A statewide mail survey of primary and secondary wood product manufacturers was undertaken to quantify the production and consumption of wood residues in Virginia. Two hundred and sixty-six wood product manufacturers responded to the study and they provided information on the production, consumption, markets, income or disposal costs, and disposal methods of wood residues. Hardwood and pine sawmills produce approximately 66 percent of Virginia's wood residues. Virginia's wood product manufacturers produce three primary residues: chips, bark, and sawdust. These three residues comprised nearly 83 percent of Virginia's total residue production in 1996. Approximately 200,000 tons or 6 percent of Virginia's wood residues appear not to have adequate markets. A second survey was directed to all municipal waste, construction and demolition, and "other" waste facilities in Virginia. The focus of this survey was to quantify the volume of solid wood residues received at the facilities. In addition, the study was conducted to ascertain tipping fees, did the landfill(s) actively market wood residues, were wood residues recycled, were wood residues restricted from being landfilled, and disposal methods for wood residues. Additionally, the survey was conducted to determine the type of waste facility operated, the quantity of all wastes directed to each landfill, and tipping fees. Seventy-five respondents provided information on the total and solid wood waste volumes received at their respective facilities, recycling efforts, and disposal practices. Approximately 689,000 tons of solid wood, or 8 percent of all wastes, was received at Virginia's landfills in 1996. Virginia's waste facilities reported processing or recycling approximately 406,000 tons or 59 percent of the solid wood received in 1996. / Master of Science

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

O interesse por novas fontes renováveis de energia e, alem de uma tendência, uma necessidade da sociedade atual. Neste contexto, o uso da biomassa para fins energéticos apresenta-se de forma promissora, pois reúne atributos suficientes para contribuir com a diversificação da matriz energética local/nacional. No campo das possibilidades advindas da biomassa, se apresentam os resíduos de madeira de origem urbana, que poderiam contribuir, por exemplo, para aliviar a pressão sobre as florestas. Contudo, o uso destes resíduos na forma em que se encontram pode ser dificultado devido, entre outros, a presença de contaminantes e a alta heterogeneidade destes materiais. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi levantar os principais contaminantes presentes em resíduos de madeira de origem urbana, bem como realizar a caracterização energética desta madeira. O material analisado foi coletado em uma usina de reciclagem instalada no município de Piracicaba- SP. Os métodos e as analises descritos foram baseados em normas brasileiras, internacionais e em referencias da literatura. Os resultados são apresentados nos capítulos dois, três, quatro e cinco deste trabalho. / Interest in new renewable sources of energy is, beyond a global trend, a necessity of modern society. In this context, the use of biomass for energy purposes is presented as promising, as it gathers enough attributes to contribute to diversification of the local / national energy matrix. In the list of possibilities arising from biomass, present wood residues of urban origin, which could contribute, for example, to ease the pressure on forests. However, the use of this waste in the form in which they were discarded by society, without any prior treatment can be difficult, especially due to the presence of contaminants and also due to the high heterogeneity of these wastes. In this sense, the aim of this study was to identify the main contaminants in wood waste from urban as well as perform energy characterization of the material. The waste analyzed were collected in a recycling plant in the city of Piracicaba, SP. The methods used and the analyzes were based on Brazilian standards, international and literature references. The results are presented in the chapters two, three, four, five of this work.

O interesse por novas fontes renováveis de energia e, alem de uma tendência, uma necessidade da sociedade atual. Neste contexto, o uso da biomassa para fins energéticos apresenta-se de forma promissora, pois reúne atributos suficientes para contribuir com a diversificação da matriz energética local/nacional. No campo das possibilidades advindas da biomassa, se apresentam os resíduos de madeira de origem urbana, que poderiam contribuir, por exemplo, para aliviar a pressão sobre as florestas. Contudo, o uso destes resíduos na forma em que se encontram pode ser dificultado devido, entre outros, a presença de contaminantes e a alta heterogeneidade destes materiais. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi levantar os principais contaminantes presentes em resíduos de madeira de origem urbana, bem como realizar a caracterização energética desta madeira. O material analisado foi coletado em uma usina de reciclagem instalada no município de Piracicaba- SP. Os métodos e as analises descritos foram baseados em normas brasileiras, internacionais e em referencias da literatura. Os resultados são apresentados nos capítulos dois, três, quatro e cinco deste trabalho. / Interest in new renewable sources of energy is, beyond a global trend, a necessity of modern society. In this context, the use of biomass for energy purposes is presented as promising, as it gathers enough attributes to contribute to diversification of the local / national energy matrix. In the list of possibilities arising from biomass, present wood residues of urban origin, which could contribute, for example, to ease the pressure on forests. However, the use of this waste in the form in which they were discarded by society, without any prior treatment can be difficult, especially due to the presence of contaminants and also due to the high heterogeneity of these wastes. In this sense, the aim of this study was to identify the main contaminants in wood waste from urban as well as perform energy characterization of the material. The waste analyzed were collected in a recycling plant in the city of Piracicaba, SP. The methods used and the analyzes were based on Brazilian standards, international and literature references. The results are presented in the chapters two, three, four, five of this work.

