<p>Transboundary protected areas are a fairly recent concept that have been increasing in popularity and are increasingly being integrated into large international organizations’ environmental policy making. This essay examines the phenomena through the cooperation between two national parks, Parc National des Pyrénées in France and Parque Nacional Ordesa Monte Perdido in Spain. The theoretical framework used in this essay is based upon border theory, focusing on the different factors that influence the behavior of the border dweller and how the different social conceptions of nature influence the way it is managed. The results in this study result from researching published and private documents from the national parks and interviews carried out with staff from the park administrations from both countries. The collaboration between these two national parks dates back twenty years and the cooperation has been carried out in many small projects. Historical ties between the villages in the border region, which also shares a common culture and lingual heritage, have inspired the cooperation. There are also economical benefits that influence the collaboration, such as the European Union’s regional policy that provides funds for transboundary cooperation. A mutual world heritage site, Pyrénées – Mont Perdu, is also situated within the parks’ territories, which should be managed conjointly by the national parks. However, an in-depth and well-integrated cooperation has not been found, as difference in the nature and how the organizations themselves are managed and regulated has generated a long and complicated course for decisions regarding cooperation. It appears that even if nature itself might be boundless, the national jurisdictions that prevail over nature are clearly adhered to and there are no available transboundary structures designed to handle a cooperation of this kind.</p> / <p>Gränsöverskridande naturvård är ett relativt nytt koncept som alltmer ökat i popularitet och även inlemmats i flera stora internationella organisationers naturvårdspolicy. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka gränsöverskridande naturvård mellan två angränsande nationalparker, Parc National des Pyrénées i Frankrike och Parque Nacional Ordesa Monte Perdido i Spanien. Uppsatsen har utgått ifrån gränsteoretiska utgångspunkter i form av vilka faktorer som påverkar gränsbeteendet och med särskilt fokus på hur föreställningar om naturen påverkar hur denna förvaltas. Samarbetet har granskats genom dokument publicerade av parkerna samt genom intervjuer med personal i de båda parkerna. Nationalparkerna har under drygt tjugo år haft en viss samverkan som konkretiserats genom flera småskaliga projekt. Samarbetet har inspirerats av en historisk samverkan mellan byarna i gränsregionen som har ett gemensamt språk och kulturarv samt ekonomiska incitament i form av den Europeiska Unionens stöd för samverkan mellan gränsregioner. Inom nationalparkernas område återfinns även ett gemensamt världsarv, Pyrénées – Mont Perdu, som skall förvaltas av nationalparkerna tillsammans. Studien visar dock att en fördjupad samverkan mellan parkerna inte har kunnats implementeras i praktiken, eftersom naturen förvaltas och regleras på olika sätt i de båda nationalparkerna. Skillnader mellan Parc National des Pyrénées och Parque Nacional Ordesas förvaltningsstruktur och administrationssätt gör att beslutsvägen för samarbetsfrågor blir lång och komplicerad. Även om naturen själv är gränslös, visar studien att de bestämmelser som råder över den, är starkt bundna till den nationella organisationsformen och att det i nuläget inte finns någon gränsöverskridande struktur som kan hantera frågor av detta slag.</p>

Transboundary protected areas are a fairly recent concept that have been increasing in popularity and are increasingly being integrated into large international organizations’ environmental policy making. This essay examines the phenomena through the cooperation between two national parks, Parc National des Pyrénées in France and Parque Nacional Ordesa Monte Perdido in Spain. The theoretical framework used in this essay is based upon border theory, focusing on the different factors that influence the behavior of the border dweller and how the different social conceptions of nature influence the way it is managed. The results in this study result from researching published and private documents from the national parks and interviews carried out with staff from the park administrations from both countries. The collaboration between these two national parks dates back twenty years and the cooperation has been carried out in many small projects. Historical ties between the villages in the border region, which also shares a common culture and lingual heritage, have inspired the cooperation. There are also economical benefits that influence the collaboration, such as the European Union’s regional policy that provides funds for transboundary cooperation. A mutual world heritage site, Pyrénées – Mont Perdu, is also situated within the parks’ territories, which should be managed conjointly by the national parks. However, an in-depth and well-integrated cooperation has not been found, as difference in the nature and how the organizations themselves are managed and regulated has generated a long and complicated course for decisions regarding cooperation. It appears that even if nature itself might be boundless, the national jurisdictions that prevail over nature are clearly adhered to and there are no available transboundary structures designed to handle a cooperation of this kind. / Gränsöverskridande naturvård är ett relativt nytt koncept som alltmer ökat i popularitet och även inlemmats i flera stora internationella organisationers naturvårdspolicy. