Leishmaniasis is a disease circulating in endemic areas between sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) and reservoir hosts, which - in the case of Leishmania major - are principally rodents (Rodentia). Unlike in human patients, leishmaniasis is often asymptomatic in animal hosts. For transmission and maintenance of the parasite in nature, infectiousness of hosts for sand flies is essential; and the only method to directly test the infectiousness is xenodiagnosis. The main objective of this thesis is to establish a laboratory model for studying xenodiagnosis with L. major on inbred BALB/c mice and then to apply this model to potential reservoir ro- dents from the genus Mastomys. BALB/c mice were infected by intradermal inoculation of infective stages of L. major (iso- lated from sand fly guts) together with salivary gland homogenates from Phlebotomus duboscqi; infected mice were then exposed to P. duboscqi females for a period of ten weeks. Two inbred lines of BALB/c mice differed significantly in both the manifestation of the disease and infectiousness for sandflies. In BALB/c OlaHsdmice, great lesions were formed (up to 10 mm), mice were able to infect sand flies from the 2nd week after infection and their infec- tiousness reached up to 20.1% during the experiment. In BALB/c AnNCrl mice, only small...

Leishmania of subgenus Sauroleishmania are parasites of reptiles, most often lizards, and are not pathogenic for humans. Therefore, they are neglected group of pathogens and their life cycle is not well-known. They are transmitted probably by ingestion of infected vector which is usually considered as sand flies of genus Sergentomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae). Sauroleishmania are traditionally denominated in Hypopylaria and it is expected that their development is limited to sand fly hindgut. The main aim of this work is to summarize the present knowledge about Sauroleishmania life cycle and to elucidate some aspects of their development in the vector and host. In the first part of thesis we studied development of four Sauroleishmania species in various sand flies of genera Sergentomyia and Phlebotomus. Late-stage infections of Leishmania (S.) adleri and L. (S.) hoogstraali were found in six and two sand fly species, respectively. Hypopylarian infections of Leishmania (S.) adleri were found in Se. schwetzi, P. papatasi and P. sergenti, while in P. argentipes, P. orientalis and P. duboscqi this Sauroleishmania migrated anteriorly in the midgut (peripylarian development). Similar type of development was observed also in P. argentipes and P. orientalis infected by Leishmania (S.) hoogstraali. Both L....

Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 38 cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi oriundos de Araçatuba, São Paulo, área endêmica para leishmaniose visceral, e os quais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: o primeiro com 24 cães sintomáticos e, o outro, composto por 14 animais assintomáticos. Correlacionou-se a caracterização clínica (assintomáticos ou sintomáticos) com os: potencial em infectar o inseto vetor, padrão inflamatório da pele, perfil de imunidade celular e parasitismo tegumentar desses cães. Quanto ao número de formas amastigotas/mm2 no tegumento, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,1584), sendo que a densidade de parasitos na pele mostrou uma correlação positiva moderada com os títulos de anticorpos anti-Leishmania (p = 0,042). Quanto à infectividade ao vetor, evidenciada pelo xenodiagnóstico, 16 (66,7%) cães sintomáticos e 13 (93%) assintomáticos foram capazes em transmitir Leishmania aos flebotomíneos, dentre estes, respectivamente, seis (37,5%) e oito (61,5%) animais não apresentavam parasitismo cutâneo, embora todos, de ambos os grupos, tenham sido positivos quando da pesquisa de parasitos no linfonodo poplíteo. Observou-se um maior percentual de transmissibilidade para o vetor a partir de cães assintomáticos (p = 0,0494). As alterações histológicas cutâneas foram similares em ambos os grupos e se caracterizaram, de modo geral, por um infiltrado inflamatório, ora focal ora difuso, na derme, constituído, principalmente, por células mononucleares (macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos), variando de discreto a intenso. Quanto à caracterização da resposta imune celular no tegumento dos animais, somente a densidade (células/mm2) de células iNOS+ foi significantemente maior na derme dos cães sintomáticos quando comparado aos assintomáticos (p = 0,0368). Observou-se correlação positiva moderada entre a densidade de parasitos na pele e a densidade de macrófagos (p = 0,031), de células T CD4+ (p = 0,015) e CD8+ (p = 0,023), e, também, naquela de células iNOS+ relativamente