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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Spatial Correlation and Facilitation Between <i>Dreissena</i> and <i>Hexagenia</i>: Possible Food-Web Disruption?

DeVanna, Kristen M. January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
72

Population Genetic Structure and Biogeographic Patterns in the Yellow Perch <i>Perca flavescens</i>: An Analysis of Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Markers

Sepulveda Villet, Osvaldo Jhonatan January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
73

Spatial and temporal population dynamics of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake Erie

Yu, Hao 19 August 2010 (has links)
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake Erie support valuable commercial and recreational fisheries critical to the local economy and society. The study of yellow perch's temporal and spatial population dynamics is important for both stock assessment and fisheries management. I explore the spatial and temporal variation of the yellow perch population by analyzing the fishery-independent surveys in Lake Erie. Model-based approaches were developed to estimate the relative abundance index, which reflected the temporal variation of the population. I also used design-based approaches to deal with the situation in which population density varied both spatially and temporally. I first used model-based approaches to explore the spatial and temporal variation of the yellow perch population and to develop the relative abundance index needed. Generalized linear models (GLM), spatial generalized linear models (s-GLM), and generalized additive models (GAM) were compared by examining the goodness-of-fit, reduction of spatial autocorrelation, and prediction errors from cross-validation. The relationship between yellow perch density distribution and spatial and environmental factors was also studied. I found that GAM showed the best goodness-of-fit shown as AIC and lowest prediction errors but s-GLM resulted in the best reduction of spatial autocorrelation. Both performed better than GLM for yellow perch relative abundance index estimation. I then applied design-based approaches to study the spatial and temporal population dynamics of yellow perch through both practical data analysis and simulation. The currently used approach in Lake Erie is stratified random sampling (StRS). Traditional sampling designs (simple random sampling (SRS) and StRS) and adaptive sampling designs (adaptive two-phase sampling (ATS), adaptive cluster sampling (ACS), and adaptive two-stage sequential sampling (ATSS)) for fishery-independent surveys were compared. From accuracy and precision aspect, ATS performed better than the SRS, StRS, ACS and ATSS for yellow perch fishery-independent survey data in Lake Erie. Model-based approaches were further studied by including geostatistical models. The performance of the GLM and GAM models and geostatistical models (spatial interpolation) were compared when they are used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of the yellow perch population through a simulation study. This is the first time that these two types of model- based approaches have been compared in fisheries. I found that arithmetic mean (AM) method was only preferred when neither environment factors nor spatial information of sampling locations were available. If the survey can not cover the distribution area of the population due to biased design or lack of sampling locations, GLMs and GAMs are preferable to spatial interpolation (SI). Otherwise, SI is a good alternative model to estimate relative abundance index. SI has rarely been realized in fisheries. Different models may be recommended for different species/fisheries when we estimate their spatial-temporal dynamics, and also the most appropriate survey designs may be different for different species. However, the criteria and approaches for the comparison of both model-based and design-based approaches will be applied for different species or fisheries. / Ph. D.
74

Petit poisson deviendra grand? : évaluation du rôle de la contamination chimique dans le déclin des populations de perchaudes (Perca flavescens) du lac Saint-Pierre