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka gränsöverskridande naturvård mellan två angränsande nationalparker, Parc National des Pyrénées i Frankrike och Parque Nacional Ordesa Monte Perdido i Spanien. Uppsatsen har utgått ifrån gränsteoretiska utgångspunkter i form av vilka faktorer som påverkar gränsbeteendet och med särskilt fokus på hur föreställningar om naturen påverkar hur denna förvaltas. Samarbetet har granskats genom dokument publicerade av parkerna samt genom intervjuer med personal i de båda parkerna. Nationalparkerna har under drygt tjugo år haft en viss samverkan som konkretiserats genom flera småskaliga projekt. Samarbetet har inspirerats av en historisk samverkan mellan byarna i gränsregionen som har ett gemensamt språk och kulturarv samt ekonomiska incitament i form av den Europeiska Unionens stöd för samverkan mellan gränsregioner. Inom nationalparkernas område återfinns även ett gemensamt världsarv, Pyrénées – Mont Perdu, som skall förvaltas av nationalparkerna tillsammans. Studien visar dock att en fördjupad samverkan mellan parkerna inte har kunnats implementeras i praktiken, eftersom naturen förvaltas och regleras på olika sätt i de båda nationalparkerna. Skillnader mellan Parc National des Pyrénées och Parque Nacional Ordesas förvaltningsstruktur och administrationssätt gör att beslutsvägen för samarbetsfrågor blir lång och komplicerad. Även om naturen själv är gränslös, visar studien att de bestämmelser som råder över den, är starkt bundna till den nationella organisationsformen och att det i nuläget inte finns någon gränsöverskridande struktur som kan hantera frågor av detta slag.

Subterranean ecosystems are regarded as the most extensive biome on earth, comprising terrestrial and aquatic systems - the latter constituting freshwater, anchialine and marine systems. This system plays a key role in the distribution and storage of freshwater, once it contains 97% of the world’s total liquid freshwater (Chapter 1), which has been progressively explored in quality and amount. Initial observation of the subterranean environment began with speleological studies by the recognition of a typical fauna adapted to live inside caves. The first studies to provide information about aquatic subterranean fauna commenced in Slovenia, with the description of the Proteus aguinus by Laurenti in 1768. After an initial faunal classification by the Danish zoologist Schiödte (1849), the Austrian naturalist Schiner (1854) established the most commonly used classification for cave fauna and a great portion of modern research dealing with ecobilogy of aquatic subterranean fauna has mostly evolved from the European biospeleology (Chapters 1 and 3). Studies in biospeleology have made a significant contribution to the progressive knowledge in aquatic subterranean ecology, especially in those circumstances where the access of the underground through smaller voids (e.g. crevicular spaces) is not possible. Accessibility to the underground environment is in fact a negative factor that has led a large number of studies consider about subterranean fauna initially being limited to caves. Spatial constraint was (and still is) a limiting factor in accessing a diverse range of subsurface habitats, although during the last decade, modern research has been using advance technology as a tool to overcome the physical barriers to subterranean research. For a long time the classification of subterranean aquatic organisms was an unclear subject, with the classification subterranean fauna mostly related to terrestrial cave fauna (troglofauna). The classification system dealing with aquatic subterranean groups (stygofauna) is more recent. A few nomenclature schemes have been proposed to describe these relationships, based on morphological, behavioural, and ecological adaptations of animals to the underground life and their level of relationship with groundwater (Chapter 4). The prefix “stygo” is suggested as the most descriptive to refer ecologically to a group of animals related to groundwater habitats. Groundwater related fauna (stygofauna) is comprised by groups of animals encompassing aquatic surface, intermediate and subterranean habitats. They represent diverse group of animals that have different interactive relationships with the groundwater habitat. Some may transact between surface water and groundwater systems, while others spend the whole life cycle in the subterranean voids (Gibert et al., 1994). This transition zone between surface streams and groundwater is recognized as a critically important boundary or ecotone, constituted