a de células T CD3+ (p = 0,005), CD4+ (p = 0,001) e CD8+ (p = 0,0001). Verificou-se, ainda, correlação negativa moderada com o número de manifestações clínicas e/ou gravidade da enfermidade (p = 0,028), confirmando, assim, maior transmissibilidade de parasitos ao vetor, a partir de animais assintomáticos, demonstrando-se, dessa forma, que tais cães são fontes de infecção em potencial para insetos vetores em áreas endêmicas para leishmaniose visceral canina. / Thirty-eight dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi were randomly selected from Araçatuba of São Paulo state (Brazil), an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis. The subjects were distributed into two groups: the first comprising 24 symptomatic dogs and the second consisting of 14 asymptomatic dogs. Possible correlations of clinical characterization (in both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects) with potential to infect the insect vector, skin inflammatory pattern, cutaneous cellular immunity profile and cutaneous parasitism were investigated. Regarding to the number of cutaneous leishmania amastigotes/mm2, there was not a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.1584); density of skin parasites showed a moderate positive correlation with anti-Leishmania antibody titers (p = 0.042). Concerning to the infectivity to the insect vector, as evidenced by xenodiagnosis, 16 (66.7%) symptomatic and 13 (93%) asymptomatic dogs were able to transmit Leishmania to phlebotomines. Among these, six (37.5%) and eight (61.5%) dogs, respectivelly, did not show cutaneous parasitism, although all participant dogs were found positive when searching for parasites in the popliteal lymph nodes. Asymptomatic dogs showed higher transmissibility to the vector than symptomatic ones (p = 0.0494). Histological features in the skin were similar in both groups and were generally characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate, either diffuse or focal, in the dermis, mainly consisted of mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells), varying from mild to intense. Concerning characterization of the cutaneous cellular immune response, only iNOS+ cells density (cells/mm2) was significantly higher in the dermis of the symptomatic dogs compared to the asymptomatic ones (p = 0.0368). Moderate positive correlation between the cutaneous parasites density and the macrophages density (p = 0.031), the CD4+ T cells (p = 0.015) and CD8+ T cells (p = 0.023) were observed. Furthermore, density of iNOS+ cells in relation to CD3+ T cells (p = 0.005), CD4+ T cells (p = 0.001) and CD8+ T cells (p = 0.0001) were found positively correlated at a moderate level. It was also found a moderate negative correlation between cutaneous parasites density and the number of clinical signs and/or disease severity (p = 0.028), confirming grater parasites transmission to the vector from asymptomatic animals. It was therefore demonstrated that these dogs are potential sources of infection to insect vectors in endemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 38 cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi oriundos de Araçatuba, São Paulo, área endêmica para leishmaniose visceral, e os quais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: o primeiro com 24 cães sintomáticos e, o outro, composto por 14 animais assintomáticos. Correlacionou-se a caracterização clínica (assintomáticos ou sintomáticos) com os: potencial em infectar o inseto vetor, padrão inflamatório da pele, perfil de imunidade celular e parasitismo tegumentar desses cães. Quanto ao número de formas amastigotas/mm2 no tegumento, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,1584), sendo que a densidade de parasitos na pele mostrou uma correlação positiva moderada com os títulos de anticorpos anti-Leishmania (p = 0,042). Quanto à infectividade ao vetor, evidenciada pelo xenodiagnóstico, 16 (66,7%) cães sintomáticos e 13 (93%) assintomáticos foram capazes em transmitir Leishmania aos flebotomíneos, dentre estes, respectivamente, seis (37,5%) e oito (61,5%) animais não apresentavam parasitismo cutâneo, embora todos, de ambos os grupos, tenham sido positivos quando da pesquisa de parasitos no linfonodo poplíteo. Observou-se um maior percentual de transmissibilidade para o vetor a partir de cães assintomáticos (p = 0,0494). As alterações histológicas cutâneas foram similares em ambos os grupos e se caracterizaram, de modo geral, por um infiltrado inflamatório, ora focal ora difuso, na derme, constituído, principalmente, por células mononucleares (macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos), variando de discreto a intenso. Quanto à caracterização da resposta imune celular no tegumento dos animais, somente a