O eucalipto é uma das espécies arbóreas mais plantadas no mundo atualmente, principalmente devido ao seu uso como matéria prima para as indústrias de celulose, papel e madeireira. Eucalyptus globulus e seus híbridos possuem baixos teores de lignina e despertam grande interesse da indústria, já que essa característica facilita e diminui o custo do processo de extração da celulose. Entretanto, essa espécie é recalcitrante ao enraizamento adventício, o que dificulta a propagação vegetativa de suas mudas. Com o objetivo de melhor entender os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na recalcitrância ao enraizamento em E. globulus, o presente estudo envolveu análises de parâmetros morfológicos, anatômicos e moleculares durante a rizogênese adventícia nesta espécie. A exposição à auxina exógena reverteu o fenótipo recalcitrante em E. globulus, aumentando significativamente a porcentagem de enraizamento. O câmbio vascular foi identificado como uma região de acúmulo de auxina e local de origem das raízes adventícias. Através de análises da expressão gênica em células do câmbio, observou-se que TOPLESS e IAA12, repressores da sinalização de auxina, e ARR1, envolvido na rota de sinalização de citocininas, parecem atuar como reguladores negativos do enraizamento adventício. A alta expressão destes genes em plantas controle foi significativamente diminuída com aplicação de auxina exógena. Comparativamente, em espécie de fácil enraizamento, E. grandis, a expressão destes genes se manteve em níveis mais baixos em ambas as condições de tratamento, e a concentração de ácido indol-3-acético endógeno em plantas controle mostrou-se mais elevada. Análises do padrão proteico durante o enraizamento em plantas de E. globulus tratadas ou não com auxina exógena identificaram proteínas envolvidas em diversos processos biológicos, principalmente estresse oxidativo e metabolismo energético. Diferenças interessantes foram identificadas ao comparar as diferentes condições e fases do enraizamento. Várias proteínas foram claramente relacionadas com o respectivo fenótipo apresentado pela planta em cada situação, principalmente considerando plantas controle. Os resultados aqui apresentados representam avanços relevantes no conhecimento sobre a rizogênese adventícia em plantas lenhosas, podendo ser utilizados como ferramentas no desenho de estratégias visando melhorar o enraizamento em genótipos recalcitrantes de valor para a indústria. / Eucalyptus is one of the most planted tree species in the world today, mainly due to its use as raw material for paper, cellulose and wood industries. Eucalyptus globulus and its hybrids have low lignin contents and are of great interest to industry, as this feature facilitates and reduces costs of the cellulose extraction process. However, this species is recalcitrant to adventitious rooting, making vegetative propagation by cuttings difficult. Aiming at a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in rooting recalcitrance in E. globulus, this study analyzed changes in morphological, anatomical and molecular patterns during adventitious rooting in this species. Exogenous auxin exposure reversed the recalcitrant phenotype in E. globulus, significantly increasing rooting percentage. The vascular cambium was identified as a region of auxin accumulation and also the site from where adventitious roots originated. Gene expression analysis in cambium cells indicated that TOPLESS and IAA12, auxin signaling repressors, and ARR1, involved in cytokinin signaling pathway, appear to act as negative regulators of adventitious rooting. The high expression of those genes in control plants was significantly decreased by exogenous auxin treatment. Comparatively, in an easy-to-root species, E. grandis, the expression of these genes was significantlylower in both treatment conditions, and the concentration of endogenous indole- 3-acetic acid in control plants was higher. Analysis of the protein pattern during rooting in E. globulus plants treated or not with exogenous auxin allowed the identification of proteins involved in diverse biological processes, mainly oxidative stress and energy metabolism. Interesting differences were identified when comparing different rooting conditions or phases. Several proteins were clearly associated with the respective plant phenotype in each situation, particularly considering control plants. These results represent relevant advances in the knowledge about adventitious rooting in woody plants and can be used as tools in the design of strategies aiming at improving adventitious rooting in recalcitrant genotypes of industrial value.