by a habitat that contains a reservoir of invertebrate fauna biodiversity. It is therefore from the study of karst systems that most information on groundwater ecobiology is resourced, once the open structure of most karsts terrains promotes a number of caves, streams, crevices, sinkholes, and springs to allow human access. Karst systems are well fractured because of the relation between the rock mass and the action of meteoric water, as well as the dissolution rate of calcium carbonate rocks that high. The latter increases with time, producing a terrain with a great drainage potential (Chapter 2). Once porosity is high and the flow of percolating water is fast, it allows good vagility for subterranean fauna and nutrients, as well as penetration of contaminants. In subterranean karsts, much water saturates some areas inside rock spaces. The saturation in the rock in turn promotes large water pockets, known as aquifers. When these groundwater aquifers are found to be interconnecting with the adjacent ecosystems, they became active eco-hydrological components, due to their key participation in the surface-groundwater continuum. Groundwater has different degrees of importance, depending on the available sources of surface water. In many countries it supplies a significant proportion of urban and rural drinking water, industrial, and agricultural. Yet, groundwater systems are “hidden”, difficult in access and to study (Chapter 4, 5 and 7), consequently the recognition of the groundwater aquifer as a natural resource that needs to be protected is largely ignored. Moreover, studies in the ecobiology and distribution of stygobitic invertebrates (Chapter 5), and the need to identify a frame of methods for quality assessment and the suitability of groundwater invertebrates as bioindicative elements, has not been developed (Chapter 6). Finally, strong management and public education programs are required to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the nature of groundwater resources, their participation and complexity (Chapter 8), with the conceptualization of the groundwater aquifer integrity as an ecosystem still receiving little attention in South Africa. / Dr. J.F. Durand Prof. G.J. Steyn

People have varied and complex relationships with stone, in its raw geology and in its altered forms. Often, however, in cultural contexts, stone remains in the background, as a taken for granted and unremarkable element of the material world. In this thesis, stone moves into the foreground. The research presented here explores how close attention to those who work intimately with stone can disclose unexpected and absorbing stories. The cultural geologies extracted and presented in this thesis cast light on the diversity of ways in which people relate to, and with, the land; and experiment with a range of different ways in which these relations can be narrated. Set on the Jurassic Coast, in the south west of England, the stone exposures that emerge along the margin between land and sea offer a productive site for developing a cultural geological approach. The limestones, shales and clays are framed, in this work, by the narratives of quarrymen and geologists. The work explores how their particular knowledges are formed, and how they exist within wider historical and ecological understandings. Their narratives bring the stratigraphy to life, and draw attention to the hidden worlds within it. The different priorities and perspectives of quarrymen and geologists are shown to lead in different directions, interweave, or run parallel. The very specific languages and descriptions they employ reveal a level of complexity and richness of detail that is mirrored in the stone. Using an approach that combines close observation and creative practice, this study examines stone at a variety of scales, and in different contexts. The work engages with specific stone types, landscapes, voids, buildings and objects. Processes of working stone through practices of lettering, sculpture and masonry elicit understandings of the material that reach far beneath its surface. The absent spaces of quarries are then explored, showing how voids can be animated with knowledge, and how destructive processes can generate creative potential, when sensitively worked and considered. Lastly, the study draws all these ideas together in a discussion of stone assemblages in buildings, to see how voices from geology and quarrying can foster greater understanding of how buildings were constructed in the past, and how we conserve them into the future.

The subject of this master thesis are Angkor temples which represent an invaluable cultural and historical heritage of Cambodia. The tourism of Cambodia grows constantly every year thanks to the vast flow of tourists coming to see Angkor. Angkor temples are among the most visited tourist sites in the world and Cambodia is the one of the poorest countries in Asia. The aim of this thesis s to show how one tourist site can effect the tourism of the whole country and how this country is using the potential of this site for in order to increase financial revenues instead of developing other regions of the country.