densidade (células/mm2) de células iNOS+ foi significantemente maior na derme dos cães sintomáticos quando comparado aos assintomáticos (p = 0,0368). Observou-se correlação positiva moderada entre a densidade de parasitos na pele e a densidade de macrófagos (p = 0,031), de células T CD4+ (p = 0,015) e CD8+ (p = 0,023), e, também, naquela de células iNOS+ relativamente a de células T CD3+ (p = 0,005), CD4+ (p = 0,001) e CD8+ (p = 0,0001). Verificou-se, ainda, correlação negativa moderada com o número de manifestações clínicas e/ou gravidade da enfermidade (p = 0,028), confirmando, assim, maior transmissibilidade de parasitos ao vetor, a partir de animais assintomáticos, demonstrando-se, dessa forma, que tais cães são fontes de infecção em potencial para insetos vetores em áreas endêmicas para leishmaniose visceral canina. / Thirty-eight dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi were randomly selected from Araçatuba of São Paulo state (Brazil), an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis. The subjects were distributed into two groups: the first comprising 24 symptomatic dogs and the second consisting of 14 asymptomatic dogs. Possible correlations of clinical characterization (in both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects) with potential to infect the insect vector, skin inflammatory pattern, cutaneous cellular immunity profile and cutaneous parasitism were investigated. Regarding to the number of cutaneous leishmania amastigotes/mm2, there was not a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.1584); density of skin parasites showed a moderate positive correlation with anti-Leishmania antibody titers (p = 0.042). Concerning to the infectivity to the insect vector, as evidenced by xenodiagnosis, 16 (66.7%) symptomatic and 13 (93%) asymptomatic dogs were able to transmit Leishmania to phlebotomines. Among these, six (37.5%) and eight (61.5%) dogs, respectivelly, did not show cutaneous parasitism, although all participant dogs were found positive when searching for parasites in the popliteal lymph nodes. Asymptomatic dogs showed higher transmissibility to the vector than symptomatic ones (p = 0.0494). Histological features in the skin were similar in both groups and were generally characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate, either diffuse or focal, in the dermis, mainly consisted of mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells), varying from mild to intense. Concerning characterization of the cutaneous cellular immune response, only iNOS+ cells density (cells/mm2) was significantly higher in the dermis of the symptomatic dogs compared to the asymptomatic ones (p = 0.0368). Moderate positive correlation between the cutaneous parasites density and the macrophages density (p = 0.031), the CD4+ T cells (p = 0.015) and CD8+ T cells (p = 0.023) were observed. Furthermore, density of iNOS+ cells in relation to CD3+ T cells (p = 0.005), CD4+ T cells (p = 0.001) and CD8+ T cells (p = 0.0001) were found positively correlated at a moderate level. It was also found a moderate negative correlation between cutaneous parasites density and the number of clinical signs and/or disease severity (p = 0.028), confirming grater parasites transmission to the vector from asymptomatic animals. It was therefore demonstrated that these dogs are potential sources of infection to insect vectors in endemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis.

A cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common clinical form of human disease caused by parasite of the genus Leishmania. They are transmitted between the hosts by haematophagous females of dipteran sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. One of the major agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World is Leishmania major. The disease caused by this species is a zoonosis where rodents act as reservoir host. The parasite long time circulates between reservoir rodents and sand flies, while humans are infected only accidentaly in the focus of infection. Rodents of the genus Arvicanthis belongs to the most abundant in the African continent. The genus has evolved in Ethiopia from where it expanded to a major part of Sub - Saharan Africa and the delta of the river Nile. These rodents are very abundant in endemic locations of cutaneous and visceral leishmanias and fulfil many reservoir host criterias including repeated field findings of individuals infected by L. major and another Leishmania species in nature. However, their role in the disease cycle remains to be confirmed. A. neumanni used in this study is an East African species spread from Ethiopia and Somalia to Kenya and Tanzania. Animals were experimentally infected with three different L. major...

