Cette thèse évalue les conséquences de différentes politiques climatiques sur la filière forêt-bois française. Nous partons du constat qu'en France, les politiques actuellement mises en place prennent, pour la plupart, la forme de mesures ciblées s'appuyant sur la substitution énergétique à travers une augmentation de la consommation de bois-énergie. Nous étudions les effets de ces politiques sur l'économie de la filière et sur l'évolution de la ressource et nous analysons les conséquences de deux mesures fictives alternatives : une politique de séquestration en forêt et une taxe carbone intersectorielle. Pour cela, nous développons un modèle bio-économique du secteur forestier français : French Forest Sector Model (FFSM) s'articule autour d'un module représentant l'économie de la filière bois en équilibre partiel et d'un module représentant l'évolution de la ressource forestière française. FFSM représente la consommation de 6 produits bois transformés, la production de 3 produits bois primaires et les échanges de ces produits entre les 22 régions françaises et entre la France et l'étranger. FFSM permet d'évaluer l'efficacité économique des politiques en estimant leur coût et en mesurant leurs impacts sur les variables économiques de la filière. L'efficacité environnementale des mesures étudiées est analysée en calculant les bilans d'émissions et en déterminant leurs conséquences sur l'évolution de la ressource forestière. / This PhD thesis addresses the issue of assessing the impacts of various climate policies on the French forest sector. It starts from the observation that, in France, most climate policies are based upon the stimulation of additional fuelwood consumption through bottom-up processes. Besides assessing the economic and environmental impacts of these fuelwood policies, we also analyze the impacts of two alternatives climate policies : a policy based upon carbon sequestration in forest and a policy to stimulate the forest sector through a top-down carbon tax policy. In order to test these policies, we develop a bio-economic model of the French sector called French forest sector model (FFSM). It contains two interconnected modules: the economic module represents the economy of the national forest sector in a partial equilibrium framework while the biological module represents the French forest resources dynamics. FFSM takes into account the consumption of 6 final products, the production of 3 primary products and represents tradesbetween the 22 French administrative regions and between France and the rest of the world. From FFSM, we assess the economic effectiveness of policies by interpreting policies costs and by measuring the impacts on the sector through economic variables. We also assess the environmental effectiveness by comparing their carbon balances and their impacts on the forest resource dynamics.

<p dir="ltr">In response to the growing significance of wood as a sustainable resource and the challenges within the wood products industry, there is a pressing need for innovation and collaboration across sectors. This study underscores the importance of mapping the wood products industry to gain a comprehensive understanding of material flows, which is essential for educational and research endeavors. The findings aim to uncover new economic opportunities and advocate for sustainable resource management. To address the complexities of the wood products industry, we developed a Generic Map, including a version tailored for the U.S. hardwood sector. Moreover, Dive-in Chain Maps were introduced to elaborate on the main production chains: Sawmill (I), Veneer Mill (II), Reconstituted Wood Manufacturing (III), and Pulp and Paper Mill (IV).</p><p dir="ltr">The study suggests four strategies to augment the value of hardwood through production, design, material modification, and by-products management. We showcased some strategies through two case studies.</p><p dir="ltr">The first focuses on Cross-laminated Timber (CLT), demonstrating value addition to hardwood. We conducted a literature review on the availability of raw materials in the US region and evaluated their performance across various stages of laboratory testing. This was followed by evaluating the feasibility and environmental effects of utilizing yellow poplar for CLT production. Additionally, we compared the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) outcomes of yellow poplar CLT with those of traditional softwood CLT. This comparison aims to provide further insights for developing future by-product management or end-of-life strategies.</p><p dir="ltr">The second case study examines thermal modification, proposing an innovative method for efficient thermal treatment and employing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to analyze the correlation between temperature, duration, and color change. We also compared the physical and mechanical properties of surface thermally treated samples to those of traditionally treated ones, discussing how different thermal treatments affect material properties.</p><p dir="ltr">Our findings illuminate the path for effective material flow and utilization, unveiling avenues for innovation and the creation of high-value products. Furthermore, the study provides strategies for waste minimization and informed end-of-life decision-making, thereby enhancing circularity and sustainability in the wood products industry.</p>