No description available.

The settlement history of the Vredefort Dome can be described as a process of cultural development. The Vaal River hydrosphere, which was for many years a prestigious settlement site, initially attracted large scale game and later livestock farmers. The drifts were a central part of a network of early strategic communication routes and outspans. From 1838, pioneer settlement, farm occupation and agricultural development followed, and the area eventually entered an agriculture-mining era. Gold-mining stimulated the regional economy and also played a significant role in the development of towns in the area. The Vaal River did not play a significant role from a mining perspective, but featured more prominently in the development of villages and, in a sense, served as a political boundary. The location of the water source often determined where people settled permanently. It also decided the position of the house and yard. From the outset, riparian dwellers attempted to manipulate the flow of the river by creating dams and utilising water for irrigation and domestic purposes. Drought conditions also left historical traces; water management projects upstream transformed the Vaal River into a steadily flowing stream, which led to the economic and cultural segregation of north and south. Man's fear associated with drought (too little water), floods (too much water), meteorology (the necessity of water), and the role of the supernatural (divining water) and superstition (the water snake stories) were expressed in the interaction between people and this water environment. A wide variety of people with distinct cultures lived alongside each other in the area. Western and African cultural goods, as well as customs and beliefs, were mutually adopted by these different cultural groups as a result of this contact. The way land has been used in the Dome area has evolved over the years. The culling of game made way for the permanent establishment of the livestocktravelling farmer. Hereafter prolonged drought conditions destroyed pastures and, consequently, large areas of land were ploughed for agricultural use. Agriculture, which is more labour intensive and needs more water for irrigation, was replaced by game farming, which is less labour intensive and requires less water This world heritage site has drawn global interest and ecotourism has attracted visitors to the Vaal River area. The riparian dwellers, however, remain victims of up-stream industrial and sewage pollution; in future, they are likely to fall prey to acid mine water pollution, with disastrous consequences. / PhD (History), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

The settlement history of the Vredefort Dome can be described as a process of cultural development. The Vaal River hydrosphere, which was for many years a prestigious settlement site, initially attracted large scale game and later livestock farmers. The drifts were a central part of a network of early strategic communication routes and outspans. From 1838, pioneer settlement, farm occupation and agricultural development followed, and the area eventually entered an agriculture-mining era. Gold-mining stimulated the regional economy and also played a significant role in the development of towns in the area. The Vaal River did not play a significant role from a mining perspective, but featured more prominently in the development of villages and, in a sense, served as a political boundary. The location of the water source often determined where people settled permanently. It also decided the position of the house and yard. From the outset, riparian dwellers attempted to manipulate the flow of the river by creating dams and utilising water for irrigation and domestic purposes. Drought conditions also left historical traces; water management projects upstream transformed the Vaal River into a steadily flowing stream, which led to the economic and cultural segregation of north and south. Man's