This work investigates a 5.5–7.5-GHz band-configurable duty-cycled wake-up receiver (WuRX) fully implemented in a 45-nm radio-frequency (RF) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Based on an uncertain intermediate frequency (IF) super-heterodyne receiver (RX) topology, the WuRX analogue front-end (AFE) incorporates a 5.5–7.5-GHz band-tunable low-power low-noise amplifier, a low-power Gilbert mixer, a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), a 100-MHz IF band-pass filter (BPF), an envelope detector, a comparator, a pulse generator and a current reference. By application of duty cycling with a low duty cycle below 1%, the power consumption of the AFE was significantly reduced. In addition, the on-chip digital bank-end consists of a frequency divider, a phase corrector, a 31-bit correlator and a serial peripheral interface. A proof-of-concept WuRX circuit occupying an area of 1200 μm by 900 μm has been fabricated in a GlobalFoundries 45-nm RF-SOI CMOS technology. Measurement results show that at a data rate of 64 bps, the entire WuRX consumes only 2.3 μW. Tested at 8 operation bands covering 5.5–7.7 GHz, the WuRX has a measured sensitivity between −67.5 dBm and −72.4 dBm at a wake-up error rate of 10−3. With the sensitivity unchanged, the data rate of the WuRX can be scaled up to 8.2 kbps. To the authors' best knowledge, this work offers the largest RF bandwidth from 5.5 to 7.5 GHz, the most operation channels (≥8) and the fastest settling time (<115 ns) among the WuRXs reported to date.

Au cours des dernières années, différents travaux de recherche ont été consacrés à l’étude et au développement des solutions de type réseau de capteurs sans fil. Ces travaux sont une réponse à l’augmentation du nombre d’objets connectés dans le monde avec le développement de l’internet des objets. La consommation d’énergie dans les réseaux de capteurs représente un des domaines les plus étudiés. Les communications dans les réseaux de capteurs représentent une part importante de leur consommation. Afin de réduire la consommation des communications dans les réseaux de capteurs, différents niveaux d’optimisation sont possibles. Dans ce contexte, différents travaux de recherches visant à réduire la consommation des émetteurs-récepteurs, grâce à des architectures innovantes, ont été menés à l’IM2NP. Beaucoup de ces travaux ont été consacrés aux radios impulsionnelles Ultra-Large Bande (ULB). En outre, les protocoles d’accès aux canaux de communications dans les réseaux de capteurs sont également importants quant à l’optimisation de leurs consommations. Les travaux de recherches proposés dans ce manuscrit, basés sur les travaux sur les radios impulsionnelles ULB réalisés au sein de l’IM2NP, proposent une optimisation de la consommation des réseaux de capteurs sur deux niveaux. Tout d’abord, un protocole asynchrone à base de radio de réveil d’accès au canal de communication adapté aux communications ULB est proposé ainsi que son étude énergétique. Suite à l'étude du protocole asynchrone proposé, la conception d’un récepteur de réveil semi-passif et d’un générateur d’impulsion ULB sous-GHz est abordée, et leurs performances en termes d’efficacité énergétique discutées. / In recent years, research has been devoted to the study and development of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). These research are a response to the increase of the connected objet number in the world with development of smartphones and Internet of things (IoT). Energy consumption in sensor networks is one of the most studied areas. In fact, the optimization of the consumption of the elements making up the sensor networks allows a reduction in the costs associated with their installation, operation and maintenance. Communications in sensor networks represent an important part of their power consumption. In order to reduce the consumption of communications in sensor networks, different levels of optimization are possible. In this context, various IM2NP research projects aimed at reducing transceiver consumption through innovative design were carried out. Much of this work has been devoted to Impulsionnal Radio Ultra-Wide Band (IR-UWB). Moreover, MAC protocols used to manage the communication channel access in wireless sensor networks are also important in optimizing their consumption. The research work proposed in this manuscript, based on the work on impulse radios UWB carried out within the IM2NP, propose an optimization of the consumption of sensor networks on two levels. Firstly, an asynchronous MAC protocol based on radio wake-up radio suitable for UWB communications is proposed as well as its energy study. Following the study of the proposed asynchronous protocol, the design of a low power semi-passive wake-up receiver (WuRx) and a UWB sub-GHz impulse generator is presented and their performance in terms of energy efficiency discussed.

With the introduction of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in several sectors, wireless, reliable, and energy-saving communication in distributed sensor networks are more important than ever. Thereby, wake-up technologies are becoming increasingly important as they significantly contribute to reducing the energy consumption of wireless sensor nodes. In an indoor environment, the use of wireless sensors, in general, is more challenging due to signal fading and reflections and needs, therefore, to be critically investigated. This paper discusses the performance analysis of wakeup receiver (WuRx) architectures based on two low frequency (LF) amplifier approaches with regard to sensitivity, power consumption, and package error rate (PER). Factors that affect systems were compared and analyzed by analytical modeling, simulation results, and experimental studies with both architectures. The developedWuRx operates in the 868MHz band using on-off-keying (OOK) signals while supporting address detection to wake up only the targeted network node. By using an indoor setup, the signal strength and PER of received signal strength indicator (RSSI) in different rooms and distances were determined to build a wireless sensor network. The results show a wake-up packets (WuPts) detection probability of about 90% for an interior distance of up to 34 m.