O eucalipto é uma das espécies arbóreas mais plantadas no mundo atualmente, principalmente devido ao seu uso como matéria prima para as indústrias de celulose, papel e madeireira. Eucalyptus globulus e seus híbridos possuem baixos teores de lignina e despertam grande interesse da indústria, já que essa característica facilita e diminui o custo do processo de extração da celulose. Entretanto, essa espécie é recalcitrante ao enraizamento adventício, o que dificulta a propagação vegetativa de suas mudas. Com o objetivo de melhor entender os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na recalcitrância ao enraizamento em E. globulus, o presente estudo envolveu análises de parâmetros morfológicos, anatômicos e moleculares durante a rizogênese adventícia nesta espécie. A exposição à auxina exógena reverteu o fenótipo recalcitrante em E. globulus, aumentando significativamente a porcentagem de enraizamento. O câmbio vascular foi identificado como uma região de acúmulo de auxina e local de origem das raízes adventícias. Através de análises da expressão gênica em células do câmbio, observou-se que TOPLESS e IAA12, repressores da sinalização de auxina, e ARR1, envolvido na rota de sinalização de citocininas, parecem atuar como reguladores negativos do enraizamento adventício. A alta expressão destes genes em plantas controle foi significativamente diminuída com aplicação de auxina exógena. Comparativamente, em espécie de fácil enraizamento, E. grandis, a expressão destes genes se manteve em níveis mais baixos em ambas as condições de tratamento, e a concentração de ácido indol-3-acético endógeno em plantas controle mostrou-se mais elevada. Análises do padrão proteico durante o enraizamento em plantas de E. globulus tratadas ou não com auxina exógena identificaram proteínas envolvidas em diversos processos biológicos, principalmente estresse oxidativo e metabolismo energético. Diferenças interessantes foram identificadas ao comparar as diferentes condições e fases do enraizamento. Várias proteínas foram claramente relacionadas com o respectivo fenótipo apresentado pela planta em cada situação, principalmente considerando plantas controle. Os resultados aqui apresentados representam avanços relevantes no conhecimento sobre a rizogênese adventícia em plantas lenhosas, podendo ser utilizados como ferramentas no desenho de estratégias visando melhorar o enraizamento em genótipos recalcitrantes de valor para a indústria. / Eucalyptus is one of the most planted tree species in the world today, mainly due to its use as raw material for paper, cellulose and wood industries. Eucalyptus globulus and its hybrids have low lignin contents and are of great interest to industry, as this feature facilitates and reduces costs of the cellulose extraction process. However, this species is recalcitrant to adventitious rooting, making vegetative propagation by cuttings difficult. Aiming at a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in rooting recalcitrance in E. globulus, this study analyzed changes in morphological, anatomical and molecular patterns during adventitious rooting in this species. Exogenous auxin exposure reversed the recalcitrant phenotype in E. globulus, significantly increasing rooting percentage. The vascular cambium was identified as a region of auxin accumulation and also the site from where adventitious roots originated. Gene expression analysis in cambium cells indicated that TOPLESS and IAA12, auxin signaling repressors, and ARR1, involved in cytokinin signaling pathway, appear to act as negative regulators of adventitious rooting. The high expression of those genes in control plants was significantly decreased by exogenous auxin treatment. Comparatively, in an easy-to-root species, E. grandis, the expression of these genes was significantlylower in both treatment conditions, and the concentration of endogenous indole- 3-acetic acid in control plants was higher. Analysis of the protein pattern during rooting in E. globulus plants treated or not with exogenous auxin allowed the identification of proteins involved in diverse biological processes, mainly oxidative stress and energy metabolism. Interesting differences were identified when comparing different rooting conditions or phases. Several proteins were clearly associated with the respective plant phenotype in each situation, particularly considering control plants. These results represent relevant advances in the knowledge about adventitious rooting in woody plants and can be used as tools in the design of strategies aiming at improving adventitious rooting in recalcitrant genotypes of industrial value.