fear associated with drought (too little water), floods (too much water), meteorology (the necessity of water), and the role of the supernatural (divining water) and superstition (the water snake stories) were expressed in the interaction between people and this water environment. A wide variety of people with distinct cultures lived alongside each other in the area. Western and African cultural goods, as well as customs and beliefs, were mutually adopted by these different cultural groups as a result of this contact. The way land has been used in the Dome area has evolved over the years. The culling of game made way for the permanent establishment of the livestocktravelling farmer. Hereafter prolonged drought conditions destroyed pastures and, consequently, large areas of land were ploughed for agricultural use. Agriculture, which is more labour intensive and needs more water for irrigation, was replaced by game farming, which is less labour intensive and requires less water This world heritage site has drawn global interest and ecotourism has attracted visitors to the Vaal River area. The riparian dwellers, however, remain victims of up-stream industrial and sewage pollution; in future, they are likely to fall prey to acid mine water pollution, with disastrous consequences. / PhD (History), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

M.Sc. / The grassland biome of South Africa harbours rich ecosystem diversity. Some of the distinctive features of grassland biodiversity in South Africa include globally significant centres of plant endemism, half of the country's endemic mammal species, a third of its endangered butterfly species and 10 of 14 of its globally threatened bird species. Grassland is one of the most inadequately maintained biomes in Southern Africa because 23% is under cultivation, 60% is irreversibly transformed and most of the remaining natural area is used as rangeland for livestock. Only 2% of the grassland biome is currently protected. Grasslands provide essential ecosystem services for economic development, but this biome also supports a large human population whose resource demands have serious environmental implications that threaten the grasslands‘ biodiversity. Urbanisation is possibly one of the major immediate threats to the grassland ecology in South Africa. This is also the case in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (COHWHS) and adjacent areas. New housing complexes and informal housing are encroaching on the COHWHS. Indigenous fauna and flora are being affected by ecologically insensitive urban development. This poses a major threat to the fauna of this region including the insects that occur in grassland habitats. The insects play a vital role as pollinators in grassland habitats and form an essential food source to a range of predators, including grass owls, shrews, bull frogs, lizards and bats. In order to conserve the insects and therefore the food web of which they form part, it is necessary to understand the diversity of the insects in the grassland in the dolomitic areas. The COHWHS is a world renowned heritage site devoted to the origin of humankind and is characterised by dolomitic caves. These caves are also the home of a large population of bats consisting of several species. The negative impact on the grasslands in the COHWHS and surroundings pose a threat to the survival of these bat populations if the food source they depend on is negatively affected. For this reason it is important to determine which flying nocturnal insect species are available in the grasslands surrounding bat roosts in the COHWHS and surroundings. 3 The choice of location for the primary trap site was made on the basis of its proximity to known bat roosts and the fact that it is situated in a nature reserve that, although the river is polluted, contains an otherwise relatively unspoilt grassland habitat. Sampling took place over a period of 14 months during which fluctuations in the insect population was observed. The fluctuations can be ascribed to seasonal climate changes and the three veld fires that occurred during this period. This fluctuation was most evident in the representatives of the Orders Lepidoptera and Coleoptera sampled.

