Com a evolução da civilização, a busca pela praticidade e durabilidade dos materiais desafia a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de novos materiais e produtos. A preservação de madeiras tal como hoje a conhecemos, iniciou-se a partir da segunda metade do século XIX e, também vem se expandindo e impulsionando a busca por novos desenvolvimentos. Neste contexto, os boratos são preservativos amplamente reconhecidos e eficazes devido às suas características apreciáveis. Custo vantajoso, reduzido impacto ambiental, largo espectro de ação, o credenciam como um preservativo potencial para o desenvolvimento de estudos no sentido de redução de sua taxa de lixiviação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possiblidade de redução da lixiviação de uma composição contendo octaborato dissódico tetrahidratado e um quaternário graxo amoniacal, em madeira de Pinus elliotii, tratada sob pressão. Avaliouse também a interferência da adição do quaternário graxo amoniacal, frente ao ataque de cupins de madeira seca. Amostras de madeira foram tratadas para as retenções de 2,8 kg/m3 e 4,5 kg/m3 em B2O3, variando-se a proporção do quaternário amoniacal de 0,0%, 1,0%, 1,5% e 2,0%. Um conjunto de amostras foi submetido ao ensaio de lixiviação, com coletas de água nos períodos de 1, 2 e 4 horas. Após estas coletas, os corpos de prova foram retirados do sistema de lixiviação e, secos à temperatura ambiente por 16 horas. Passado este período, os corpos de prova retornaram à lixiviação, e coletas foram reiniciadas após 8, 16 e 48 horas. Os volumes de água lixiviada foram submetidos à análise por meio de absorção atômica. O desempenho dos corpos de prova tratados em igual condição foi também avaliado quanto à resistência ao ataque de cupins de madeira seca (Cryptotermes brevis). Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstraram que a adição do quaternário graxo amoniacal, não altera alterou significativamente a permanência do octaborato na madeira, mas é importante a continuidade nos estudos dado o aspecto sinergético positivo em relação à prevenção quanto ao ataque de cupins de madeira seca. / With civilizations evolution, the search for practice and durability of materials is a challenge of research and development for new materials and products. The wood preservation as we know today began from second part of XIX century and also is growing and driving forward seeking for new developments. Inside this context, borates are preservatives widely recognized and also are effectives due its appreciable features. Advantageous cost, low environmental impact, large action range put this preservative like a potential product to develop studies towards to reduce its leaching rate. The subject of this work was to verify the possibility of reduce leaching rate of the dissodium octaborate tetrathydratade in Pinus ellioti samples, treated under pressure using tallow ammonium quaternary composition. Were also tested the interference of addiction of tallow ammonium quaternary against the attack of dry-wood termites. Samples of wood were treated for retentions of 2,8 kg/m3 and 4,5 kg/m3 in B2O3 active ingredient, ranging tallow ammonium quaternary proportion from 0,0%, 1,0%, 1,5% and 2,0%. A group of samples was evaluated in leaching test with water collected in intervals 1, 2 and 4 hours. Then, the wood samples were dry at room temperature conditions. After that, the samples returned to leaching and the water was collected after 8, 16 and 48 hours, then all the collected water samples were analyzed by atomic absorption method. Treated at the same conditions, the performance of wood samples we evaluated against dry- wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis). The achieved results in this work demonstrated that addition of tallow ammonium quaternary did not improve octaborate permanence in treated wood; but it is important the studies continuation due the positive synergetic aspect observed with regard to protection against the dry-wood termites attack.

