Magnetic nanoparticles are used in nanotechnologies and biomedical applications, such as drug targeting, hyperthermia, MRI contrasting agents, and bio-separation of compound solutions. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles stand to be effective in these roles due to the non-toxic nature of magnetite and its ease of manufacture. To this end, a greater understanding of the magnetic behavior of the individual magnetite nanoparticles is needed when a collection of them is used. This research seeks to discover the local magnetic ordering of ensembles of magnetite nanoparticles at various stages of the magnetization process, temperatures above and below their blocking temperature, and for various particle sizes. We use x-ray circular dichroism and x-ray resonant magnetic scattering (XRMS), which provides information about the magnetic orders in the samples. Here we discuss the modeling of the magnetic scattering data using a one-dimensional chain of nanoparticles in real space as well as an empirical Gaussian packet model in reciprocal space. We find that at low temperature, and field values close to the coercive point, magnetite nanoparticles experience a significant amount of antiferromagnetic ordering that increases with particle size.

Cette thèse porte sur les propriétés magnétiques et structurales de MnAs/GaAs(001) et sur la dynamique photo-induite du système hétéroépitaxial Fe/MnAs/GaAs(001). MnAs présente une séquence inhabituelle de transitions de phases magnéto-structurales. En volume, α-MnAs est hexagonal et ferromagnétique (FM). A 313 K, il transite (1er ordre) vers β-MnAs, perd son ordre FM et devient orthorhombique. A 400 K, il transite (2nd ordre) vers γ-MnAs, hexagonale et paramagnétique. En couche mince épitaxiée sur GaAs(001), α- et β-MnAs coexistent entre 283 et 313K sous la forme de bandes auto-organisées avec alternance des phases ce qui permet l’émergence d’un champ magnétique dipolaire de surface. Ce champ permet de manipuler via la température, et sans champ magnétique appliqué, l’aimantation de Fe, ou encore localement via une impulsion laser femtoseconde. Des mesures ont été réalisées sur ce système par effet Kerr magnéto-optique (MOKE) et par diffusion résonante des rayons X (XRMS). La XRMS donne accès à l’évolution en température des bandes et à l’aimantation de chacune des couches (aux seuils L3 de Fe et de Mn). Il est montré que les cycles de chaque couche peuvent être obtenus aussi bien par MOKE que par XRMS grâce à la linéarité de la réponse MOKE. La dynamique structurale photo-induite de MnAs/GaAs(001) a aussi été étudiée par diffraction des rayons X résolue en temps sur des temps allant de la picoseconde à la microseconde. Ces résultats mettent en évidence l’excitation de phonons cohérents, la génération d’une onde de déformation, la nucléation de la phase γ et enfin la formation transitoire de bandes auto-organisées pendant la phase de refroidissement. Ces résultats ont été corrélés aux résultats sur le renversement de l’aimantation du fer dans Fe/MnAs et un mécanisme est proposé. / The subject of this thesis is the study of the magnetic and structural properties of MnAs/GaAs(001) and of the photoinduced phase transition dynamics in MnAs/GaAs(001). MnAs exhibits a peculiar sequence of magneto-structural phase transitions. In the bulk, α-MnAs is hexagonal and ferromagnetic (FM). At 313K, it transits (1st order) towards β-MnAs becoming orthorhombic and FM order is lost. At 400K, it transits (2nd order) towards γ-MnAs becoming paramagnetic and hexagonal. When MnAs is grown epitaxially on GaAs(001), α and β phases coexist in the form of self-organized stripes with alternating phases, which permits the appearance of a dipolar magnetic field close to the surface. This field allows the manipulation of the Fe magnetization via the temperature, without applying magnetic field, or locally via a femtosecond laser pulse. Measurements were made using magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) and X-ray resonant scattering (XRMS). The XRMS gives access to the evolution of the stripes with the temperature and to the magnetization of each layer (at the L3 edge of Fe and Mn). Hysteresis cycles of magnetic layers can be obtained by XRMS and also by MOKE thanks to the linearity of the response. The photo-induced structural dynamics of MnAs/GaAs(001) was also studied by time-resolved X-ray diffraction from the picosecond to the microsecond timescales. The results evidence the excitation of coherent phonons, the generation of a strain wave, the nucleation of the γ phase, and finally the transient formation of self-organized stripes during the cooling phase. These results provide insight into the Fe magnetization reversal process in Fe/MnAs/GaAs(001) and a mechanism is proposed.

