Processindustrin står inför utmaningar för att växla om till Industri 4.0. Det ställer högre krav på effektiva och hållbara produktionssystem. Ett bidrag till utvecklingen mot Industri 4.0 är att representera produktionssystemen virtuellt i 3D. Detta arbete, baserat på Design Science Research, utforskar ett skifte i representation från 2D till 3D genom att besvara frågeställningen hur virtuell simulering kan användas i processindustrin med fokus på materialflöde för spannmål. Inledningsvis utforskar arbetet forskningsläget med en litteraturstudie avseende Virtuell Driftsättning och Digital Tvilling inom processindustrin, vilket påvisar en avsaknad av forskning i området. Därefter presenteras ett metodförslag i sex steg för modellering på låg nivå som lämpar sig vid låga förkunskaper i modellering. Arbetet undersöker hur material kan simuleras i en virtuell fabrik med minimal dataanvändning och presenterar ett förslag för hur materialet kan simuleras med matematiska formler. Slutligen resulterar arbetet i en artefakt i form av en modell av en fiktiv spannmålsfabrik med ingående komponenter, vilka ligger till grund för ett materialbibliotek för att förenkla fortsatt användning. Artefakten är ett verktyg för Virtuell Driftsättning och felsökning av PLC-program inför driftsättning av system. Det är även ett utbildningsverktyg för att sprida kunskap om teknik och innovation, vilket krävs för digitaliseringen i samhället. Virtuell Driftsättning är en resurseffektiv metod och kan bidra till en hållbar industri genom att spara energi, förbättra arbetsmiljön och sänka kostnader för driftsättning av system. Med den skapade artefakten ger arbetet exempel på hur processindustrin kan ta ett kliv mot Industri 4.0 genom att använda Virtuell Driftsättning. / The process industry is facing challenges to transform towards Industry 4.0. These challenges increase the demand for efficient and sustainable production systems. A part of the transformation is to represent production systems virtually in 3D. This project is based on Design Science Research and explores a change in representing systems from 2D to 3D. It is done by answering how virtual simulation can be used in the process industry, focusing on the material flow of grain. Initially, this work investigates the research in the area by performing a literature study in VC (Virtual Commissioning) and DT (Digital Twin). The study shows a research gap within VC and DT in the process industry. Thereafter, a method in six steps for low-level modeling is suggested, suitable when there is a lack of previous knowledge of the software being used. This project explores how material can be simulated in a virtual plant while consuming minimal amounts of data, and a solution is proposed on how to simulate material based on mathematical formulas. Finally, the project results in an artifact, in the form of a model of a fictitious grain plant. The created components in the model form the basis of a material library to encourage future use. The area of use for the artifact is VC of systems and troubleshooting PLC-programs before real commissioning of systems. It is also a tool for education, and to spread knowledge about technology and innovation, which is required for the digitalization of society. VC is a resource-efficient method that can contribute to a sustainable industry by saving energy, improving the work environment and decreasing the costs when commissioning a system. With the created artifact, this project gives an example of how the process industry can take a step toward Industry 4.0 by using VC. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p>

Vibration control has been and still remains a subject of primary importance in modern manufacturing industry. To be able to remove high volumes of material in shorter time as well as to be able to get the right quality of the parts at the first time are goals that many shops would like to achieve. Tooling systems, and especially cantilever tools, and cantilever structural units of machine tools are the least rigid components of machining systems and therefore the most prone to vibration. Boring tools are often encountered as rotating tools in machining centres or as stationary tools in internal turning. In this thesis the focus is on internal turning. Internal turning is widely known as a very delicate operation and it is often carried out with cutting parameters far from optimal, from a productivity point of view, due to limitations imposed by vibration. Another type of tooling system whose functionality is impaired by vibration is the parting-off tool. The design of damped parting-off tool is one of the focus of this thesis as well. Vibration control has the purpose to achieve an efficient energy dissipation of a vibrational system. Basically this is achieved by controlling the damping of the system. Since damping involves the conversion of energy associated with a vibration to other forms, there are several mechanisms to remove energy from a vibrating system. Typically these mechanisms are divided in two classes: 1. Mechanisms that convert mechanical energy to heat, i.e. passive damping. 2. Mechanisms that transport energy away from vibrating systems, i.e. active damping. Both these techniques have been used during the years and both have been giving excellent results. The active vibration control mechanisms are more expensive and not suitable for machining due to the cables they necessitate that could interfere with the machining operation. This work proposes an original approach to vibration damping in machining systems, the objects of vibration dissipation being the structural components on the link between turret and cutting insert. The idea is to use composite materials to create damping interfaces between and within the different structural components. Different clamping system designs are being compared in order to see how these influence the performance of the machining system and different cutting inserts have been compared for machining hardened steel. The newly designed components have been going through both extensive off-line (modal analysis) and on-line dynamic testing (machining test) and the results show that the new tool holders used in combination with hydrostatic clamping system are the most optimal solution among the tested ones. The new design for the turret has been giving promising results and more can be achieved by bringing minor changes to it, these changes are being implemented at the time of writing this thesis. / QC 20101109