i ABSTRACT I investigated aspects of the management of subterranean termites in the field by evaluating the protective values of preservative treated softwoods and evaluating the potential of softwoods conditioned by decay fungi or heat to produce termite monitoring and aggregating devices. As part of the investigation, it was necessary to: · develop assay techniques suitable for research into the natural resistance of timbers, the efficacy of wood preservatives and termite biology and foraging behaviour; and quantify variation in termite responses to untreated softwoods in various situations in the field using these techniques. Field bioassays were conducted with two Australian Coptotermes species to determine protection of pine sapwood afforded by borate compounds (Chapter 2). Coptotermes lacteus (Froggatt) was examined in winter and C. acinaciformis (Froggatt) in winter, spring and summer at two localities in Queensland. Hoop-(Araucaria cunninghamii Ait ex D. Don) and slash-pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.)-sapwood blocks were placed in plastic containers and attached to termite mounds or infested trees. Termite response was determined by mass losses over five weeks and modelled. Coptotermes lacteus was relatively benign in winter and for 1.0 and 2.5% mass losses of hoop-pine sapwood, borate retentions of 0.20 and 0.06% mass/mass (m/m) boric acid equivalent (BAE), respectively, were derived. With C. acinaciformis, for 1.0 and 5.0% mass losses of hoop-pine sapwood, borate retentions ranged from 0.49 and 0.25% BAE, respectively, in winter to 0.76 and 0.47% BAE, respectively, in late summer. For 1.0 and 5.0% mass losses of slash-pine sapwood in summer, borate retentions of 0.58 and 0.14% BAE, respectively, were derived for C. acinaciformis. These results support conclusions from earlier laboratory studies conducted elsewhere. Prevention of damage by field populations of termites was not achieved. Marked intercolony variation in response to borate compounds was demonstrated, highlighting the usefulness of this rapid technique. The need for long-term field exposure trials to calibrate the lunch-box technique and to facilitate technology transfer to industry, is indicated. For comparison, termite response to white cypress (Callitris glaucophylla Thompson and Johnson), a naturally termite resistant timber, is also reported. A field bioassay was conducted to evaluate responses of C. acinaciformis to untreated southern-yellow-pine (Pinus spp.), hoop-pine and slash-pine blocks (Chapter 3). Sapwood blocks were placed in plastic containers and attached to trees infested with the termites during summer. Containers with a test block of each of the timber species were prepared. These and other containers were exposed to termites for 10 weeks. Termite feeding response (“voracity”) was assessed for all blocks by determining the mass of wood consumed. Termite voracity differed among trees. Variation in termite responses to individual hoop-pine feeder-blocks within a container was appreciable and consistent between containers. Variation in termite responses to the test blocks was appreciable, with hoop pine being significantly more susceptible to termite attack than either slash pine or southern yellow pine. Southern yellow pine is a generic name for five species of pine which are difficult to separate reliably. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using “southern yellow pine” to ensure that samples are at least from the same species of pine and preferably from the same length of timber. The sensitivity of both the bioassay and the statistical tests was demonstrated. Of particular interest was the similar level of termite response to the test timbers in the two sections of the experiment. The usefulness of feeder-blocks to initiate reliable attack rather than to promote sustained attack, is worth further attention. Sapwood stakes of Australian-grown hoop pine, slash pine, radiata pine and North American-grown southern yellow pine were exposed to subterranean termite attack in an in-ground bioassay (Chapter 4). Stakes in bait containers and bare stakes were attacked by C. acinaciformis and Schedorhinotermes intermedius (Brauer). Susceptibility of these timbers was evaluated with regard to potential for termite monitoring and aggregation. Variation between timbers and difference between termite species are described. The relevance of these data to suppressing foraging populations of subterranean termites, in Australia, using insect growth regulators, is discussed. Four field bioassays were conducted using two species of Australian subterranean