Die Energiewende verändert unsere Landschaft sichtbar, wobei die Auswirkungen der Windenergie unter dem Motto „Verspargelung des Landschaftsbildes“ in gesellschaftlicher Kritik stehen. Sind Windenergieanlagen (WEA) im Umfeld von Denkmalen oder historischen Kulturlandschaften geplant, kann dies zu Interessenskonflikten auf der Ebene der Raumplanung führen. An Brisanz gewinnen diese Konflikte, wenn die geplante Errichtung von WEA zur Gefährdung einer UNESCO-Welterbestätte führt, dies belegt die steigende Anzahl von Auseinandersetzungen in Deutschland sowie im europäischen Ausland in den letzten Jahren. Mit der Bewerbung der Montanen Kulturlandschaft Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří (MKE) zum UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe könnte ein solcher Interessenskonflikt auch im Freistaat Sachsen entstehen. Aufgabe der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit war es auf Basis eines eigens entwickelten Bewertungsverfahren, das Beeinträchtigungspotenzial geplanter WEA mit Hilfe von GIS (Geoinformationssystem)-gestützten Sichtbarkeitsbarkeitsberechnungen im Umfeld der MKE zu untersuchen. Das zu entwickelnde Bewertungsverfahren soll zukünftig der Regionalplanung als operatives Werkzeug im Planungsprozess von WEA zur Verfügung stehen. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass ausgehend von den gegenwärtigen Planungen keine akute Gefährdung für die MKE besteht, es jedoch WEA mit einem geringen beziehungsweise mittleren Beeinträchtigungspotenzial für die MKE gibt, welches im Anschluss an diese wissenschaftliche Arbeit in Einzelfallentscheidungen weiterführend untersucht werden sollte.:1. Problemstellung, Zielsetzung und methodischer Aufbau der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit 11 1.1. Thematischer Hintergrund und Ausgangssituation 11 1.2. Problemstellung, Forschungsstand und Zielsetzung 16 1.3. Aufbau der Arbeit und methodisches Vorgehen 24 2. Mehr Raum für Windenergieanlagen - rechtlich planerischer Rahmen zum Ausbau der Windenergie 26 2.1. Die erneuerbaren Energien in der europäischen Politik 26 2.2. Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz, Ziele der Raumordnung und Privilegierung der Windenergie im Außenbereich 26 2.3. Konzentrationsplanung von Windenergieanlagen durch Regionalplanung 33 2.4. Ziele des Freistaates Sachsen für den Ausbau der Windenergie – Planungen zur Windenergienutzung in der Region Chemnitz 35 2.5. Resümee zu den rechtlich-planerischen Grundlagen für den Ausbau Windenergie 38 3. Die Kulturlandschaft und das Denkmal als internationale und nationale Schutzgüter sowie deren raumplanerische Berücksichtigung 40 3.1. Geschichtliche und inhaltliche Annäherung an die Begriffe Landschaft - Kulturlandschaft - historische Kulturlandschaft 41 3.1.1. Der Landschaftsbegriff 43 3.1.2. Der Kulturlandschaftsbegriff 47 3.1.3. Eingrenzung des Begriffes Kulturlandschaft zur historischen Kulturlandschaft 50 3.2. Die Kulturlandschaft als Schutzgut auf internationaler Ebene 51 3.2.1. Idee der UNESCO Welterbekonvention, Organisation und Richtlinien 51 3.2.2. Schutzgut, Authentizität, visuelle Integrität und Schutzzonen im Welterbekontext 54 3.2.3. Die Kulturlandschaft als Welterbestätte 57 3.3. Die Kulturlandschaft als Schutzgut auf europäischer Ebene 59 3.3.1. Europäisches Raumentwicklungskonzept (EUREK) 59 3.3.2. Europäische Landschaftskonvention (ELC) 60 3.4. Die Kulturlandschaft und das Denkmal als Schutzgüter auf nationaler Ebene 61 3.4.1. Raumordnungsgesetz (ROG) 61 3.4.2. Bundesnaturschutzgesetz (BNatSchG) 62 3.4.3. Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVP) 63 3.4.4. Baugesetzbuch (BauGB) 64 3.5. Denkmalschutz ist Ländersache - Der raumplanerische Umgang mit Denkmälern auf der Ebene der Bundesländer 66 3.5.1. Die Denkmalschutzgesetze der Länder im Vergleich 67 3.5.2. Die Anwendung des Denkmalschutzes – Gibt es einen effektiven Umgebungsschutz für Denkmäler gegenüber Windenergieanlagen? 