<p>In this thesis the magnetic and structural properties of ultra-thin 3d transition metals films have been investigated, in particular Fe, Ni and Co films. X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) has provided element specific spin (m_s ) and orbital (m_l ) moments per atom by utilizing the magneto optic sum-rules. Element specific hysteresis curves have been measured by means of X-ray Resonant Magnetic Scattering (XRMS), and the local crystallographic structure has been investigated using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). </p><p>By performing XMCD on Fe/Ag(100) we observe a spin reorientation from in-plane to out-of-plane as the Fe thickness is lowered. At temperatures below 300K it occurs around 5-7 mono layers (ML) of Fe. While reorienting the magnetization out-of-plane the orbital moment increases with 125% but only a minor increase (5%) of the spin moment is observed. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements indicate that films 6 ML and thicker have a bulk-like bcc structure. For the thin out-of-plane films, the local crystallographic structure is more complicated. </p><p>The spin reorientation of the Au/Co/Au tri-layer system has been studied as a function of temperature, Co layer and Au cap thickness. An unexpected behavior of the orbital moment upon spin reorientation is found in these systems. An ex-situ prepared sample shows a smooth spin reorientation from an in-plane to an out-of-plane easy magnetization direction as the temperature is lowered from 300K to 200K. In-situ prepared samples have also been investigated and a novel phase diagram has been identified. The Au/Co interface has been explored during the Au capping by means of photoemission measurements. </p><p>In the bi- and tri-layer system of Fe and Ni we have been able to manipulate the spin reorientation by varying the Fe and Ni thickness. A novel non-collinear interlayer exchange interaction for 3d ferro magnets in direct contact has been discovered for a set of samples. This exchange interaction is found to be strongly dependant on the preparation conditions.</p>

In this thesis the magnetic and structural properties of ultra-thin 3d transition metals films have been investigated, in particular Fe, Ni and Co films. X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) has provided element specific spin (ms ) and orbital (ml ) moments per atom by utilizing the magneto optic sum-rules. Element specific hysteresis curves have been measured by means of X-ray Resonant Magnetic Scattering (XRMS), and the local crystallographic structure has been investigated using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). By performing XMCD on Fe/Ag(100) we observe a spin reorientation from in-plane to out-of-plane as the Fe thickness is lowered. At temperatures below 300K it occurs around 5-7 mono layers (ML) of Fe. While reorienting the magnetization out-of-plane the orbital moment increases with 125% but only a minor increase (5%) of the spin moment is observed. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements indicate that films 6 ML and thicker have a bulk-like bcc structure. For the thin out-of-plane films, the local crystallographic structure is more complicated. The spin reorientation of the Au/Co/Au tri-layer system has been studied as a function of temperature, Co layer and Au cap thickness. An unexpected behavior of the orbital moment upon spin reorientation is found in these systems. An ex-situ prepared sample shows a smooth spin reorientation from an in-plane to an out-of-plane easy magnetization direction as the temperature is lowered from 300K to 200K. In-situ prepared samples have also been investigated and a novel phase diagram has been identified. The Au/Co interface has been explored during the Au capping by means of photoemission measurements. In the bi- and tri-layer system of Fe and Ni we have been able to manipulate the spin reorientation by varying the Fe and Ni thickness. A novel non-collinear interlayer exchange interaction for 3d ferro magnets in direct contact has been discovered for a set of samples. This exchange interaction is found to be strongly dependant on the preparation conditions.