termites, C acinaciformis and C. lacteus (Chapter 5). Hoop-pine blocks decayed using 14 fungi for four weeks and for 10 weeks were subsequently conditioned using dry heating, freezing or moist heating, and then exposed to termites. Blocks decayed by Gloeophyllum abietinum [Persoon: Fries] Murrill, Trametes lilacino-gilva (Berkeley) Wright & Deschamps, Schizophyllum commune Fries and Rigidoporus undatus (Persoon) Donk and subsequently oven dried, were attacked the most. Oven drying generally enhanced termite feeding responses in these two field bioassays. In a third bioassay, blocks of five softwood timber species conditioned with two high temperature regimes were exposed to C. acinaciformis. Slash pine was attacked the least. Mean mass losses for hoop pine, Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet), radiata pine and the interspecific F1 hybrid between Caribbean and slash pine were not significantly different. For C. lacteus, slash and hoop-pine blocks were attacked the least while radiata pine was attacked the most. Additional heating at 105°C increased the susceptibility of most timber species. Relationships between heating duration and the consumption of hoop-pine-sapwood blocks were determined using results from a fourth bioassay. Heating the timber increased feeding responses for both termite species. The selective and rapid response of the termites highlights the usefulness of this field technique for multiple-choice bioassays. The cyclodiene termiticides were withdrawn from use, in Australia, as from 30 June 1995. Implications for the management of subterranean termites in Queensland are discussed. Community perceptions of the use of chemical pesticides and cost do not favour the widespread use of preservative treated timber in buildings. An integrated pest management approach to termite control is the likely direction for the future in Australia. A range of building techniques, regular inspections, and attention to factors that predispose existing buildings to termite attack can reduce the risk of damage from termites, but do not eliminate that risk. There will be an increased need for reliable preventative and remedial treatments involving bait technology. Much more work is needed on termite biology, foraging behaviour and bait toxicants before a baiting system can be confidently commercialised in Australia. Directions for research in Queensland are discussed.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Producing high quality end products, rather than focusing on volume production, is slowly but surely becoming the main driving force in the wood processing industry of South Africa. Drying defects such as surface checks and discolouration by yellow stain and kiln brown stain are major factors in softwood timber downgrades when selecting furniture grade timber. Previous efforts to control these defects have focused on schedule adaptation, but as the industry is still mainly concerned with volume production, and because of the varying lumber price, longer schedules to control these drying defects have not yet been that attractive for the larger sawmills. In ongoing research in this laboratory, a dip treatment of freshly sawn softwood boards in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant called sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was used to try to influence the mechanism involved in the development of these stains. Further, complementary research is reported in this study. Firstly, the possibility of using SLS solutions to control surface mould development and bluestain was investigated. Results showed that SLS did control the development of blue stain and mould growth in open-stacked boards for up to three weeks, using concentrations as low as 0.1%, and up to two weeks in closed-stacked timber when using concentrations of 0.2%. Secondly, it was investigated whether SLS treatment would have a detrimental effect on downstream product quality; in particular, kiln dried boards and glued components for furniture manufacturing. Since SLS influenced fluid water flow during kiln drying, the treatment could have exacerbated the occurrence of surface checking due to altered moisture distribution profiles. Results of this investigation showed that the SLS treatment did not result in increased surface checking. Thirdly, as furniture quality timber treated with SLS would be glued, (and also finished with surface coatings), it was further considered important to determine if SLS treatment influenced adhesion properties of wood surfaces. Based on shear test results, it was established that SLS did not influence the adhesion properties of wood when glued with two most commonly used glues in the furniture industry i.e. polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and urea formaldehyde (UF).