75 3.6. Resümee zur Kulturlandschaft und dem Denkmal als Schutzgüter und deren raumplanerische Berücksichtigung 77 4. Landschaft im Wandel - Erfolgt der Ausbau der Windenergie im Zuge der Energiewende auf Kosten der Landschaft? 83 4.1. Windenergie im gesellschaftlichen Kontext - vom „Selbstbau-Windrad“ zur Großtechnologie 84 4.1.1. Windenergieanlagen als Alternative für die kommerzielle Stromerzeugung 86 4.1.2. Vom Alternativmodell zum Industriezweig 87 4.1.3. „NIMBY!” 92 4.2. Die Auswirkungen von Windenergieanlagen auf Kulturlandschaften und Denkmäler 96 4.2.1. Der Veränderungsdruck auf das Landschaftsbild im Zuge des Ausbaues der Windenergie und die Rolle des Denkmalschutzes 97 4.2.2. Der Visual Impact von Windenergieanlagen 99 4.2.3. Exkurs – die Auswirkungen von Windenergieanlagen auf dem rechtlichen Prüfstand 105 4.3. Der Ausbau der Windenergie - neue Raumfragen und Herausforderungen für Raum- und Regionalplanung 108 4.3.1. Tradierte Landschaftsbilder und neue Ansätze in der Landschaftsforschung 109 4.3.2. Die Rolle der Raum– und Regionalplanung beim Ausbau der Windenergie 114 4.3.3. Möglichkeiten der Raum- und Regionalplanung für eine sensible Standortplanung von Windenergieanlagen 116 4.4. Resümee zum Landschaftswandel als Folge des Ausbaus der Windenergie 123 5. GIS-gestützte Anwendungen zur Planung und Folgeabschätzung von Windenergieanlagen 128 5.1. Entwicklung von GIS und deren Einsatzgebiete in der Raumforschung und den Geschichtswissenschaften 129 5.2. Methodische Ansätze zur GIS-gestützten Standortplanung von Windenergieanlagen 132 5.3. Die Bewertung des Landschaftsbildes mit Hilfe von GIS 134 5.4. GIS-basierte Ansätze zur Bestimmung des Visual Impacts von Windenergieanlagen 137 5.5. Sichtbarkeitsstudien als Anwendungsbeispiele für die GIS-gestützte Bestimmung des Visual Impacts von Windenergieanlagen 141 5.5.1. Windenergiestudie – Analyse der Landschaftsverträglichkeit 141 5.5.2. Sichtachsenstudie – Windkraft und UNESCO-Welterbe Oberes Mittelrheintal 143 5.5.3. Unabhängiges Gutachten zur Welterbeverträglichkeit geplanter Windkraftanlagen in Wiesbaden 149 5.5.4. Gutachterliche Einschätzung der Auswirkungen des geplanten Windparks Beverungen-Twerberg auf das Weltkulturerbe „Karolingisches Westwerk und Civitas Corvey“ 152 5.6. Resümee zur Anwendung von GIS-gestützten Bewertungsverfahren bei der Planung von Windenergieanlagen und Folgeabschätzung für das Landschaftsbild 156 6. Das Konfliktpotenzial von Windenergieanlagen im Umfeld von UNESCO-Welterbestätten in Deutschland 161 6.1. Das Obere Mittelrheintal und der Konflikt mit der Windenergie 162 6.2. Die Wartburg und der Streit um Windenergieanlagen auf dem Milmesberg 170 6.3. Weiterführende Beispiele zu Windenergieplanungen im Umfeld von UNESCO-Welterbestätten in Deutschland 174 6.4. Resümee zum Konfliktpotenzial von Windenergieanlagen im Umfeld von UNESCO-Welterbestätten in Deutschland 180 7. Beurteilung des möglichen Beeinträchtigungs-potenzials von Windenergieplanungen auf die visuelle Integrität der Montanen Kulturlandschaft Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří 183 7.1. Ausgangssituation – Kurzbeschreibung der Montanen Kulturlandschaft Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří und des Regionalen Windenergiekonzeptes des Planungsverbandes Region Chemnitz 183 7.2. Herangehensweise und Kurzdarstellung der Verfahrensschritte 191 7.3. Chronologie der Untersuchungsmethodik 196 7.4. Untersuchungsmethodik 197 7.4.1. Abgrenzung des Untersuchungsraumes 197 7.4.1.1. Festlegung der theoretisch maximalen Sichtweite für Windenergieanlagen im spezifischen Untersuchungsraum 198 7.4.1.2. Differenzierung der theoretisch maximalen Sichtweite für Windenergieanlagen in verschiedene Entfernungsbereiche 199 7.4.2. Konkretisierung der zu untersuchenden Objekte 201 7.4.3. Differenzierung