Orientador: Flavio Antonio Maes dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T07:16:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Virillo_CarolinaBernucci_M.pdf: 562762 bytes, checksum: baf5acffb9077d869f4cef56e35d98f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Foi estudada a estrutura de tamanho de Xylopia aromatica, Roupala montana, Miconia albicans, Dalbergia miscolobium e Myrcia lingua em três áreas de 0,5 ha (V1, V2 e V3) em um fragmento de cerrado localizado dentro da Estação Ecológica e Experimental de Itirapina (22º 15¿ S; 47º 49¿ W), no município de Itirapina, SP. A espécie que apresentou maior número de indivíduos amostrados (7522) no total das áreas foi X. aromatica, e a que apresentou o menor número (536) foi D. miscolobium. O número de indivíduos de cada espécie variou entre as áreas, e R. montana ocorreu em apenas uma delas (V1). A área com maior abundância de cada uma das espécies não foi coincidente: R. montana, M. albicans e M. lingua ocorreram em maior abundância em V1, enquanto X. aromatica e D. miscolobium ocorreram em maior abundância em V2. A estrutura de tamanho pareceu relacionada à abundância, sendo que as populações com maior abundância apresentaram estruturas de tamanho em formato de ¿Jinvertido¿, sugerindo que as diferenças entre as áreas estão ligadas à maior ou menor presença de indivíduos pequenos. Para cada espécie, as estruturas de tamanho observadas diferiram entre as três áreas, indicando a importância de se realizar estudos demográficos em diferentes áreas e abrangendo diferentes escalas, já que mesmo considerando áreas próximas dentro de um mesmo fragmento foram encontradas diferenças nas estruturas populacionais / Abstract: Not informed / Mestrado / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

Orientador: Carmen Regina Marcati / Coorientador: Eduardo Luiz Longui / Banca: Claudio Sergio Lisi / Banca: Tatiane Maria Rodrigues / Resumo: As características estruturais do lenho são influenciadas diretamente pelos fatores ambientais e genéticos. Algumas características possuem alta herdabilidade genética, baixa plasticidade fenotípica e independem das condições ambientais em que estão inseridas. Neste trabalho comparamos a anatomia da madeira de árvores adultas de Cordia trichotoma que foram plantadas em mesmo local com sementes de duas procedências (Bauru e Piracicaba) e dados de largura dos anéis de crescimento foram correlacionados com a precipitação e a temperatura. Foram coletados discos de doze árvores desta espécie, na Estação Experimental de Luiz Antônio, SP sendo seis de cada procedência (Bauru e Piracicaba). Para a análise microscópica do lenho foram realizados cortes histológicos nos três planos convencionais (transversal, longitudinal tangencial e longitudinal radial), e lâminas permanentes foram confeccionadas segundo técnicas usuais em anatomia da madeira. O material lenhoso foi dissociado e foram preparadas lâminas semipermanentes. Foram analisadas as características anatômicas qualitativas e quantitativas do lenho. Para análise dos anéis de crescimento, os doze discos de madeira tiveram suas secções transversais polidas manualmente em uma série de lixas e os anéis de crescimento foram demarcados com o auxílio de um estereomicroscópio. A medição da largura dos anéis de crescimento foi feita com auxílio do software de análises de imagem Image-Pro-Plus. Para verificação da qualidade e correção dos dados realizou-se a datação cruzada das mensurações com o auxílio do software livre COFECHA; a largura dos anéis foi transformada em séries permitindo a sincronização e melhor interpretação dos dados. Após a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Wood characteristics are directly influenced by environmental and genetic factors. However, some genetic features have high heritability, low phenotypic plasticity and are independent of the environmental conditions in which they operate. This study aimed to compare the wood anatomy of Cordia trichotoma that were planted in the same place, but with seeds of two provenances (Bauru e Piracicaba), and to correlate growth rings width with precipitation and temperature. Twelve discs were collected of this species in the Experimental Station of Luiz Antônio, SP, and six from each provenance (Bauru and Piracicaba). For microscopic analysis of the stem histological sections were made in the conventional three planes (cross, tangential longitudinal and radial longitudinal) were obtained and permanent histological slides were made according