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Wood poles used in electrical lines were from Eucalyptus species. These poles should present adequate mechanical characteristics in order to ensure the security and structure of electrical lines. Wood poles should be treated with products able to protect the wood against insects and fungus to increase service life. Taking these into account, this study aims to evaluate mechanical properties of wood poles and qualify preservative treatment used in the wood poles. Mechanical evaluation of wood poles was performed through nondestructive tests of ultrasonic wave propagation and destructive tests according to NBR 6231 (ABNT, 1980) in order to establish a method to estimate mechanical properties through nondestructive tests. Preservative treatments through full-cell method were carried out for 60, 90 and 120 minutes with pressure of 10 and 12 kgf/cm2 using a CCA-C preservative solution. Tests of penetration and retention of the solution were performed to evaluating the preservative treatments. Chemical analysis of wood was done through extractives content, Klason lignin content and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The evaluation of mechanical properties showed not significant correlation coefficients between MOEeng. and dynamic modulus of elasticity, proving the inefficiency of nondestructive method in this study. The results of preservative treatments showed that CCA-C penetration on wood was deep and irregular in 50-70% of poles for both species. On the other hand, retention did not present the minimum value required by NBR 8456 (ABNT, 1984). This analysis showed that higher pressure and time of treatment, higher is CCA-C retention. Wood from both species presented similar results for extractives content and Klason lignin content. Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) technique did not show a efficiency to predict the chemical modification in treated wood. / Os postes de madeira que são utilizados nas redes elétricas no Brasil são oriundos, na sua grande maioria, de madeira da espécie Eucalyptus. Esses postes devem apresentar características mecânicas adequadas garantindo segurança a estrutura das redes. Para garantir uma maior vida útil, a madeira dos postes deve receber tratamento preservativo com soluções capazes de resistir ataques de insetos e fungos degradadores da madeira. Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar as propriedades mecânicas e qualificar o tratamento preservativo utilizado nos postes de madeira. A avaliação das propriedades mecânicas dos postes de madeira foi realizada por meio de testes não destrutivos de propagação de ondas de ultrassom e testes mecânicos destrutivos conforme a norma NBR 6231 (ABNT, 1980), a fim de estabelecer uma metodologia, com intuito de estimar as propriedades mecânicas da madeira por meio de ensaio não destrutivos. Também foram realizados tratamentos preservativos por meio do processo de célula cheia em períodos de 60, 90 e 120 minutos com pressão de 10 e 12 kgf/cm², utilizando a solução preservante Arseniato de Cobre Cromatado tipo C (CCA-C). Na avaliação do tratamento preservativo da madeira, foram realizados testes de penetração e retenção da solução preservativa. Ainda, realizaram-se análises químicas da madeira, por meio da quantificação de teor de extrativos, teor de lignina Klason e análises qualitativas com ensaios de espectroscopia no infravermelho (ATR-IR). Na avaliação das propriedades mecânicas dos postes de madeira, observaram-se coeficientes de correlação não significativos ente MOEeng. e módulo de elasticidade dinâmico, evidenciando a ineficiência do método não destrutivo no presente estudo. Os resultados para os tratamentos preservativos mostraram que a penetração do CCA-C na madeira foi profunda e irregular em 50 a 70% dos postes de ambas as espécies. Já as análises de retenção, mostraram que a maioria dos postes de madeira não apresentaram as retenções mínimas exigidas pela norma NBR 8456 (ABNT, 1984). Ainda, essas análises mostraram que quanto maior a pressão aplicada e maior o tempo de tratamento, melhores são os resultados para a retenção do CCA-C. As madeiras de ambas as espécies apresentaram resultados semelhantes tanto para o teor de extrativos quanto para o teor de lignina Klason. Já a técnica de espectroscopia no infravermelho (ATR-IR) não apresentou eficiência quanto à predição de modificações químicas na madeira tratada.