der Bestandteile der MKE in zwei Klassen 205 7.4.3.1. Historische Sichtachsen der MKE 206 7.4.3.2. Bestandteile der MKE mit historischen Sichtachsen 211 7.4.3.3. Bestandteile der MKE ohne historische Sichtachsen 212 7.4.4. Erfassung aller in Frage kommenden Sichtbeziehungen zwischen den Bestandteilen der MKE und bestehenden WEA im Untersuchungsraum 213 7.4.4.1. Datengrundlagen 213 7.4.4.2. Entfernungspufferanalyse 219 7.4.4.3. Verlängerter historischer Sichtachsenkorridor 220 7.4.4.4. Sichtbarkeitsanalyse der bestehenden WEA 223 7.4.4.5. Muster zur Erfassung der theoretisch berechneten Sichtbeziehungen mit Erläuterungen 226 7.4.4.6. Exemplarische Auflistung der theoretisch berechneten Sichtbeziehungen der Bestandteile des Elementes 4 der MKE zu bestehenden WEA 227 7.4.4.7. Statistische Auswertung der theoretisch berechneten Sichtbeziehungen zwischen den Bestandteilen der MKE und bestehenden WEA im Untersuchungsraum 229 7.4.4.8. Zusammenfassende Darstellung der statistischen Auswertung von theoretisch berechneten Sichtbeziehungen zwischen den Bestandteilen der MKE und bestehenden WEA im Untersuchungsraum 241 7.4.5. Die Landschaftsprägende Wirkung der Bestandteile der MKE als Bewertungsparameter 244 7.4.5.1. Kriterium: Höhendimension 245 7.4.5.2. Kriterium: Räumliche-Ausdehnung 246 7.4.5.3. Kriterium: Historische Sichtachsen 246 7.4.5.4. Kriterium: Die Bedeutung der Bestandteile für den außergewöhnlichen universellen Wert (OUV) der MKE (Einbeziehung der Welterbekriterien) 247 7.4.5.5. Kriterium: Sichtbeziehungen zu bestehenden WEA 248 7.4.5.6. Modell zur Ermittlung der LPW der Bestandteile der MKE 249 7.4.5.7. Ermittlung der LPW der Bestandteile der MKE 251 7.4.5.8. Bestimmung der Empfindlichkeit der Bestandteile der MKE gegenüber Sichtbeziehungen zu WEA 253 7.4.5.9. Statistische Auswertung zur Empfindlichkeit der Bestandteile der MKE gegenüber Sichtbeziehungen zu WEA 254 7.4.6. Erfassung aller in Frage kommenden Sichtbeziehungen zwischen den Bestandteilen der MKE und den potenziell geplanten WEA in den VREG im Untersuchungsraum 256 7.4.6.1. Datengrundlagen und weitere Vorgehensweise 256 7.4.6.2. Aufarbeitung der Daten und verwendete GIS-Operationen 257 7.4.6.3. Exemplarische Auflistung der theoretisch berechneten Sichtbeziehungen der Bestandteile des Elementes 4 der MKE zu potenziell geplanten WEA in den VREG 259 7.4.6.4. Statistische Auswertung der theoretisch berechneten Sichtbeziehungen zwischen den Bestandteilen der MKE und den potenziell geplanten WEA in den VREG im Untersuchungsraum 262 7.4.6.5. Zusammenfassende Darstellung der statistischen Auswertung von theoretisch berechneten Sichtbeziehungen zwischen den Bestandteilen der MKE und den potenziell geplanten WEA in den VREG 275 7.4.6.6. Vergleichende Auswertung der Ergebnisse der Sichtbarkeitsanalysen zu den bestehenden und potenziell geplanten WEA im Umfeld der Bestandteile der MKE 278 7.5. Entwicklung der Handlungsempfehlungs-MATRIX 282 7.5.1. Beurteilungskriterien 282 7.5.2. Handlungsempfehlungs-Matrix 286 7.5.3. Handlungsempfehlungen zur Abschätzung des Konfliktpotenzials geplanter WEA 286 7.6. Anwendung der Handlungsempfehlungs-Matrix: Ermittlung des möglichen Beeinträchtigungspotenzials geplanter WEA auf den kulturhistorischen- und landschaftsprägenden Wert der MKE 290 7.6.1. Bestimmung der Handlungsempfehlung für die einzelnen Bestandteile der MKE 291 7.6.2. Statistische Auswertung der Handlungsempfehlungen 297 7.7. Weiteres Vorgehen für die Einzelfallentscheidungen 298 7.7.1. Empfehlungen für mögliche von Schutzzonen sowie Höhenbeschränkungen für WEA 299 7.7.2. Spezifische Auswertung – Schutzzonen und Höhenbeschränkungen für einzelne VREG 302 7.7.3. Interaktive 3D-Visualisierungen der potenziell geplanten Windenergieanlagen zur Unterstützung der Einzelfallentscheidungen für die VREG 307 7.7.4. Pilotversuch LASIM 309 8. Zusammenfassung und weiterer Ausblick 313 9. Quellenverzeichnis 329 Literaturverzeichnis 329 Abbildungsverzeichnis 344 Tabellenverzeichnis 346 Anhang 348