O presente estudo apresenta uma caracterização e classificação dos resíduos de madeira gerados no processo de fabricação de móveis de uma das maiores indústrias do pólo moveleiro de Votuporanga-SP, proporcionando um diagnóstico da geração anual dos resíduos de madeira, a participação percentual desses resíduos, a identificação dos resíduos contaminados, realizando uma análise sobre aproveitamento e destinação dos resíduos, além de propor medidas de reciclagem e ações que venham promover a minimização de resíduos na indústria. / The present study shows a characterization and a classification of wood residues produced along the wood furniture manufacturing process in one of the largest wood furniture industries of Votuporanga, state of São Paulo, offering a diagnosis on annual generation of wood residues, on the percentage participation of these residues and on the identification of contaminated residues, having an analysis on the utilization and destination of the residues; moreover, it suggests recycling guidelines and procedures that will promote a reduction in industry residues.

O presente estudo apresenta uma caracterização e classificação dos resíduos de madeira gerados no processo de fabricação de móveis de uma das maiores indústrias do pólo moveleiro de Votuporanga-SP, proporcionando um diagnóstico da geração anual dos resíduos de madeira, a participação percentual desses resíduos, a identificação dos resíduos contaminados, realizando uma análise sobre aproveitamento e destinação dos resíduos, além de propor medidas de reciclagem e ações que venham promover a minimização de resíduos na indústria. / The present study shows a characterization and a classification of wood residues produced along the wood furniture manufacturing process in one of the largest wood furniture industries of Votuporanga, state of São Paulo, offering a diagnosis on annual generation of wood residues, on the percentage participation of these residues and on the identification of contaminated residues, having an analysis on the utilization and destination of the residues; moreover, it suggests recycling guidelines and procedures that will promote a reduction in industry residues.

Dependence on fossil fuels in the electric sector is one of the major contributors towards Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The increase in renewable contribution has been observed in recent years but there is still potential to utilize wood waste in rural communities for electricity generation promoting energy independence and sustainable development. For this study, a life cycle assessment approach was utilized to estimate the emissions of electricity produced from wood residue in a rural community. Therefore, the process from planting to supply for bioenergy facility to generate electricity are included. The results showed a decrease of 92-96 % in global warming potential resulting from the use of wood residues as compared to that of Grid electricity, natural gas, and coal-fired power plants. Then, a two-layer supply chain network comprising of feedstock supply sites and candidate power plant locations are considered to determine ideal locations for facilitating the bioenergy facility to minimize overall system cost and GHG emissions. The multi objective mathematical model aims to handle various decisions such as power plant location and technology selection, allocation of suppliers to power plants, biomass harvesting, storage, and transportation decisions in the considered supply chain network. The model developed was applied to case study region of Grenada County, Mississippi. The solution with no GHG restriction facilitates higher power plant capacity, 25 MW with lower system cost and satisfies 32.11 % of the total electricity demand of the case study area. Whereas the solution with highest GHG restrictions reduces the power plant capacity to 10 MW, that satisfies 10.22 % of the total electricity demand with increase in total overall system due to the increase in purchase of electricity from external sources as penalty cost. Furthermore, the investigation was extended to multiple counties of Mississippi to determine the feasibility of bioenergy facilities to be located using wood waste as fuel source. The techno-enviro-economic assessment showed the competitiveness of LCOE with the existing electricity supplier as well as other renewable sources such as solar, and wind. The findings of this research can facilitate in decision making process for promoting renewable energy in existing energy supply sources.