Este estudo avaliou a imunidade humoral e celular em cães naturalmente infectados com L. (L.) chagasi correlacionando com a transmissibilidade para o vetor. Soros e biópsias de baço, linfonodo e pele foram coletados de 120 cães provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do município de Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil. Os soros foram processados por ELISA para detecção de IgG, IgG1, IgG2 e IgE; e as biópsias foram processadas por técnicas histológicas usuais coradas pelo HE e imunoistoquímica para a detecção de parasito, macrófago e células T CD3. De acordo com os sinais clínicos, 65/120 (54%) cães foram classificados como sintomáticos e 55/120 (46%) como assintomáticos. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi confirmado em 71% dos sintomáticos e em 40% dos assintomáticos. A correlação dos sinais clínicos com parasitismo mostrou que a carga parasitária estava diretamente associada com cães sintomáticos (p<0.05). Em relação aos anticorpos específicos anti-L.(L.)chagasi, cães de área endêmica com diagnóstico parasitológico positivo mostraram maiores níveis de IgG total comparado com ambos os controles (p<0.05), sem diferença entre cães sintomáticos e assintomáticos. IgG1 esteve presente em baixos níveis e foi mais intensa no grupo sintomático parasito-positivo (p<0.05). Níveis mais elevados foram observados para IgG2 em cães de área endêmica (p<0.05), mas sem correlação com o parasitismo e sinais clínicos. IgE também esteve presente em baixos níveis, mas mostrou diferenças entre cães de área endêmica e cães de área não endêmica; e cães com diagnóstico parasitológico positivo mostrou níveis mais elevados que cães com diagnóstico parasitológico negativo (p<0.05). Histopatologicamente, linfonodos mostraram hiperplasia e hipertrofia de macrófagos na área medular e em muitos casos linfadenite granulomatosa. Na polpa branca do baço, hiperplasia folicular foi observada; e a polpa vermelha mostrou granulomas. As lesões de pele foram caracterizadas por infiltrado inflamatório crônico na derme formado por macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos; variando de discreto a intenso, assim como de focal a difuso. Foi evidente a presença de granulomas epitelióides na pele de alguns animais. Imunoistoquímica mostrou presença de células marcadas pelo anticorpo anti-macrófago e anti-CD3 em 100% dos baços e linfonodos variando de intensidade entre discreto e intenso. Na pele, macrófagos foram positivos em 90% e células CD3 em 39% dos casos. Houve associação direta entre baixa expressão de células CD3 e alto parasitismo na pele. Animais assintomáticos mostraram baixa expressão de macrófagos junto com baixo parasitismo na pele. Em relação ao xenodiagnóstico, no 4o dia depois da alimentação, as fêmeas dos vetores foram dissecadas e examinadas para observação de parasitos no intestino. Formas promastigotas foram observadas em 27% das fêmeas que se alimentaram em cães sintomáticos e em 42% das fêmeas que se alimentaram em cães assintomáticos. A técnica da PCR foi também utilizada para avaliar as fêmeas positivas depois do xenodiagnóstico. DNA de Leishmania foi detectado em 24% das fêmeas que se alimentaram em cães sintomáticos e em 34% das fêmeas que se alimentaram em cães assintomáticos. Os dados mostraram que a imunidade humoral e celular não teve correlação direta com as formas clínicas de leishmaniose canina. A alta porcentagem de vetores infectados na alimentação em cães assintomáticos mostra a importância destes animais na transmissibilidade para o vetor. / These studies evaluate humoral and cellular immunity in dogs naturally infected with L. (L.) chagasi correlating to the transmissibility to the vector. Serum and biopsy from spleen, lymph node and skin were collected from 120 dogs referred to the Center of Zoonosis Control of Araçatuba city, São Paulo, Brazil. The sera were processed by ELISA for IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgE detection; and the biopsies were processed usual histological techniques stained by HE and immunohistochemistry for parasite, macrophage and T CD3 cells detection. According to the clinical signs, 65/120 (54%) dogs were classified as symptomatic and 55/120 (46%) as asymptomatic. Parasitological diagnosis was confirmed in 71% of symptomatic and in 40% of asymptomatic dogs. The correlation of clinical signs and parasitism showed that parasite burden was directly associated with symptomatic dogs (p<0.05). Concerning to L.