For measuring small, fast deformations on a micrometre scale optical methods are common. Various forms of interferometry are available, and holography is another possibility. However, if there are complications such as limited space and hazardous environments special demands arise. In our case a granite block was subject to a detonation from a small explosive charge, sending shock waves through the block. In some cases there was risk of expulsion with flying rock shards, with possible damage to expensive optics. Therefore a robust solution with no expensive, fragile parts near the test surface was needed. A fast four-channel fibre-optic sensor for measuring dynamic surface displacements was developed. Light from an LED is sent through a plastic optic fibre and reflected from the observed surface back into the fibre. A photodetector is used to measure the intensity of the reflected light, which gives the distance to the surface. Based on simple principles, micrometre and microsecond resolution was achieved. The only parts near the test surface were the fibres, easy to replace. The sensor was used for measuring the propagation velocity of the shock wave, the surface displacement and its particle velocity. One of the most important factors for the wave transmission in granite is the water content of the rock material. The pores in the granite allow for about 0.1% of the granite’s weight to come from liquid water. This is enough to affect the aforementioned measured quantities, from a few percent in some cases to over 100% in other cases. Therefore an investigation was undertaken aiming to control the water content of the granite blocks. Several series of small blocks were both soaked in water and dried, the water content measured with a high performance balance, to ensure well-controlled blasting experiments. On a larger scale, the aim with the project of which this thesis is a part was to gain systematic knowledge on the effects of penetrating weapons on granite rock shelters. This thesis shows how the raw data was obtained, presents the data itself and exemplifies its application. / QC 20101222

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Date: 2023-06-04   Program: Degree of Master of Science in Engineering - Product and Process Development   Author: Beraz Omar &amp; Randy Shamorad   Title: Data value chain for a Digital Twin in a manufacturing company   Supervisors: Nathalie Agerskans &amp; Jessica Bruch   Keywords: Industry 4.0, data value chain, Internet of Things (IoT), Digital Twin (DT), Big data (BD), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud computing, Fog computing, enablers &amp; challenges.   Background: Industry 4.0 is a shared term for digital technologies that through interaction and integration with each other can create opportunities for companies. An example of a digital technology is Digital Twin. Digital Twin is a virtual copy or model of a physical product, system or process that is directly connected through an Internet connection for the purpose of transferring real-time data between the virtual world and reality. There are challenges in providing the Digital Twin with real-time data through a data value stream.   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create a data value flow using digital technologies from industry 4.0 that will support the creation of a Digital Twin within internal logistics.   Research questions:   • What challenges exist when creating data value flows for a Digital Twin in internal logistics? • What are the critical factors when creating a data value flow for a Digital Twin in internal logistics? • How to create a data value flow for a Digital Twin within internal logistics?   Method: This study is based on a qualitative research strategy and a case study where the empirical findings have been collected through participant observation, semi-structured interviews and notes from the case company. The theoretical chapter is based on a literature study. The collected data has undergone a four-part data analysis process to fulfill what the study demands.   Conclusion: The conclusion of the study presents challenges and critical factors as well as the approach of how to create a data value chain for a Digital Twin in internal logistics. The challenges are many, as the creation of a data value chain can be an extensive change. Identification of critical factors will be required to be able to make the right efforts that create the complete data value chain for Digital Twin. Comparison and analysis between different digital technologies is required to be able to select the optimal technologies for a specific investment. These digital technologies shall support the data value flow with the following steps, generation, collection, movement, storage and analysis of data. The study has concluded that the integration of sensors, laser marking, Internet of Things, Big data, Cloud computing is required to create an optimal data value flow for a Digital Twin for the specific case company.