Com a evolução da civilização, a busca pela praticidade e durabilidade dos materiais desafia a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de novos materiais e produtos. A preservação de madeiras tal como hoje a conhecemos, iniciou-se a partir da segunda metade do século XIX e, também vem se expandindo e impulsionando a busca por novos desenvolvimentos. Neste contexto, os boratos são preservativos amplamente reconhecidos e eficazes devido às suas características apreciáveis. Custo vantajoso, reduzido impacto ambiental, largo espectro de ação, o credenciam como um preservativo potencial para o desenvolvimento de estudos no sentido de redução de sua taxa de lixiviação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possiblidade de redução da lixiviação de uma composição contendo octaborato dissódico tetrahidratado e um quaternário graxo amoniacal, em madeira de Pinus elliotii, tratada sob pressão. Avaliouse também a interferência da adição do quaternário graxo amoniacal, frente ao ataque de cupins de madeira seca. Amostras de madeira foram tratadas para as retenções de 2,8 kg/m3 e 4,5 kg/m3 em B2O3, variando-se a proporção do quaternário amoniacal de 0,0%, 1,0%, 1,5% e 2,0%. Um conjunto de amostras foi submetido ao ensaio de lixiviação, com coletas de água nos períodos de 1, 2 e 4 horas. Após estas coletas, os corpos de prova foram retirados do sistema de lixiviação e, secos à temperatura ambiente por 16 horas. Passado este período, os corpos de prova retornaram à lixiviação, e coletas foram reiniciadas após 8, 16 e 48 horas. Os volumes de água lixiviada foram submetidos à análise por meio de absorção atômica. O desempenho dos corpos de prova tratados em igual condição foi também avaliado quanto à resistência ao ataque de cupins de madeira seca (Cryptotermes brevis). Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstraram que a adição do quaternário graxo amoniacal, não altera alterou significativamente a permanência do octaborato na madeira, mas é importante a continuidade nos estudos dado o aspecto sinergético positivo em relação à prevenção quanto ao ataque de cupins de madeira seca. / With civilizations evolution, the search for practice and durability of materials is a challenge of research and development for new materials and products. The wood preservation as we know today began from second part of XIX century and also is growing and driving forward seeking for new developments. Inside this context, borates are preservatives widely recognized and also are effectives due its appreciable features. Advantageous cost, low environmental impact, large action range put this preservative like a potential product to develop studies towards to reduce its leaching rate. The subject of this work was to verify the possibility of reduce leaching rate of the dissodium octaborate tetrathydratade in Pinus ellioti samples, treated under pressure using tallow ammonium quaternary composition. Were also tested the interference of addiction of tallow ammonium quaternary against the attack of dry-wood termites. Samples of wood were treated for retentions of 2,8 kg/m3 and 4,5 kg/m3 in B2O3 active ingredient, ranging tallow ammonium quaternary proportion from 0,0%, 1,0%, 1,5% and 2,0%. A group of samples was evaluated in leaching test with water collected in intervals 1, 2 and 4 hours. Then, the wood samples were dry at room temperature conditions. After that, the samples returned to leaching and the water was collected after 8, 16 and 48 hours, then all the collected water samples were analyzed by atomic absorption method. Treated at the same conditions, the performance of wood samples we evaluated against dry- wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis). The achieved results in this work demonstrated that addition of tallow ammonium quaternary did not improve octaborate permanence in treated wood; but it is important the studies continuation due the positive synergetic aspect observed with regard to protection against the dry-wood termites attack.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Wood is an organic material which may decompose or deteriorate. To avoid this, the wood needs to go through preservative treatments, ensuring a higher durability to the treated pieces. This research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of methods that combine sap substitution treatment and distribution in Eucalyptus grandis, using a mixture of preservative substances copper base, chromium and boron. The material was collected in 10 years old existing heterogeneous plantations at the Federal University of Santa Maria. After conducting an inventory in the population, there were taken randomly, 2 trees per treatment, and each tree removed 3 pieces measuring 2 meters each. There were felled 12 trees to perform 6 treatments. The methods used were diffusion, sap replacement and combined method between diffusion and replacement of sap. At the end of the treatments there were removed 1 disk of the base position, middle and top for penetration analysis. At the penetration analysis, disks were sanded on both sides, one for determination of copper with Cromoazurol S and the other for boron with Polyvinyl alcohol and Metallic Iodine with Potassium Iodine, further there were included treatable sapwood measures and treatable sapwood, and the classification of the way it distributes the preservative in different positions of the treated piece. The results showed that the influence of climatic conditions with minimum temperatures presented a high correlation with the first two days of absorption of preservative and inverse correlation with precipitation in relation to preservative absorption. In preservative distribution assessments, the element copper is more efficient on the part of the base position and the element boron in the middle and top positions. The assessments of distribution treatment were satisfactory in the base position for all treatments. In the middle position and the top part of the treatments there were distribution difficulties. In the penetration reviews the results of the base position were satisfactory. The middle position showed low penetration. According to the study results, the methods combined with longer times showed significant improvements in penetration of preservatives in Eucalyptus grandis. / A madeira é um material orgânico que está sujeita à decomposição ou deterioração. Para que isso não ocorra, a madeira necessita passar por tratamentos preservativos os quais proporcionam uma maior durabilidade às peças tratadas, garantindo assim uma maior vida útil para as peças tratadas. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de métodos que associam tratamentos de substituição de seiva e difusão em madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, com a utilização de uma mistura de substâncias preservativas a base de cobre, cromo e boro. O material foi coletado em plantios heterogêneos existentes no campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com 10 anos de idade. Após a realização de um inventário no povoamento, foram abatidas aleatoriamente, sendo 2 árvores por tratamento e, de cada uma delas foram cortadas 3 peças de 2 metros de comprimento. Os métodos utilizados foram difusão, substituição de seiva e uma combinação entre difusão e substituição de seiva que foram realizados com tempos distintos. Ao término dos tratamentos retirou-se um disco de cada uma das posições base, meio e topo, para análises de penetração. Na análise de penetração os discos foram lixados em suas duas faces, uma para determinação do Cobre com Cromoazurol S e outra para o boro com álcool Polivinílico e Iodo Metálico com Iodeto de Potássio, além disso, foram incluídas as medidas de alburno tratável e alburno tratado, e a classificação da forma como se distribui o preservativo nas diferentes posições da peça tratada. Os resultados mostraram que a influência das condições climáticas com as temperaturas mínimas apresentou uma correlação alta com os dois primeiros dias de absorção do preservativo e correlação inversa com a precipitação em relação à absorção de preservativo. Nas avaliações de distribuição do preservativo, o elemento cobre mostrou-se mais eficiente na posição da base da peça e o elemento boro nas posições meio e topo. As avaliações de distribuição do preservativo por tratamento teve avaliações satisfatórias na posição da base para todos os tratamentos. Na posição do meio e topo da peça os tratamentos apresentaram dificuldades de distribuição. Nas avaliações de penetração os resultados da posição base foram satisfatórios, da posição meio apresentou baixa penetração. De acordo com os resultados do estudo, os métodos combinados com maiores tempos apresentaram ganhos significativos nas penetrações de preservativos em Eucalyptus grandis.

This research investigates interacting biological, chemical, and physical factors affecting the efficiency of microbiological wastewater treatment at the W. J. Smith Wood- Preserving Company in Denison, Texas. The treatment process consisted of collecting exhaust boiler water containing unidentified boiler treatment compounds, steam condensate contaminated with preservatives and wood extracts, plant process waters, and rainfall runoff from plant grounds. With a 5-minute residence time, wastewater was passed over 2 oxidation towers in series, each containing approximately 47,000 square feet of surface area. Suspended solids were removed from the wastewater before discharge. Various amino acids such as serine, aspartate, cysteine, phenylalanine, alanine, proline, glycine, histidine, and tyrosine significantly stimulated phenol degradation in the laboratory. The plant wastewater contained approximately 0.1 mg/l of several of the stimulatory amino acids. It was assumed that these concentrations provided maximal stimulation in the field situation. The plant wastewater also contained sufficient nitrogen to permit the organisms to degrade up to 100 mg phenol/1 of water examined. Amino acids in the wastewater probably serve as a source of microbial nutrition. Toxicity of the wastewater to fish was not caused by the presence of phenol, phenol degradation products, or traces of pentachlorophenol. The wastewater was rendered non-toxic by diluting with between 4 to 9 volumes of stream water. Toxicity could also be removed by chemical coagulation followed by activated carbon adsorption. As a result of biological treatment, the plant now discharges the treated wastewater into the municipal sewage treatment facility.

L’évolution des lois relatives à l’utilisation de produits biocides impose d’étudier des méthodes innovantes de traitement du bois. Dans ce contexte, les travaux de recherche présentés s’intéressent à une nouvelle alternative dite « non-biocide » impliquant la fabrication de composites bois massif / polymères obtenus par imprégnation de monomères et polymérisation in situ provoquée par chauffage. Le méthacrylate de méthyle, quatre acrylates organiques et trois acrylates hydrosolubles, ainsi que l’alcool furfurylique ont été testés. Les composites fabriqués ont été caractérisés : le polymère est bien présent dans le bois et il peut être résistant au lessivage à l’eau. Le bois a été densifié, les composites sont alors moins hydrophiles et plus stables dimensionnellement ; les propriétés mécaniques sont améliorées. Le traitement peut induire une durabilité conférée élevée. Parallèlement, une méthode d’imprégnation innovante a été testée : l’imprégnation axiale. Ce procédé consiste en l’imprégnation basse pression de billons de bois vert par une solution de traitement transitant via les voies naturelles de circulation de la sève. Des billons ont été imprégnés avec une solution de cuivre, dosé ultérieurement afin de s’assurer de la bonne répartition du produit dans le bois ; cela a permis la validation du procédé d’imprégnation axiale pour le hêtre, le charme et le bouleau. Enfin, des composites ont été fabriqués par imprégnation axiale de solutions aqueuses polymérisables à base d’alcool furfurylique ; ils sont résistants à la lixiviation à l’eau et moins hydrophiles que le bois naturel. Leur durabilité face aux champignons lignivores est améliorée, particulièrement dans le cas du traitement le plus concentré / The evolution of laws on the use of biocide products makes it necessary to explore innovative methods of treating wood. In this context, the presented research focuses on a new alternative called a "non-biocide" treatment method involving the manufacture of solid wood-polymer composites obtained by impregnation of monomers and in situ polymerization caused by heating. Methyl methacrylate, four organic acrylates and three water-soluble acrylates, and furfuryl alcohol were tested. Composites manufactured were characterized: the polymer is present in the timber and may be resistant to leaching in water. Wood has been densified, while the composites are less hydrophilic and more dimensionally stable; the mechanical properties are improved. Treatment can induce high durability. Otherwise, an innovative method of impregnation was tested: axial impregnation. This process consists in the low-pressure impregnation of green wood ridges by treatment solution transiting via natural pathways of sap circulation. Ridges were impregnated with a copper solution, later determined to ensure good distribution of the product in the timber; this allowed the validation of the axial impregnation method for beech, hornbeam and birch. Finally, the composites were produced by axial impregnation of polymerizable aqueous solutions based on furfuryl alcohol; they are resistant to water leaching and less hydrophilic than the original wood. Their durability in the presence of wood-destroying fungi is improved, particularly in the case of the more concentrated treatment

Linseed oil has been and is used for vast number of applications, such as in food and paint industry, and wood preservation. It is a good environmental choice, as it originates from renewable sources. Linseed oil is mainly a mixture of triglyceride of fatty acids, both saturated and mono- or polyunsaturated, which allows the oil to oxidize. The oxidation occurs via an auto-oxidation mechanism with the carbon-carbon double bonds and oxygen from the air, reacts to form a polymer. Herein, four different linseed oils (three commercial ones and one industrially available) were analyzed to obtain a better understanding of why different oils provide different protection of wooden materials. This was done by a study of the unoxidized oil, followed by an oxidation time-resolved study of oxidized oil films. The analysis was done by nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and/or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. This study provided the fatty acid profile of the oils, which were similar for all oils. The