(L.)chagasi-specific antibodies, dogs from the endemic area with positive parasitological diagnosis showed high levels of total IgG compared to both controls (p<0.05), without difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. IgG1 was present at low levels and was more intense in the parasite-positive symptomatic group (p<0.05). More elevated levels were observed for IgG2 in dogs from endemic area (p<0.05), but with no correlation to parasitism and clinical signs. IgE was also present at low levels, but showed differences between dogs from non-endemic and endemic areas; and dogs with positive parasitological diagnosis showed higher levels than dogs with negative parasitological diagnosis (p<0.05). Histopathologically, lymph nodes showed macrophage hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the medullary area and in many cases granulomatous lymphadenitis. In the white pulp of the spleen, follicular hyperplasia was observed; and the red pulp showed granulomas. The skin lesions were characterized by dermal chronic inflammatory infiltrate formed by macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells; it varied between descreet to intense, as well as focal to diffuse. The epithelioid granulomas were evident in the skin of some animals. Immunohistochemistry showed presence of labeled cells by anti-macrophage and anti-CD3+ antibodies in 100% of spleen and lymph nodes varying the intensity between mild to intense. Macrophage was positive in 90% of the skin and CD3 cells in 39%. There was a direct association between lower CD3 cells expression and higher parasite burden in the skin. Asymptomatic animals showed lower macrophage expression together with lower parasitism in the skin. Concerning to the xenodiagnosis, on the 4th day after the blood meal, female flies were dissected and examined for visible parasites in the gut. Promastigotes forms were observed in 27% of female which fed in symptomatic dogs and in 42% of female which fed in asymptomatic dogs. PCR technique was also used to evaluate the positive females after the xenodiagnosis. Leishmania DNA was detected in 24% of female which fed in symptomatic dogs and in 34% of female which fed in asymptomatic dogs. The data showed that the humoral and cellular immune response not has direct correlation to the clinical form of canine leishmaniasis. The high percentage of sand flies female infected by feeding in the asymptomatic dogs show the importance these animals on the parasite transmissibility to the vector.

Este estudo avaliou a imunidade humoral e celular em cães naturalmente infectados com L. (L.) chagasi correlacionando com a transmissibilidade para o vetor. Soros e biópsias de baço, linfonodo e pele foram coletados de 120 cães provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do município de Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil. Os soros foram processados por ELISA para detecção de IgG, IgG1, IgG2 e IgE; e as biópsias foram processadas por técnicas histológicas usuais coradas pelo HE e imunoistoquímica para a detecção de parasito, macrófago e células T CD3. De acordo com os sinais clínicos, 65/120 (54%) cães foram classificados como sintomáticos e 55/120 (46%) como assintomáticos. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi confirmado em 71% dos sintomáticos e em 40% dos assintomáticos. A correlação dos sinais clínicos com parasitismo mostrou que a carga parasitária estava diretamente associada com cães sintomáticos (p<0.05). Em relação aos anticorpos específicos anti-L.(L.)chagasi, cães de área endêmica com diagnóstico parasitológico positivo mostraram maiores níveis de IgG total comparado com ambos os controles (p<0.05), sem diferença entre cães sintomáticos e assintomáticos. IgG1 esteve presente em baixos níveis e foi mais intensa no grupo sintomático parasito-positivo (p<0.05). Níveis mais elevados foram observados para IgG2 em cães de área endêmica (p<0.05), mas sem correlação com o parasitismo e sinais clínicos. IgE também esteve presente em baixos níveis, mas mostrou diferenças entre cães de área endêmica e cães de área não endêmica; e cães com diagnóstico parasitológico positivo mostrou níveis mais elevados que cães com diagnóstico parasitológico negativo (p<0.05). Histopatologicamente, linfonodos mostraram hiperplasia e hipertrofia de macrófagos na área medular e em muitos casos linfadenite granulomatosa. Na polpa branca do baço, hiperplasia folicular foi observada; e a polpa vermelha mostrou granulomas. As lesões de pele foram caracterizadas por infiltrado inflamatório crônico na derme formado por macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos; variando de discreto a intenso, assim como de focal a difuso. Foi evidente a presença de granulomas epitelióides na pele de alguns animais. Imunoistoquímica mostrou presença de células marcadas pelo