In this project, both an existing product has been further developed and a new project has been created from scratch. These two products are designed to facilitate the daily life of wheelchair users. The existing product being improved is a previous student project of a support device that counteracts involuntary spams in the legs while being easy to use. The current supports available make it difficult to “get in and out of”, which is why this project is chosen. The product being developed from scratch is a tensioning device primarily intended for wheelchair floorball but is also suitable for other sports and applications. Current solutions are often self-built and deteriorate over time due to factors like the Velcro straps wearing out. The goal of this product is to create a tensioning device that maintains tension without deteriorating over time. The manufacturing method used for both products is additive manufacturing. The goal is for both products to be printable using the 3D printers available in the school’s facilities, and the plastic material polylactic acid (PLA) will be used. Challenges of working with additive manufacturing will be discussed, as well as the advantages and disadvantages. The strength will be tested through physical tensile testing, FEM simulations (like a digital tensile test), and manual calculations. The differences in results between there three methods will also be discussed. The research questions addressed in this work are: How can a support device be created using additive manufacturing that can withstand leg spasms and be securely attached to the wheelchair? How can a tensioning device be manufactured using additive manufacturing that can securely fasten the users in the wheelchair? The work resulted in designs that are on the right track to solving the problems but may still require further development and testing to achieve optimal results. Components manufactured with PLA using additive manufacturing are advantageous due to their relatively simple and fast production process. However, they result in slightly weaker components due to the material and its manufacturing method. Therefore, further testing and development are needed to achieve higher strength. / I detta arbete har både en befintlig produkt utvecklats, och en ny produkt tagits fram från start. Dessa två produkter är till för att underlätta vardagen för rullstolsburna. Den befintliga produkten som vidareutvecklas är ett tidigare studentarbete av ett stöd som ska motverka spastiska ben från att motvilligt sparkas, samtidigt som den ska vara smidig att använda. De stöd som finns idag gör det svårt att ”ta sig i och ur” rullstolen, därav valdes detta projekt. Produkten som tas fram från grunden är en spännanordning som är tänkt att användas för främst rullstolsinnebandy, men fungerar även till andra sporter och applikationer. Nuvarande lösningar är allt som oftast egenbyggda och blir sämre med tiden på grund av att exempelvis kardborrebandet slits. Målet med denna produkt är att göra en spännanordning som bibehåller spänningen utan att bli sämre med tiden.  Tillverkningsmetoden som används för båda produkterna är additiv tillverkning. Målet är att båda produkterna skall gå att skrivas ut med de 3D-skrivare som finns att tillhandahålla i skolans lokaler. Materialet som kommer användas är PLA (Polyaktid). Svårigheter med att jobba med additiv tillverkning kommer att diskuteras, samt fördelar och nackdelar kommer att nämnas. Hållfastheten kommer testas med ett fysiskt dragprov, SolidWorks (SW) finita elementmetod-simulationer (FEM) (likt ett digitalt dragprov) och handberäkning. Skillnaden på resultatet mellan dessa tre kommer också diskuteras.  I arbetet studeras frågeställningarna: 1. Hur kan man skapa ett stöd med additiv tillverkning som kan hålla emot benets spasmer och fästas i rullstolen?  2. Hur kan man tillverka en spännanordning med additiv tillverkning som kan spänna fast utövaren ordentligt i stolen?  Arbetet resulterade i konstruktioner som är på god väg att lösa problemen men som fortfarande kan behöva viss vidareutveckling och testning för att nå optimala resultat. Komponenter som är tillverkade i PLA med hjälp av additiv tillverkning är som nämnt fördelaktiga på grund av dess relativt enkla och snabba tillverkning. Men resulterar i något vekare komponenter på grund av materialet och dess tillverkningsmetod. Därav behövs vidare testning och utveckling för att uppnå högre hållfasthet.

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I utvecklingen mot mindre batchstorlekar så behövs en mer fexibel och stabilproduktion. För att lyckas med detta behöver även underhåll vara väl fungerande. Idag så är verktygsunderhållet slagbaserat vilket innebär att samma mängd arbeteska utföras efter ett bestämt antal slag vilket tenderar att ta längre tid än önskat. Syftet med detta arbete var att kartlägga och optimera verktygsunderhållet på Gestamp HardTech. Detta gjordes genom att skapa en förståelse om dagsläget för att sedan utvärdera lösningar i närtid och för framtiden. En del av kartläggningen bestod även av visualisering av fabrikens olika delar samt en del av arbetsmomenten kopplade till studien.  Datainsamlingen utfördes med litteraturstudier. På Gestamp HardTech så gjordes observationer av verktygsunderhåll för att kartlägga och visualisera dagsläget. En förståelse av dagsläget utifrån de anställdas perspektiv på Gestamp HardTech skapades med intervjuer samt en enkät. I närtid så bör Gestamp HardTech använda sig av Reliability-centred Maintenance (RCM) som förbättringsstrategi för att fnna ytterligare förbättringar. En planering av verktygsunderhållet ska också ses över där ett förslag på utförande har tagits fram. Med förbättrad planering så kan även transport i verkstaden minskas samt möjlighet att arbeta med prioritetsbaserad ordning vid Härdlinje 6. För framtiden så kan Smart Maintenance vara en välfungerande strategi. I framtiden kan också tillståndsbaseratunderhåll förbättra flexibiliteten med förslagsvis sensorer eller fotografska mätningar. Ett förslag om användning av Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV):s har också tagits fram vilket kan förbättra flödet mellan härdlinjer och verkstaden.

