadians ( RNIC) provide population mean energy estimations. An objective was to determine whether the RNIC provides an accurate index of energy requirements. Current literature suggests that the RNIC is inadequate in some populations to meet energy needs when validated against methods such as doubly-labelled water (DLW). Total energy expenditure (TEE) and body composition were determined through the use of DLW in 76 women (49--93 years) over 13 days. The multimedia diet records did not reflect true intake in these subjects as demonstrated by a mean 24% underreporting rate when compared to TEE. Mean energy expenditure (MJ/day) as determined by doubly-labelled water was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in each stratified age range when compared to reported energy intake by multimedia diet records. The use of tabulated RNIC's underestimated true energy requirements by a mean of 29%. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization energy predictions closely estimated actual TEE in the study population. This research agrees with current literature questioning the validity of self-reported dietary intake data.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2009. / Title from title screen (site viewed January 12, 2010). PDF text: vii, 81 p. ; 1.25 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3365764. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Many community-dwelling seniors are reported to have inadequate dietary intakes. Factors affecting food intake have been studied mainly from the perspectives of health professionals. As the reasons for adequate food intake are complex, understanding the seniors' perspective could provide further help in understanding their needs. / Three semi-structured interviews were conducted with each of eight community-dwelling women aged 73 to 91 who were at-risk of malnutrition. A qualitative analysis showed the women were reporting three essential aspects: struggling to maintain their independence (i.e., frustration with health care, stereotyping seniors, simplifying cooking); learning new ways of functioning (i.e., adapting to health limitations, simplifying meals etc) and; taking control (i.e., planning own meal and food supplies, monitoring health and keeping physically and mentally active). Finally, this qualitative research paradigm was useful and it demonstrated how careful listening could help to understand the individual needs of free-living seniors at risk of malnutrition.

No description available.

Four studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of varying levels of vitamin B-6 (B6), protein and pyridoxine glucoside (PNG) on B6 status and requirements of women. In the first two studies, women were fed a constant protein diet and vitamin B-6 intakes of 0.84 to 2.39 mg/d during 10- to 15-day experimental periods. Significant differences among intake levels were found in urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) and total vitamin B-6 (UB6), plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and total vitamin B-6 (TB6), and urinary xanthurenic acid (XA) following a tryptophan load. Significant correlations were found between B6 intake and 4PA, UB6, plasma PLP, TB6, erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase (EALT) percent stimulation, and postload urinary XA and volatile amines (VA, kynurenine plus acetylkynurenine). More than 1.33 mg B6/d (> 0.016 mg B6/g dietary protein) was required for adequate B6 status. In a third study, nine women were fed diets providing 1.25 mg B6/d and three levels of protein (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg body weight), for 14 days each. Significant differences in urinary 4PA, plasma PLP, and postload urinary VA were found among protein levels. Nitrogen intake was significantly negatively correlated with urinary 4PA and plasma PLP, and positively correlated with EALT percent stimulation and postload urinary kynuremc acid (KA), XA and VA. Compared to men in a previous study, women excreted a greater percentage of B6 intake as 4PA, had lower plasma PLP and greater amounts of postload urinary tryptophan metabolites. At least 0.020 mg B6/g protein was required for adequate status. In a fourth study, nine women were fed diets with a high (27%) or low (9%) percentage of the B6 intake as pyridoxine glucoside, a form known to have reduced bioavailability, for 18 days each. Urinary 4PA and UB6, plasma TB6 and red blood cell PLP were significantly lower, and fecal B6 was significantly higher during the high PNG diet. The decrease in B6 status indicators on the high PNG diet suggested a loss of 15 to 18% of the total B6 intake. Taking into account bioavailability and gender differences in the effect of dietary protein, and including a safety margin, the RDA for B6 for women should be at least 0.020 mg/g dietary protein. / Graduation date: 1996

The effect of dietary glycosylated vitamin B-6 on the bioavailability of vitamin B-6 was determined in 4 women. A 44-d metabolic-balance diet study was divided into a preliminary 8-d adjustment period followed by two 18-d experimental periods. The subjects were divided into two groups in a crossover design to compare the effect of low- and high-glycosylated vitamin B-6 diets on the bioavailability of vitamin B-6. The total vitamin B-6 content in the low- and high-glycosylated vitamin B-6 diets was 1.506 mg (8.91 nmol) and 1.897 mg (11.22 μmol), respectively, in which 11 and 22% was the glycosylated form, respectively. Daily 24-h urine specimens were collected by each subject throughout the study; 7- or 8-d fecal collections were made at the end of each experimental period. The four subjects' mean urinary total vitamin B-6 excretion during the low- and high-glycosylated vitamin B-6 periods was 0.76 ± 0.20 and 0.67 ± 0.06 μmol/24 h, respectively; fecal total vitamin B-6 excretion was 2.98 ± 0.43 and 4.56 ± 0.87 μmol/24 h, respectively. Expressed as % of total vitamin B-6 intake, the mean urinary total vitamin B-6 excretion was lower during the high-glycosylated vitamin B-6 period (6.0 ± 0.8%) than during the low-glycosylated vitamin B-6 period (8.5 ± 2.4%); in contrast, their mean fecal vitamin B-6 excretion during the high-glycosylated vitamin B-6 period (40.7 ± 8.2%) was greater than the low-glycosylated vitamin B-6 period (33.6 ± 5.4%). In addition, approximately 11% of ingested glycosylated vitamin B-6 was excreted in urine. These results suggest that dietary glycosylated vitamin B-6 is not completely bioavailable to humans, and the extent of its utilization is not affected by dietary glycosylated vitamin B-6 intake. / Graduation date: 1993

Specific dietary intakes were compared by menstrual status among endurance-trained athletes categorized as either eumenorrheic (EU) (N = 11), oligomenorrheic (OL) (N = 4) or amenorrheic (AM) (N = 5). It was hypothesized that nutrient intakes among endurance-trained women would be significantly different based on menstrual status. No significant differences in nutrient intakes were found among groups. The OL and the AM groups were significantly (p ≤ .05) younger than the EU group and the AM group had a significantly higher percent body fat when estimated by hydrostatic weighing (PFHW) than the EU group. Further comparisons of nutrient intakes were made between EU (N = 10) and AM (N = 4) runners. Zinc intake was significantly lower in the AM runners as compared to the EU runners. The AM runners were also significantly younger and had significantly higher PFHW than the EU runners. In conclusion, energy nutrient intakes appeared to not be significant factors in menstrual status. However, zinc intake was significantly lower (p ≤ .05) in AM runners as compared to EU runners.

No description available.

Typescript, etc. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries