This master thesis focuses on the worldwide optical connection situation.Within the respective regions of Asia-Pacific,the Americas and Europe, it identifies the main countries and focuses on the situation and share of FTTx subscribers in them.It tries to answer the question of what technologies are represented the most on particular markets. Within each country,two service providers are chosen and their offer analyzed.For an overview,the price offer for an Internet connection with the highest transmission rate and the price for VoIP service are provided. The analytical part uses the obtained data from individual countries and regions for a price comparison and market forecast.The price comparison deals with the price level of a standard connection in relation to GDP per capita in PPS.This comparison enables the discovery of how expensive the Internet connection via FTTx is in a particular country.Furthermore, the analytical part, in relevant countries, focuses on the calculation of the ratio of costs for the yearly use of a FTTx subscription in relation to the disposable family income. The highest ratio-8.37%-was recorded in India. The thesis also includes a market forecast in the horizon of the end of 2009 and 2010 for the most important countries.For each country,the main growth factor is identified and subsequently the development for the entire year 2009 and 2010 is forecast.The worldwide forecast is 61.37 million (as of the end of 2009) and 72.67 million (as of the end of 2010) FTTx subscriptions.The contribution of this master thesis is the analysis of in what state of development the market of Internet optical connection is in the most important countries, with price comparisons and a market forecast constituting further contributions.

The objective of the thesis is to provide a view of the situation in high-speed Internet connection in the Czech Republic. At the beginning we present a history of internet and describes in particular the most frequently used technology of high-speed connectivity to the Internet. This is followed by a comparison of the current supply and demand in a market of Internet connection in the Czech Republic. This study not only compare technological aspects, but takes into consideration the economic situation, government regulations and changes from 2009 as well. Finally, there is a summarization and an evaluation of the results and a reflection on possible future on a market of high-speed connection in Czech republic.

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-10-05T16:43:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_DeterminacaoFuncaoTransferencia.pdf: 8874800 bytes, checksum: 2cd17e212f48c1cdeff100a1289239ad (MD5) / Rejected by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br), reason: on 2017-10-10T17:05:27Z (GMT) / Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-10-16T15:38:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_DeterminacaoFuncaoTransferencia.pdf: 8874800 bytes, checksum: 2cd17e212f48c1cdeff100a1289239ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-11-14T14:33:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_DeterminacaoFuncaoTransferencia.pdf: 8874800 bytes, checksum: 2cd17e212f48c1cdeff100a1289239ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-14T14:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_DeterminacaoFuncaoTransferencia.pdf: 8874800 bytes, checksum: 2cd17e212f48c1cdeff100a1289239ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-02 / A tecnologia digital subscriber line (DSL) tem por objetivo explorar todo o potencial dos enlaces metálicos telefônicos no provimento de acesso em banda larga. Por outro lado, os enlaces metálicos podem apresentar capacidades de transmissão bem distintas devido a diferenças em suas topologias. Portanto, é importante mensurar a real capacidade de cada enlace antes da implantação do serviço DSL. Esse processo chama-se qualificação de enlaces. O cálculo da capacidade de transmissão de um enlace perpassa pela determinação de sua função de transferência. As técnicas de qualificação existentes determinam a função de transferência a partir da comunicação entre equipamentos na central e na casa do assinante ou indiretamente, a partir do conhecimento da topologia do enlace sob teste. Ambos os processos não são adequados num cenário de pré-implantação do serviço DSL, pois envolvem custos adicionais com envio de técnico a localidade do assinante, dependência de registros atualizados por parte das operadoras (quase nunca disponíveis) ou o emprego de técnicas sofisticadas de identificação de topologia. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente trabalho é propor um método de determinação da função de transferência de enlaces metálicos que não necessite de conhecimento prévio da topologia, que utilize somente informações coletadas na central telefônica e que não necessite de intervenção humana na localidade do assinante. Essencialmente, a forma geral do método do método proposto descreve analiticamente a função de transferência do enlace sob teste em função de suas impedâncias de entrada em curto-circuito e circuito aberto, vistas a partir da central, e da sua assimetria. Também foi desenvolvido um algoritmo o qual estima a impedância de entrada em curto-circuito a partir da detecção das envoltórias da impedância em circuito aberto. Ao utilizar esse estimador conjuntamente com a forma geral do método proposto, é possível determinar a função de transferência a partir de uma única medição de impedância feita na central e sem nenhuma intervenção humana na localidade do assinante. O método proposto foi avaliado em duas etapas distintas. Na primeira, avaliou-se o desempenho da forma geral do método. Os testes consistiram de comparação com um método de referência, usando dados simulados para três enlaces; aplicação do método proposto a uma bateria de dados simulados gerados a partir de um gerador arbitrário de topologias; e aplicação do método a medições de impedância realizadas em laboratório com oito enlaces reais. A segunda etapa diz respeito à aplicação conjunta da forma geral do método e do estimador de impedância em curto-circuito para dois dos enlaces medidos em laboratório. Os resultados obtidos para dados simulados demonstram que a forma geral do método proposto tem comprovada eficácia, fornecendo estimativas bem abaixo do limiar definido (< 3 dB por tom DSL). Para dados medidos, a forma geral do método determinou a função de transferência de sete dos enlaces com desvio por tom abaixo de 1,5 dB, mas falhou para o enlace com duas derivações, sendo uma junto à localidade do assinante. Com relação aos resultados para a aplicação conjunta da forma geral e do estimador, as estimativas de função de transferência foram equivalentes àquelas obtidas pela forma geral do método proposto, apesar de apresentarem desvios mais acentuados no início e no final da faixa de frequências. Esses desvios mais acentuados devem-se principalmente a versão atual do bloco de detecção de envoltórias do estimador de impedância em curto-circuito, que apresenta desempenho limitado, sobretudo para enlaces com mais de duas seções seriais. / The digital subscriber line (DSL) technology aims at exploiting the full potential of the telephone metallic lines on providing broadband access. On the other hand, the telephone lines may have distinct transmission capacities due to differences on their topologies. Therefore, it is important to measure the actual transmission capacity of each line before the DSL service deployment. This process is called line qualification. The determination of the transmission capacity of metallic lines requires previous determination of their transfer function. The existent qualification techniques determine the transfer function from the communication between equipments at the central office and the customer’s premises or indirectly, from knowledge about the topology of the line under test. Both processes are not in line with a pre-deployment scenario since they imply additional costs with the dispatching of technicians to the subscriber’s site, dependency of updated records about the telephone network (rarely available) or use of sophisticated line topology techniques. Therefore, the goal of this work is to propose a method for determining the transfer function of metallic lines with the following features: it does not need previous knowledge about the line topology, it uses information collected just at the central office (CO) and it does not require any human intervention at the subscriber’s site. Essentially, the general form of the proposed method analytically describes the transfer function of the line under test in function of its short and open-circuited input impedances, taken from the CO, and its asymmetry. Additionally, an algorithm that derives the short-circuited input impedance from the envelopes of the open-circuited one was developed. By applying this algorithm together with the general form of the proposed method, it is possible to determine the transfer function from just an open-circuited input impedance measurement and without any human intervention at the subscriber’s site. The proposed method was evaluated in two steps. The first step concerns the evaluation of the general form of the method. Specifically, the tests involve baseline comparison using simulated data for threeline topologies, application of the method to a bunch of simulated data generated from an arbitrary lines generator, and evaluation using measurements performed in laboratory for eight real test lines. The second step concerns the joint application of the general form of the method and the algorithm that estimates the short-circuited input impedance to measured data for two of the test lines reproduced in laboratory. The results for simulated data indicate that the general form of the proposed method is efficient, providing estimates well below the defined threshold (< 3 dB per DSL tone). For measurements, the general form of the method has estimated the transfer function of seven from the test lines with deviation per tone below 1.5 dB, but it failed for the line with two bridged-taps, being one very close to the subscriber’s site. Concerning the joint application of the general form of the proposed method and the algorithm that estimates the short-circuited input impedance, the transfer function estimations have been equivalent to those provided by the general form of the method, but with significant deviations in the beginning and in the end of the frequency band. These significant deviations are due to the current version of the envelope detector block of the algorithm that has limited performance, especially for lines with more than two serial sections.

This work is focused on the subject of the interference modelling for xDSL technologies. First, the xDSL technologies are explained. Following is the presentation and description of the different kinds of the xDSL technologies. The next part deals with the basic parameters of metallic cable lines – especially the primary and secondary parameters. Nowadays wider bandwidths are used for the achievement of higher data transmission rates. During a higher frequency signal transmission a more intensive line attenuation appears. To identify the transfer characteristics of the lines while using an xDSL system, mathematic models of transmission lines are applied. That is why these mathematic models are dealt with in the next chapter. At the end of this section the mathematic models are compared using the modular and phase characteristics. The main aim of the work is to describe the different impacts which influence the efficiency of the xDSL systems. First, the causes interfering from the inside of the cable are deeply explained: Near End Crosstalk (NEXT), Far End Crosstalk (FEXT), Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). Following is the explanation of the external interfering impacts: Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and Impulse Noise. The next goal of this thesis is a design of a workstation for the tests of spectral features and the efficiency of the xDSL systems. The work also presents a designed GUI application and its description. The GUI application is an instrument for the choice or data entry of the final interference. The last chapter describes a realization of a measurement and shows the measured characteristics which were recorded on the ADSL tester and oscilloscope.

The thesis concerns the problem of interference modelling for xDSL technologies and Ethernet. The introduction describes the origin of crosstalk, that arise during the operation of the systems and the physical properties of the lines, therefore, the next section describes the properties of the primary and secondary parameters of the homogenous line and their modelling. In order to achieve higher data rates on the metallic line, systems with larger frequency spectrum are applied, resulting in a greater attenuation of the line. This issue and the characteristics determination of the transmission systems are subjects of the mathematical models, which are divided according to the modelling of primary or secondary parameters. The main goal of this work is to describe the effects which influence the performance of data transfer via xDSL and Ethernet technology focusing on internal and external disturbances acting on the cable lines. This is the crosstalk at the near and far end, adaptive white noise, radio frequency interference RFI and impulse noise. Following part of the thesis deals with the properties of xDSL technologies, specifically ADSL2+ and VDSL2 and Ethernet. Another aim is to design applications which enable to test the performance of xDSL and Ethernet transmission systems with its own award simulations interference. The conclusion describes the design and implementation of laboratory experiments for measuring of the efficiency and spectral properties of xDSL. The proposed laboratory protocols are annexed to this thesis, including the measured waveforms.