Fodertillverkning inom processindustrin består av komplexa processer och system. Genom att skapa simuleringsmodeller av processindustrier bidrar detta till en utveckling mot Industri 4.0. Simulering är en metod som kan bidra till en hållbar utveckling inom processindustrin, genom sänkta kostnader för oprövade implementeringar och en lägre energiåtgång. Projektet undersöker appliceringen av en fodertillverkning till en prototypsimuleringsmodell i syfte för framtida arbete och utveckling inom området. Inledningsvis presenterar projektet den teoretiska referensramen följt av litteraturstudie som inriktas mot existerande forskning av simulering och flaskhalsteori inom processindustri, vilket påvisar en avsaknad av forskning inom dessa områden. Metodförslag för skapandet av prototypsimuleringsmodellen konstruerades i fem steg, där det fjärde steget beskriver konstruktionen av simuleringsmodellen. Stegen innan konstruktionen av prototypsimuleringsmodellen består av systembeskrivning, vitala komponenter och datainsamling, detta genomfördes i syfte att öka kunskapen om produktionen. Datainsamlingen bestod av dokumentstudier, intervjuer, observationer och klockstudier, detta samt en konstruerad simuleringsmetodik resulterade till en prototypsimuleringsmodell som utgör en grund för vidare arbete och utveckling. Experiment från prototypsimuleringsmodellen konstruerades och analyserades för identifiering av flaskhalsar i produktionen, experiment konstruerades även utifrån upptäckta flaskhalsar där en effektivisering av produktionen undersöktes. Observationerna resulterade till eventuella förbättringsförslag som presenteras i rapporten. Projektet påvisar möjligheterna med en validerad simuleringsmodell och vilken data som krävs för att uppnå detta / The process industry consists of complex processes and systems. By creating simulation models of process industries this contributes to a development towards Industry 4.0. Simulation is a method that can contribute to sustainable development in the process industry, through reduced costs for unproven implementations and a lower energy consumption. This project examines the application of a process industry to a simulation model. Initially, the project presents the theoretical frame of reference, followed by a literature study that focuses on existing research of simulation and bottleneck theory in process industry, which prove a lack of research in these areas. Method proposals for the creation of the simulation model are then presented which consists of five steps, where the fourth step describes the construction of the simulation model. The steps before the construction of the prototype simulation model consist of system description, vital components and data collection, this was carried out with the purpose of increasing knowledge about the production. The data collection consisted of document studies, interviews, observations and clock studies, this and a constructed simulation methodology resulted in a prototype simulation model that forms a basis for further work and development. Experiments from the prototype simulation model were constructed and analyzed to identify production bottlenecks. Experiments were also constructed based on discovered bottlenecks where an efficiency of production was examined. The observations resulted in suggestions for improvement that are presented in the report. The project demonstrates the possibilities of a validated simulation model and the data required to achieve this.

AbstractThe fast spreading industrialization revolution around the world has resulted in a rapid cycle of production and consumption of resources. Resulting in sustainable solutions being a fundamental need and resolutions which include efficient resources use. The concept of Circular Economy includes specific practices which take into consideration reusing resources through sustainable solutions resulting in the minimization of waste as well as the use of resources more efficiently. This study shows that organization approach circular economy in different ways, resulting in various definitions. Furthermore, the study emphasizes on the importance of developing a framework for circular economy when seeking to implement the concept. This research aims to develop a framework for the implementation of circular economy in consideration to furniture manufacturing companies. Furthermore, this research focuses on four theories: circular economy, sustainable solution, resource efficiency, and product End-of-Life (product EoL). A mixed method approach consisting of a semi-structured interview and a survey were used to help reach the aim of this study. The results from the interview two furniture manufacturing companies show that the companies use different aspects of the circular economy. In conclusion, companies with goals of being more sustainable should start considering circular economy principles from an early stage. This includes having a strict rule of only approving environmentally friendly materials. This also leads to the benefit that the practices of refurbishing and reusing allows for products to live for numerous lifetimes