to standard techniques in wood anatomy. Woody fragments were dissociated and with it slides were made. We analyzed the qualitative and quantitative anatomical wood features. For analysis of growth rings, the twelve disks had their cross sections polished manually on a series of sandpaper and the growth rings were marked with the stereomicroscope. The measurement of the growth rings width was achieved using the image analysis software Image-Pro Plus. To check the quality and accuracy of the data held on the cross-dating measurements with the help of free software COFECHA and, the rings width was transformed into series allowing synchronization and better interpretation of the data. After synchronization, the data were analyzed with the use of free software ARSTAN for disposal of the growing trends and getting the residual chronology. Precipitation and temperature analyses were performed using Pearson's correlation in Microsoft Office Excel. Qualitatively, the wood... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This study presents an exploration of the structure, dynamics and utilisation of woody plants in vegetation units of northern Maputaland. Animal (in Tembe Elephant Park) and human (in the rural community of Manqakulane) utilisation of woody plants were compared against a control area (Tshanini Community Conservation Area) where animals were extirpated and people were precluded through tribal rules. The tree assemblages of the unique Sand Forest were explored, and compared with previous studies. A new classification was proposed and a new subcommunity was established. Contrary to previous studies, a gradient from Short to Intermediate to Tall Sand Forest was defined, and it was suggested that structurally different Sand Forest subcommunities represent a mosaic of different evolutionary states, rather than stationary states as perceived currently. Animal utilisation appeared to have transformed Sand Forest in conserved land to such an extent that it no longer resembled Sand Forest outside conserved areas. The structure of Sand Forest and woodlands of the region was evaluated at the vegetation unit level (21 vegetation units), through a size and height class distribution analysis of woody plants. Humans and animals had clearly modified the woodlands and appeared to force succession from closed woodland to open woodland. The Sand Forest appeared to benefit from low intensity animal utilisation, with increased diversity, and possibly enhanced dynamics. However, signs that current animal utilisation have negative effects were perceived. The size class distribution of Sand Forest and woodland woody species was presented and an analysis of species grain was performed. The grain concept was successfully applied to woodland species for the first time. It appeared that nearly all vegetation units were fine-grained, and therefore governed by small-scale dynamics. Frequent small disturbances are necessary to maintain diversity. There was cause for concern that current animal and human utilisation threaten such fine-scale dynamics. The utilisation level by the browsing mammals guild in Tembe Elephant Park and by small browsers and people in Manqakulane Rural Community were evaluated over two periods. Small to medium browsers utilised more woody species and height classes than any other agent, but with short-term effects. However, utilisation marks linked to elephants and people were accumulating significantly, and the long-term effects of these agents were threatening the dynamics of Maputaland vegetation. The case of woody species utilisation by elephants was evaluated further and compared with a previous study. Overall utilisation by elephants reached 100% of individuals for several woody species, while other species’ regeneration potential was severely threatened. Woody species preferred in 1994 were nearly extirpated. Utilisation of woody species by elephants throughout Tembe Elephant Park appeared correlated with distance to permanent water points during a dry spell. In conclusion, it appeared clear that policies in favour of high animal numbers in formally conserved areas were not suited for northern Maputaland and this result should be considered when the expansion of the South African protected areas of Maputaland into Mozambique becomes effective. Community-based conservation appeared promising, but novel ways of generating income should be investigated. / Thesis (PhD (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

No description available.

