Acoustical interactions with ocean sediments effect a wide range of sonar applications in littoral environments. An important factor in understanding the acoustical behavior of the ocean bottom is how the sediment density changes with depth. Although there are existing techniques for obtaining information about sediment gradients, these methods are unable to provide direct measurements of the sediment density gradient without significantly disrupting the test site and requiring significant diver support for installation and implementation. The proposed X-Ray Attenuation Measurement (XRAM) device aims to improve upon these existing techniques with the goal of being a portable diver operated device that can perform direct in situ measurements of sediment density gradients without significant disruption of the ocean bottom. To accomplish this, the XRAM utilizes the attenuation of x-rays passing through the sediment to measure the density as a function of depth, and is arranged in a compact, portable design that can be deployed and operated by a single diver. The layout and basic design of the XRAM device is discussed, and a physical model of its operation is developed. Results of experimental testing on homogeneous liquid samples and liquid/solid mixtures to evaluate the effectiveness of the XRAM device in measuring density gradients are presented. Based on the analysis of these results, recommendations of improved performance for future development are given. / text

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-17T12:00:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RonanGorskiCadó.pdf: 4606921 bytes, checksum: 27f08f60a9019e436d5f312683f24ab8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:00:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RonanGorskiCadó.pdf: 4606921 bytes, checksum: 27f08f60a9019e436d5f312683f24ab8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / Ionizing radiations with X-rays energy range offer risk to human health and might be source of interference on sensitive devices. The increased use of ionizing radiations causes the need of development of new materials for radiological protection. The main goal of this study is to determine the attenuation properties of X-rays in polymeric nanocomposites with insertion of metal oxides. To obtain the nanocomposite, lead, cooper and tungsten oxides were synthesized. The oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential with different pH. The synthesized oxides have average crystallite size between 25 and 55 nm. Polymeric films were made by dissolving polyamide 6.6 pellets in different combinations of formic acid / chloroform, determining by stress-strain tests that the combination 75/25 (%/%) of the reagents had better condition for the polymeric film use as fabric. The oxides were dispersed on the polymer solution for homogenization, obtaining polymer nanocomposites with 0.2 g, 0.08 g and 0.02 g of PbO, 0.2 g, 0.08 g and 0.02 g of CuO and 0.2 g of WO3.The nanocomposites were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, showing diffraction peaks in the amorphous region of the polymer film. The attenuation of X-rays was measured with the aid of an ionization chamber, varying the voltage of the X-ray tube (kV), and the time of exposure (mAs). The results showed attenuation of 26% compared to the polymeric film, in combination kV/mAs 40/10 and 13.11% in 100/10, for the nanocomposite with higher amounts of PbO. The nanocomposite with WO3 showed attenuation of 21,78% and 11,5% compared to the polymeric film, in the combinations 40/10 and 100/10, respectively. The nanocomposite of CuO with the larger amount of the oxide, showed attenuation of 10.11% and 4.5%, compared to the polymeric film, in combinations of 40/10 and 100/10, respectively. These results suggest that the nanocomposites produced has great potential for application in radiological protection. / As radiações ionizantes com energias na faixa dos raios X oferecem riscos para a saúde humana e podem ser fontes de interferência em equipamentos sensíveis. O aumento do uso das radiações ionizantes ocasiona na necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos materiais para uso em proteção radiológica. Este estudo tem por objetivo determinar as propriedades de atenuação dos raios X em nanocompósitos poliméricos com inserção de óxidos metálicos. Para a obtenção dos nanocompósitos, foram sintetizados óxidos de chumbo, de cobre e de tungstênio. Os óxidos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, espectroscopia de infravermelho e por potencial zeta em diferentes pH. Os óxidos sintetizados possuem tamanho de cristalito médio entre 25 e 55 nm. Foram produzidos filmes poliméricos a partir da dissolução de grãos de poliamida 6.6 em diferentes combinações de ácido fórmico/clorofórmio, determinando por ensaios de tensãodeformação que a combinação 75/25 (%/%) dos reagentes apresentou melhor condição para o do filme polimérico como tecido. Os óxidos foram dispersos na solução polimérica para homogeneização, obtendo nanocompósitos poliméricos com 0,2 g, 0,08g e 0,02 g de PbO, 0,2 g, 0,08g e 0,02 g de CuO e 0,2 g de WO3. Os nanocompósitos foram avaliados por difração de raios X, apresentando picos de difração na região amorfa do filme polimérico. A atenuação dos raios X foi avaliada com auxílio de uma câmara de ionização, variando as condições de tensão do tubo de raios X (kV) e do tempo de exposição (mAs). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram atenuação de 26% em relação ao filme polimérico, na combinação kV/mAs 40/10 e 13,11% na 100/10, para o nanocompósito com maior quantidade de PbO. O nanocompósito de WO3 apresentou atenuação em relação ao filme polimérico de 21,78% e 11,5% nas combinações 40/10 e 100/10, respectivamente. O nanocompósito de CuO com maior quantidade de CuO apresentou atenuação em relação ao filme polimérico de 10,11% e 4,5%, nas combinações 40/10 e 100/10. Estes resultados sugerem aos nanocompósitos produzidos um grande potencial para aplicação em proteção radiológica.