unoxidized oils contained some metals ions which probably originate from additives. Aluminum, cobalt, iron, manganese, and zinc was detected in some of the oils at concentrations up to 135 mg/L, but only manganese was detected in all oils and its concentration was much higher than all other metals together. The time-resolved oxidation study had some problems with the solubility of the formed polymers. Several solvents were examined, such as dimethylsulfoxide, alkaline alcohol solutions and toluene, before chloroform-d was chosen as solvent. Though, chloroform-d was not a perfect solvent; it was capable to solve a fraction of the sample, but the fraction decreased with oxidation time. After fifteen days of oxidation, only a few percent of the sample could be dissolved, but for short oxidation times (<48 h) the majority of the samples were dissolved. The oils were analyzed after thirteen different oxidation times. Some structural changes appeared, for example loss of unsaturated protons and some oxidation products arose, such as peroxides and aldyhydes. The diffusion coefficient decreased over the first 3-4 days of oxidation, as expected when the polymerization progressed. After a week of oxidation, the diffusion coefficient increased again, this could possibly be explained by the solubility problem for the large polymer formed. Contrary, at shorter oxidation times this method probably could still be used, as the majority of the sample was dissolved. However, the solubility problem made it impossible to conclude anything about the oxidation rate at longer oxidation times and thus prevented any ranking of the oils. / Linolja har använts och används för många olika tillämpningar, till exempel i mat- och färgindustrin, samt för att bevara trä. Det är klimatmässigt ett bra val, då det kommer från en förnyelsebar källa. Linolja innehåller huvudsakligen en blandning av triglycerider av fettsyror, som både kan vara mättade, enkelomättade eller fleromättade, detta gör att linolja kan oxidera och torka. Oxidationen sker via en auto-oxidation mekanism, med kol-kol dubbelbindningarna och syre från luften som producerar till en polymer. I detta projekt undersöktes fyra olika linoljor (tre kommersiella och en industriell), för att ge en bättre förståelse till varför olika oljor ger olika bra skydd för trämaterial. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka de icke-oxiderade oljorna och sedan göra en tidsstudie på oxiderade oljefilmer. Alla dessa prover analyserades med nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and/or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Studien gav resultat på sammansättningen av fettsyror i oljorna, vilken var liknande för alla oljorna. De icke-oxiderade oljorna innehöll ett par metaller, som förmodligen kommer från additiv. Aluminium, kobolt, järn, mangan och zink hittades i några av oljorna i koncentrationer upp till 135 mg/L, men bara mangan var detekterad i alla oljorna och dess koncentration var högre än alla andra metaller tillsammans. Tidsstudien hade problem med lösligheten av proverna. Flertalet lösningsmedel undersöktes, exempelvis dimetylsulfoxid, alkaliska alkohollösningar och toluen, innan kloroform-d valdes som lösningsmedel. Däremot var kloroform-d inte ett perfekt lösningsmedel, den hade förmågan att lösa en del av proverna, men den delen minskade med oxidationstid. Efter femton dagar kunde den bara lösa ett par procent, men efter kortare oxideringstider (<48 h) gick majoriteten av proven att lösa. Oljorna analyserades vid tretton olika oxideringstider. Några strukturella förändringar uppmättes, till exempel minskade mängden dubbelbindningar, och ett par biprodukter från oxideringen detekterades, så som peroxider och aldehyder. Diffusionskonstanterna för oljorna minskade under de första 3-4 dagarna av oxidering, precis som förväntat under polymeriseringen. Efter en vecka av oxidering ökade diffusionskonstanterna igen, det kan förmodligen förklaras av löslighetsproblemen, då diffusionskonstanten är beroende av koncentrationen. Å andra sidan, vid kortare oxideringstider kan denna metod fortfarande användas, eftersom vid denna tidpunkt löste sig fortfarande majoriteten av provet. Dock, löslighetsproblemet gjorde det omöjligt att dra slutsatser kring längre oxideringstider och därmed förhindrades rangordning av oljorna.