An investigation of the effect of Meloidogyne hapla, M. arenaria, M. arenaria thamesi, M. incognita acrita, and M. incognita on Ligustrum ovalifolium, L. japonicum, and Abelia floribunda was conducted. With the exception of M. hapla on L. ovalifolium and M. arenaria thamesi on A. floribunda, all 5 species of nematodes were pathogenic on the 3 host species. Striking differences in growth of the L. ovalifolium plants inoculated with the 4 root-knot species that caused significant reduction could easily be seen. Reduction in weight of the plants inoculated with the 4 root-knot species varied from 39.8% to 63.6% of the controls, and the reduction in total length of stems of these plants varied from 37.2% to 58.5% of the controls at the termination of the experiment. Reduction in weight of the L. japonicum plants inoculated with root-knot species varied from 29.2% to 51.7% of the controls. All plants inoculated with root-knot were significantly reduced in weight compared to controls. There were no visual differences in growth among the A. floribunda treatments; however, omitting the M. arenaria thamesi treatment which was not significantly different from control, the reduction in weight of the inoculated plants varied from 26.81 to 41.71 of the controls. / M.S.

The effects of high medium temperatures on the growth and mineral nutrition of selected woody plants and on the composition of the medium solution were studied. Medium temperature profiles were established for 3.8-liter black polyethylene containers exposed to solar radiation under Virginia nursery conditions. On clear days in mid-summer, maximum recorded medium temperatures on the southwest side of containers were as high as 45°C and could exceed 40°C for 4 to 5 hours. The high medium temperatures in exposed containers reduced the shoot relative growth rate and the specific rate of nitrogen uptake for Ilex crenata ‘Convexa’ in comparison to that of plants grown in containers insulated from solar radiation. Shoot dry weights of J. crenata ‘Helleri’ , Juniperus chinensis, Buxus microphylla, and Nandina domestica were at least 20% lower in exposed containers than in insulated containers. In a pine bark medium, growth response of J. crenata, J. horizontalis, or N. domestica to increased N application rate was similar when root-zones were at 40°C for 6 hrs/day or more optimal growth temperature. In unlimed pine bark, root-zone temperature of 40°C for 6 hrs/day resulted in higher medium solution pH and NH₄- N:NO₃-N ratio than at lower temperature. Limestone addition to the medium negated these effects and alleviated growth reductions due to high root-zone temperature for N. domestica and J. horizontalis. The higher medium solution pH associated with heated root-zones resulted in lower medium solution and shoot tissue Mn concentrations for I. crenata. A limed pine bark medium periodically fertilized with ammonium N was heated to temperatures of 28°, 34°, 40°, 46°, or 52°C for daily exposure duration of 1, 2, 4, 6, or 24 hours for 20 days. Treatment temperature of at least 40°C with a daily exposure duration of 24 hours resulted in an increase in medium solution NH₄-N concentration. Similar increase in NH₄-N was found for 2 hr/day exposure to 46°C, with further increases in NH₄-N at longer exposure times. The maximum level of NH₄- N occurred after 1 hr/day exposure to 52°C or 24 hr/day exposure to 46°C. Decreases in medium solution NO₃-N concentration generally coincided with the increases in NH₄- N. Results indicate that high container temperature may increase the ratio of NH₄- N:NO₃-N in the medium solution of plants fertilized with predominately ammoniacal N. / Ph. D.

The aim of the thesis "Legal regulation of the protection of woodspecies" is to summarize the main instruments of the Czech law to ensuring the protection of woody plants. The thesis focuses mainly on the current legislation in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first part of the thesis defines the woody plant in the meaning of law, its functions and questions of its protection. The other parts of the thesis describe legal regulation of woody plants in a lot of different czech statutes. In the conclusion were made some suggestions, how to improve the current legal regulation of woody plants in the Czech Republic.

The utilization of radial growth responses of trees to diagnose air pollution injury, and problems of growth defects interfering with the establishment of growth chronologies, is discussed. Cores from trees in an air pollution-stressed forest are examined for their potential to crossdate. Less than half, and usually less than a third of the trees on all plots can be crossdated, and number appears to be associated with changing conditions along a transect of elevational and pollution levels. Chronologies developed along this transect are presented.