There are two markable ocean going container liners, Evergreen maritime corporation¡]EMC¡^ and Yang Ming maritime corporation¡]YML¡^, in Taiwan. They are listed in the top20 container liners of the world and operating with good repution in this industry. The Evergreen has launched a global service with both the east and the west bound since 1984, and then it continuously expanded bussiness scale and became the biggest container liner around the world in 1985. At same time, YML created a new service model between the Europe-FarEast-North America by pedulum. Therefore, they are the leaders in the shipping industry. They are also honors to our country. The container has initiated in 1960s. After delveloping for decades, the transportation of the container has become as a maturity industry and been competing violently. There were ten great container liners, Mersk/ P&OCL, NOL/ NYK, K-LINE/ MOL, APL/ OOCL and YML/ HANJIN, forming joint venture in 1991. The main container liners became four big global alliances in 1994. And then they regrouped in 1996 and 1999. These few alliances share most part of the market of the world. The local outstanding liner YML, which just shares 1.7% of the market, organizated a ¡§CKYH¡¨ group with COSCO, K-LINE and HANJIN to enhance competition in 2002. However, the Evergreen still keeps as a main outsider of the alliances. The management models of these two local markable liners, Evergreen and YangMing Line, are different. Evergreen is a private company. Nevertheless, the YangMing Line which used to belong to the government and become privatized in 1996. Anyway, both of them have been operating with competition and performing excellently. What kind of strategies did they use before? What are the strategies they are using now? In this paper the author tried to find the strategies of these two companies and create a model of both development and competition for the shipping industry of the container.

Syfte Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka böjhållfastheten hos flerskiktad zirkonia bestående av olika materialsammansättningar, före och efter termocykling. Material och metod Utifrån åtta flerskiktade zirkonia-diskar av materialet KatanaTM Zirconia YML, framställdes trettiotvå provkroppar ur två olika nivåer i disken för att få med två olika skiktövergångar, Emalj - Body 1 (E-B1) och Body 2 - Body 3 (B2-B3). Sexton provkroppar framställdes för kontrollgrupp utav materialet KatanaTM Zirconia UTML. Provkropparna utformades enligt ISO:6872 med 14 mm i diameter och 1,2 mm i tjocklek. Provkropparna polerades i försintrat tillstånd enligt ett förtestat poleringsschema. Efter poleringen sintrades provkropparna och polerades återigen. Hälften av provkropparna termocyklades i 10 000 cykler (T) mellan två bad med destillerat vatten med temperaturer på 5(±2)°C och 55(±5)°C. Provkropparna utsattes för ett biaxialt böjhållfasthetstest och resultaten analyserades med One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test med signifikansnivå på α = 0,05. Resultat B2-B3T hade signifikant högre böjhållfasthet än alla grupper förutom B2-B3. B2-B3 hade en signifikant högre böjhållfasthet än E-B1. Kontrollgrupperna uppvisade signifikant lägre böjhållfasthet gentemot grupperna B2-B3 och B2-B3T. Kontrollgrupp K visade även signifikant lägre böjhållfasthet gentemot E-B1 och E-B1T. Ingen signifikant skillnad i böjhållfasthet fanns mellan grupperna E-B1T och B2-B3. Ingen av grupperna bestående av samma skikt påvisade signifikant skillnad i jämförelse med sin termocyklade motsvarighet.   Slutsats Böjhållfasthet i flerskiktad zirkonia av olika materialsammansättningar varierar beroende på var i disken konstruktionen placeras. Termocykling i 10 000 cykler påverkar inte böjhållfastheten i flerskiktad zirkonia. / Purpose  The purpose of the present studies was to investigate the flexural strength of multilayer zirconia, consisting of different material compositions, before and after thermocycling. Material and method From KatanaTM Zirconia YML discs, thirty-two specimens were prepared from two levels in the disc with a layer transition, Enamel - Body 1 (E-B1) and Body 2 - Body 3 (B2-B3). Sixteen specimens of KatanaTM Zirconia UTML were prepared as control groups. The specimens were designed according to ISO:6872 with diameter of 14 mm and thickness of 1.2 mm and polished in pre-sintered and fully sintered state. Half of the specimens were thermocycled for 10,000 (T) cycles between two baths with temperatures of 5(±2)°C and 55(±5)°C. The specimens were subjected to a biaxial flexural strength test. Results were analyzed with One-way ANOVA, Tukey's test with a significance level of α = 0.05. Results B2-B3T showed significantly higher flexural strength than all groups except B2-B3. B2-B3 had a significantly higher flexural strength than E-B1. The control groups showed significantly lower flexural strength compared to groups B2-B3 and B2-B3T. Control group K showed significantly lower flexural strength compared to groups E-B1 and E-B1T. There were no significant differences in flexural strength between groups E-B1T and B2-B3.Groups showed no significant difference with their thermocycled counterparts. Conclusion The flexural strength in multilayer zirconia of different material compositions varies depending on where in the disc the restoration is placed. Thermocycling for 10,000 cycles does not affect the flexural strength of multilayer zirconia.