Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Dept. of Physics. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/08). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1988. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 2007. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-93).

Diss. med. dent. Zürich (kein Austausch). / Literaturverz.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Oct. 30, 2007). Page 55 blank. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-54).

This study develops a 3D meso-scale fracture characterisation and modelling framework for better understanding of the failure mechanisms in concrete, by combining in-situ micro-scale X-ray computed tomography (XCT) experiments and XCT image-based finite element (FE) simulations. Firstly, sophisticated in-situ XCT experiments are conducted on concrete cubes under Brazilian-like, uniaxial and cyclic compression. Proper procedures for XCT image reconstruction and multi-phasic segmentation are identified. The fracture evolution at different loading stages is characterised and visualised as well as the detailed distributions of aggregates and voids. The Young's moduli of aggregate and cement are obtained by micro-indentation tests and used in XCT-image based asymptotic homogenisation simulations to calculate effective elastic constants of concrete cubes. The XCT technique proves very powerful in characterising and visualising the complicated 3D fracture evolution in concrete. The material properties and the segmented 3D images from the experiments are then used for FE fracture simulations with realistic aggregates, cement and voids. Image-based mesh generation algorithms are developed for 2D in a MATLAB code and identified for 3D in Simpleware. Cohesive interface elements are embedded within cement and aggregate-cement interfaces to simulate the complex nonlinear fracture. Extensive simulations of 40mm and 20mm cubes under compression and tension are carried out. Good agreements are achieved between the load-displacement curves and final crack patterns from the simulations and those from the compressive in-situ XCT tests. The XCT image-based modelling proves very promising in elucidating fundamental mechanisms of complicated crack initiation and propagation in concrete.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T22:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1984 / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

The results of evolution can be inferred from comparative studies of related organisms. In this doctoral thesis, I use phylogenetic comparative methods along side geometric morphometrics to analyse shape variation in order to infer evolution of the caecilian skull. Caecilians are elongate, limbless amphibians that superficially resemble snakes or earthworms, and use their head as a locomotory organ. I characterise large-scale patterns of cranial morphological diversity and quantify variation across the main family-level clades by describing patterns relating to phylogeny, disparity and ecology. Then I examine the origins and evolution of morphological variation in the skull by describing patterns relating to morphological integration and modularity. This thesis demonstrates a variety of existing statistical techniques that can be used to infer processes from large-scale evolutionary patterns in morphological data using non model organisms. Throughout the thesis, I show that the evolution of the caecilian skull to be multifaceted. On the patterns of diversity, the most striking is a "starburst" arrangement in shape space, which suggests that early in caecilian evolution ancestral lineages traversed greater expanses of the shape space, while subsequent phylogenetic divergence within the main clades entailed less morphological diversification. This may be related to early diversification into different ecological-niches, yet more data are needed to test this. The clades differ considerably in their cranial disparity, but there appears to be no unified pattern across the whole order that indicates disparity is coupled with clade age or speciation events. I show that aquatic species are more diverse than their terrestrial relatives, and that there is convergence of cranial shape among dedicated burrowers with eyes covered by bone. On the patterns of morphological integration and modularity, another remarkable finding is the caecilian cranium is modular with respect to two functional regions, the snout and the back of the cranium. Modularity is important for understanding the evolution of this structure. The main elements of the caecilian anterior skeleton, the cranium, mandible and atlas vertebra, reveal different patterns of morphological integration, suggesting different developmental and evolutionary processes are involved in sorting and maintaining new variation of each structure. Allometry is an important component of integration in each of the structures. Covariation of the cranium-mandible after size correction is significant and follows the same direction of shape change across all levels and as shown for allometry. In contrast, covariation of the cranium-atlas follows different directions at each level. These results suggest the two main joint of the caecilian skull differ substantially in their origin and evolution. I discuss the contribution made in this thesis to caecilian and evolutionary biology and offer an outlook of how theses findings can be used to initiate future studies to better understand of the evolution of the caecilian skull.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-23T14:42:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Christiano de Oliveira.pdf: 584073 bytes, checksum: 7c3a85b88a235494c641edd8487e5761 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-08T11:44:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Christiano de Oliveira.pdf: 584073 bytes, checksum: 7c3a85b88a235494c641edd8487e5761 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-08T11:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Christiano de Oliveira.pdf: 584073 bytes, checksum: 7c3a85b88a235494c641edd8487e5761 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Os ameloblastomas e tumores odontogênicos queratocísticos são relativamente comuns dentre as neoplasias odontogênicas, geralmente agressivos e com potencial de recidiva. Suas características clínicas e radiográficas são variáveis e o diagnóstico diferencial a partir de imagens convencionais possui importantes limitações. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) constitui uma valiosa ferramenta diagnóstica, pois elimina a sobreposição de imagens, possibilita a visualização detalhada das lesões e estruturas adjacentes e permite a realização de mensurações lineares e de coeficiente de atenuação. O coeficiente de atenuação obtido nas imagens por TC tem um importante significado ao representar, de forma numérica, diferentes densidades dos tecidos. O coeficiente de atenuação de ameloblastomas e tumores odontogênicos queratocísticos tem sido pouco investigado. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o padrão dos coeficientes de atenuação de ameloblastomas sólidos(AS), ameloblastomas unicísticos (AU) e tumores odontogênicos queratocísticos solitários (TQs) ou múltiplos (TQm), a partir de imagens axiais de 25 exames por TC. Em todos os cortes, de todas as lesões avaliadas, foram delimitadas regiões de interesse (ROI) correspondentes à maior área da lesão. Para cada ROI foram obtidas medidas de densidade (UHROI), desvio-padrão (DPROI) e heterogeneidade (HTGROI), que foram comparados entre os cortes centrais e periféricos de uma mesma lesão e entre os grupos. Adicionalmente, realizou-se análise dimensional a partir dos diâmetros mesio-distal (MD), vestíbulo-lingual (VL) e súpero-inferior, bem como as razões entre estas medidas, comparando-se os valores entre os grupos e entre as localizações em maxila ou mandíbula. As médias de UHROI encontradas foram: AS=35,9±12,6; AU=31,0±6,0; TQs=28,4±10,5 e TQm=30,5±20,6. Os TQs e TQm apresentaram os menores valores de coeficiente de atenuação e os maiores valores de heterogeneidade. Não houve diferença significativa dos valores de coeficiente de atenuação entre os AS e AU, contudo a heterogeneidade dos AS foi superior. Os AS mostraram padrão de densidade diferente entre o centro e a periferia da lesão, apresentando maior medida de UH e menor heterogeneidade nos cortes do terço central. As razões MD/VL e VL/SI não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos. O crescimento no sentido VL foi menor que o MD e SI em todos os grupos. As lesões maxila apresentaram formato mais circular, com crescimento vertical discretamente maior que horizontal. / Salvador

