Foram realizadas 52 entrevistas e um workshop em um período pouco superior a um ano como parte de um projeto de história dos 50 anos de uma agência de fomento. Esse material (a evidência oral) é o material primário utilizado neste presente estudo. Também foram utilizadas 17 entrevistas de um projeto de história dos 40 anos da mesma agência. O material foi lido e foram retirados trechos relacionados a um possível conceito de ciência que poderia ser abstraído dessa evidência oral. Além disso, foram estudados os conceitos de ciência de alguns autores (Donald Stokes, Fernand Braudel, Francis Bacon, Karl Popper, Paul Feyerabend, Thomas Kuhn e Vannevar Bush). Esses conceitos e citações de suas obras foram apresentados (evidência escrita). Em seguida, foram apresentados aproximações e distanciamentos dessas duas evidências. Finalmente, um conceito de ciência resultante, ou o caminho percorrido pelo conceito de ciência, foi apresentado. Conceito este que se baseia primariamente na evidência oral. A possibilidade de formular um conceito de ciência não baseado somente nessa evidência, mas a utilizando primariamente, era o objetivo principal deste estudo. / 52 interviews and a workshop were performed in a period just over a year as part of a 50-year history project of a research funding agency. This material (the oral evidence) is the primary material used in the present study. 17 interviews of a 40-year history project of the same agency were also used. The material was read and excerpts were extracted related to a possible concept of science which could be abstracted from such oral evidence. Moreover, the concepts of science of some authors were studied (Donald Stokes, Francis Bacon, Karl Popper, Paul Feyerabend, Thomas Kuhn e Vannevar Bush). These concepts and quotations from their works were presented (written evidence). Next, similarities and dissimilarities of both evidences were presented. Finally, a resulting concept of science, or the path walked by the concept of science, was presented. Such concept is based primarily on the oral evidence. The possibility of formulating a concept of science not based only on this evidence, but using it primarily, was the main objective of this study.

Foram realizadas 52 entrevistas e um workshop em um período pouco superior a um ano como parte de um projeto de história dos 50 anos de uma agência de fomento. Esse material (a evidência oral) é o material primário utilizado neste presente estudo. Também foram utilizadas 17 entrevistas de um projeto de história dos 40 anos da mesma agência. O material foi lido e foram retirados trechos relacionados a um possível conceito de ciência que poderia ser abstraído dessa evidência oral. Além disso, foram estudados os conceitos de ciência de alguns autores (Donald Stokes, Fernand Braudel, Francis Bacon, Karl Popper, Paul Feyerabend, Thomas Kuhn e Vannevar Bush). Esses conceitos e citações de suas obras foram apresentados (evidência escrita). Em seguida, foram apresentados aproximações e distanciamentos dessas duas evidências. Finalmente, um conceito de ciência resultante, ou o caminho percorrido pelo conceito de ciência, foi apresentado. Conceito este que se baseia primariamente na evidência oral. A possibilidade de formular um conceito de ciência não baseado somente nessa evidência, mas a utilizando primariamente, era o objetivo principal deste estudo. / 52 interviews and a workshop were performed in a period just over a year as part of a 50-year history project of a research funding agency. This material (the oral evidence) is the primary material used in the present study. 17 interviews of a 40-year history project of the same agency were also used. The material was read and excerpts were extracted related to a possible concept of science which could be abstracted from such oral evidence. Moreover, the concepts of science of some authors were studied (Donald Stokes, Francis Bacon, Karl Popper, Paul Feyerabend, Thomas Kuhn e Vannevar Bush). These concepts and quotations from their works were presented (written evidence). Next, similarities and dissimilarities of both evidences were presented. Finally, a resulting concept of science, or the path walked by the concept of science, was presented. Such concept is based primarily on the oral evidence. The possibility of formulating a concept of science not based only on this evidence, but using it primarily, was the main objective of this study.

The reign of Amenhotep III represents one of the most crucial period of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Over the course of this dynasty, royal ideology, as a major means of power of the Egyptian ruler, was constantly being developed and underwent significant alterations. One long lasting debate has focused on the possibility that Amenhotep III was already deified during his lifetime, but up to now no detailed study that would analyse contemporary documents, whether connected to the king himself or related to his officials, has taken place. The aim of this thesis was to find and answer to this question by means of an analysis of written and iconographic sources from both the royal sphere as well as the domain of the officials. The result of this research, based among others on an in-depth study of the names, epithets and iconography of the ruler, indicates that Amenhotep III was already deified during his life and it allows even the definition of his divine characteristics and aspects as a solar god. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis aims to explore an aspect of the history of vernacular speech through analysis of some eighteenth century verse texts. These satirical anti-Jesuit pamphlets by Nicolas Jouin, known as the 'Sarcelades', were collected posthumously in 'Le Vrai Recueil des Sarcelles' of 1764. The texts purport to be in the patois of the peasants of Sarcelles and show features which may be paralleled in the vernacular speech of Paris and elsewhere, and even correspond with features of contemporary colloquial French. The study may appeal to French historical sociolinguists interested in reconstructing spoken language of the past, and particularly in the history of vernacular speech of Paris since the Middle Ages through to the eighteenth century, in the context of the development of urban dialects. In order to set the scene for a linguistic description of Jouin’s work the limited biographical information available was collated. Then a period of bibliographical research led to acquisition of copies of the texts which were to be studied in order to identify and examine their non-standard linguistic features. Firstly the process of growth of urban dialects was discussed, and then the development of the Paris vernacular in particular. Then attention was turned to direct written evidence in the form of commentary and to a number of texts from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries containing features of the Paris vernacular. These had already been analysed by certain historical linguists, although the texts in the 'Sarcelades' had hitherto only been briefly mentioned. However, here they are considered to be of sufficient interest to be examined more closely, although it had to be established whether Jouin’s texts containing a selection of non-standard features could be regarded as an accurate depiction of the Paris vernacular at the period. The non-standard phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features in the texts were therefore compared with findings in other texts by previous commentators. Following these analyses it was noted to what extent the relative frequency of the variables correlates with the salience of certain features in popular speech in Paris at the period, as already observed in other texts by previous commentators, and it was concluded that in general established characteristics of the 'patois de Paris' at the period are to be found in the 'Sarcelades', even though there do remain certain features which do not appear to be generally attested elsewhere. Nevertheless, despite reservations concerning the authenticity of some of the non-standard features employed by Jouin, by bringing attention to this little-known series of texts this study may help to claim a place for the Sarcelades amongst the corpus of texts which reflect aspects of the lower-class sociolect, the 'patois de Paris', at the period.