anticorpo anti-macrófago e anti-CD3 em 100% dos baços e linfonodos variando de intensidade entre discreto e intenso. Na pele, macrófagos foram positivos em 90% e células CD3 em 39% dos casos. Houve associação direta entre baixa expressão de células CD3 e alto parasitismo na pele. Animais assintomáticos mostraram baixa expressão de macrófagos junto com baixo parasitismo na pele. Em relação ao xenodiagnóstico, no 4o dia depois da alimentação, as fêmeas dos vetores foram dissecadas e examinadas para observação de parasitos no intestino. Formas promastigotas foram observadas em 27% das fêmeas que se alimentaram em cães sintomáticos e em 42% das fêmeas que se alimentaram em cães assintomáticos. A técnica da PCR foi também utilizada para avaliar as fêmeas positivas depois do xenodiagnóstico. DNA de Leishmania foi detectado em 24% das fêmeas que se alimentaram em cães sintomáticos e em 34% das fêmeas que se alimentaram em cães assintomáticos. Os dados mostraram que a imunidade humoral e celular não teve correlação direta com as formas clínicas de leishmaniose canina. A alta porcentagem de vetores infectados na alimentação em cães assintomáticos mostra a importância destes animais na transmissibilidade para o vetor. / These studies evaluate humoral and cellular immunity in dogs naturally infected with L. (L.) chagasi correlating to the transmissibility to the vector. Serum and biopsy from spleen, lymph node and skin were collected from 120 dogs referred to the Center of Zoonosis Control of Araçatuba city, São Paulo, Brazil. The sera were processed by ELISA for IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgE detection; and the biopsies were processed usual histological techniques stained by HE and immunohistochemistry for parasite, macrophage and T CD3 cells detection. According to the clinical signs, 65/120 (54%) dogs were classified as symptomatic and 55/120 (46%) as asymptomatic. Parasitological diagnosis was confirmed in 71% of symptomatic and in 40% of asymptomatic dogs. The correlation of clinical signs and parasitism showed that parasite burden was directly associated with symptomatic dogs (p<0.05). Concerning to L.(L.)chagasi-specific antibodies, dogs from the endemic area with positive parasitological diagnosis showed high levels of total IgG compared to both controls (p<0.05), without difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. IgG1 was present at low levels and was more intense in the parasite-positive symptomatic group (p<0.05). More elevated levels were observed for IgG2 in dogs from endemic area (p<0.05), but with no correlation to parasitism and clinical signs. IgE was also present at low levels, but showed differences between dogs from non-endemic and endemic areas; and dogs with positive parasitological diagnosis showed higher levels than dogs with negative parasitological diagnosis (p<0.05). Histopathologically, lymph nodes showed macrophage hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the medullary area and in many cases granulomatous lymphadenitis. In the white pulp of the spleen, follicular hyperplasia was observed; and the red pulp showed granulomas. The skin lesions were characterized by dermal chronic inflammatory infiltrate formed by macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells; it varied between descreet to intense, as well as focal to diffuse. The epithelioid granulomas were evident in the skin of some animals. Immunohistochemistry showed presence of labeled cells by anti-macrophage and anti-CD3+ antibodies in 100% of spleen and lymph nodes varying the intensity between mild to intense. Macrophage was positive in 90% of the skin and CD3 cells in 39%. There was a direct association between lower CD3 cells expression and higher parasite burden in the skin. Asymptomatic animals showed lower macrophage expression together with lower parasitism in the skin. Concerning to the xenodiagnosis, on the 4th day after the blood meal, female flies were dissected and examined for visible parasites in the gut. Promastigotes forms were observed in 27% of female which fed in symptomatic dogs and in 42% of female which fed in asymptomatic dogs. PCR technique was also used to evaluate the positive females after the xenodiagnosis. Leishmania DNA was detected in 24% of female which fed in symptomatic dogs and in 34% of female which fed in asymptomatic dogs. The data showed that the humoral and cellular immune response not has direct correlation to the clinical form of canine leishmaniasis. The high percentage of sand flies female infected by feeding in the asymptomatic dogs show the importance these animals on the parasite transmissibility to the vector.