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:05:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 junqueira_jlc_dr_araca.pdf: 590701 bytes, checksum: 5985895fd4803a2523f4047b068089a6 (MD5) / O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi analisar os resultados obtidos comparativamente entre as telerradiografias cefalométricas laterais convencional, digital e as geradas pela tomografia computadorizada por aquisição volumétrica Cone Beam (CBTC). Foram realizadas distintamente as três tomadas radiográficas em 35 pacientes que estavam compreendidos na faixa etária de 12 a 14 anos. Foram utilizados dois programas específicos para a realização das análises cefalométricas de Rickets, McNamara e Jarabak, sendo utilizadas medidas lineares e angulares dos traçados. Apenas no traçado de Jarabak, foram utilizadas duas medidas lineares, para todas as outras, foi usada somente uma mensuração. Quatro tipos de exames radiográficos associados aos programas de análise cefalométrica foram utilizados. Por considerar o melhor resultado nos valores obtidos, a variável de referência foi a aquisição volumétrica CBTC em norma ortogonal, sendo comparado com os outros métodos. Verificou-se que os resultados obtidos pelas medidas angulares apresentaram menor variabilidade, enquanto as medidas lineares somente no traçado cefalométrico de McNamara obteve-se similaridade das variáveis. Observou-se que as técnicas radiográficas cefalométricas laterais convencionais apresentaram as maiores discrepâncias em relação à variável de referência. As análises cefalométricas realizadas pelo mesmo programa obtiveram os melhores resultados. Concluiu-se que para a obtenção de análises cefalométricas mais fidedignas deve-se utilizar um mesmo programa de avaliação e a tecnologia digital, principalmente a aquisição volumétrica CBTC em norma ortogonal e a telerradiografia cefalométrica lateral digital. / The aim of this research was to analyze the results obtained comparatively among digital and conventional lateral cephalometric teleradiographies and the ones generated by Cone Beam volume computerized tomography (CBCT). Three distinct radiographies were performed in 35 patients in a 12 to 14 year-old group. Two specific programs were used to perform the cephalometric analysis according to Ricketts, McNamara and Jarabak, using linear and angular measurements of tracings. Two linear measurements were used just for Jarabak’s tracing, for all the others only one measurement was used. Four types of radiographic exams associated to the cephalometric analysis program were used. For considering the best result in the obtained values, the variable of reference was the volume acquisition (CBCT) being compared to the other methods. It was verified that the results obtained by angular measurements presented less variability, while the linear measurements only in McNamara’s cephalometric tracing presented similarity of variables. It was observed that the conventional lateral cephalometric radiography techniques presented bigger discrepancies in relation to the variable of reference. The cephalometric analysis performed by the same evaluation program had the best results. It was concluded that in order to obtain more reliable cephalometric analysis, one should use the same evaluation program and digital technology, particularly the volume acquisition (CBCT) in octagonal norm and digital lateral cephalometric teleradiography.