Khadra, Mélissa 05 1900 (has links)
La qualité de l'eau du lac Saint-Pierre (LSP), le plus grand lac fluvial du fleuve Saint-Laurent, est notamment compromise par le déversement d’une mixture composée de métaux et de pesticides provenant des rejets des industries, des effluents municipaux et de l’exploitation des terres agricoles dans son bassin versant. Cette contamination est d'autant plus importante dans les zones du lac caractérisées par une végétation dense favorisant la rétention et la sédimentation de la matière en suspension. Or, ces herbiers aquatiques, qui occupent de vastes étendues du LSP, servent de frayère pour plusieurs poissons, dont la perchaude (Perca flavescens). Cette espèce est donc particulièrement affectée par la dégradation des habitats aquatiques du LSP. À la suite d’un déclin important de ses populations depuis la fin des années 1990 en raison de son important intérêt commercial et sportif, un moratoire de cinq ans sur la pêche de la perchaude a été imposé en 2012 et reconduit jusqu’en 2022, puisque l’incapacité de rétablissement des populations de perchaudes semble persister. La présente étude vise à évaluer l'hypothèse que cette incapacité de rétablissement, qui se reflète par un recrutement déficient, soit en partie attribuable à l'impact de la contamination chimique sur la reproduction, soit par des effets toxiques potentiels sur les femelles ovigères, sur les œufs ou sur les jeunes larves pendant les premiers mois. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué l’hypothèse que le glyphosate, herbicide à large spectre et ingrédient actif de la formulation Roundup®, ait un impact indirect sur les jeunes perchaudes en décimant les communautés de biofilms périphytiques, source d’alimentation des invertébrés dont se nourrissent les jeunes larves. Cette suite d’effets contribuerait à l’accroissement de la mortalité hivernale des jeunes de l’année, due à une insuffisance de ressources énergétiques. Or, nos résultats démontrent que peu importe l’âge, et par le fait même l’épaisseur des biofilms, le glyphosate, en concentrations environnementales réalistes, ne semble pas impacter négativement la composition des communautés ou le métabolisme de la chlorophylle des biofilms. Seul l’âge (2 mois, 1 an, 20 ans) de ces derniers semblait en effet influencer la composition taxonomique des communautés. Nous avons cependant observé une augmentation de l’abondance relative d’Anabaena, un taxon de cyanobactérie toxique qui possède une forme résistante rare de l’enzyme EPSPS, cible principale du mode d’action du glyphosate. Cette étude contribue à l’avancement des connaissances sur les effets de l’herbicide le plus utilisé à l’échelle mondiale, actuellement au cœur de préoccupations d’intérêt international. Nous avons également évalué le potentiel de toxicité associé au transfert maternel du mercure et du sélénium chez la perchaude à l’aide de techniques de fractionnement subcellulaire. Le mercure est un contaminant d’intérêt en raison de son omniprésence dans l’environnement ainsi que de ses effets néfastes sur la reproduction des poissons à de très faibles concentrations. Il a également été démontré que des ratios molaires Se:Hg supérieurs à 1 atténuaient les effet néfastes du mercure. Nos résultats démontrent une évidence de transfert maternel de la femelle à ses œufs, mais également aux mitochondries gonadiques, principales composantes sensibles de la cellule. Le transfert maternel représentant la source d’exposition aux contaminants la plus importante pour les embryons, nos observations pourraient contribuer à expliquer le recrutement déficient des jeunes perchaudes au LSP. Nous avons également mesuré des ratios molaires Se:Hg systématiquement supérieurs à 1 dans les différentes fractions subcellulaires hépatiques et gonadiques, résultats novateurs qui laissent sous-entendre un effet protecteur du Se. Puisque nous avons confirmé l’occurrence d’un transfert maternel du mercure, l’étape logique subséquente était d’évaluer la bioaccumulation de ce contaminant au sein des différents stades ontogéniques du cycle de vie de la perchaude. Les stades embryo-larvaires et juvéniles précoces sont en effet des phases particulièrement sensibles aux contaminants organiques et inorganiques. Nos résultats démontrent que les concentrations de MeHg décroissent suivant un patron ontogénique, avec les plus hautes concentrations mesurées chez les juvéniles et les plus basses dans les masses d’œufs. Nous avons également démontré que presque 100% du mercure était présent sous forme de MeHg, forme toxique et bioamplifiable, chez les larves et les juvéniles. Les ratios molaires Se:Hg étaient quant à eux systématiquement supérieurs à 1, résultats comblant d’importantes lacunes au niveau des effets antagonistes entre le mercure et le sélénium chez les poissons. Les résultats découlant des présents travaux de recherche ont un impact important sur la science de l’écotoxicologie en raison de leur caractère novateur. Tout d’abord, nous avons contribué à l’avancement des connaissances sur l’impact de concentrations environnementales de glyphosate sur des biofilms d’âge très contrasté. Ensuite, nous avons, pour la première fois, utilisé des outils de fractionnement subcellulaire afin d’évaluer le potentiel de toxicité lié au transfert maternel du mercure. Enfin, nous rapportons les premières données liées à la bioaccumulation simultanée du mercure et du sélénium aux stades de vie clés du développement de la perchaude. La présente thèse s’avère ainsi nécessaire afin de contribuer au progrès du savoir sur le devenir de certains contaminants d’intérêt au sein des écosystèmes aquatiques. / Lake Saint Pierre (LSP) is the largest fluvial lake in the Saint Lawrence River. Water quality in LSP is heavily affected by inputs of nutrients and chemical pollution from tributaries which drain agricultural watersheds, from municipal effluents and from industrial discharges. This contamination is amplified in areas of LSP with dense vegetation because aquatic plants promote the retention and sedimentation of dissolved and particulate matter. Several fish species, including Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), use these aquatic vegetation beds as their spawning grounds and are therefore particularly affected by the contamination of aquatic habitats in LSP. This study therefore tests the hypothesis that chemical contamination in Yellow Perch (YP) during their early life stages can help explain this species’ lack of resilience despite the implementation of a fishing moratorium in 2012. This moratorium was extended until 2022 since populations are still undergoing a recruitment failure and a decline in juvenile abundance populations. The phosphonate herbicide glyphosate, which is the active ingredient in Roundup®, is currently the most widely used herbicide in the world. Glyphosate-based herbicides are sprayed on food and feed crops during cultivation and are thus subject to leaching to streams and rivers. In aquatic ecosystems, periphytic biofilms, or periphyton, are important primary producers and are often the first trophic level to be in contact with runoff waters. Thus, a trophic cascade could occur if these biofilms are negatively impacted by glyphosate, potentially leading to larval fish mortality due to resource limitation. Results showed that submersion period (2 months, 1 year, 20 years) was the only significant contributor to community structure. However, the glyphosate-resistant Cyanobacteria Anabaena was found to be favoured by the use of glyphosate. This freshwater Cyanobacteria commonly forms toxic blooms, raising concern regarding the use of glyphosate. For all colonization stages, and therefore different thicknesses, chlorophyll a did not show an unequivocal decline over time. This study therefore provides an interesting snapshot of the biological processes related to periphytic biofilms’ exposure to environmental concentrations of glyphosate. As this herbicide is currently of international concern, it is imperative to contribute to the advancement of knowledge about its effects. Mercury (Hg) is a trace element of particular concern since it is ubiquitous in the environment and because its methylated form (MeHg) readily bioaccumulates and biomagnifies in food webs. This latter process leads to elevated Hg concentrations in fish and thus induces toxicity. Maternal transfer of bioaccumulated contaminants to offspring is a suggested mechanism of impaired reproductive success in fish. We therefore assessed the toxicity potential of Hg during maternal transfer in YP from LSP using a sub-cellular partitioning approach. Results showed a strong relationship between Hg bioaccumulation in the liver and Hg concentrations in gonadal mitochondria, which corroborates the potential toxicity of maternal transfer. As selenium is a well-studied Hg antagonist, we also measured the Se:Hg molar ratios in all subcellular fractions. We found that these ratios were systematically above 1, which is the suggested threshold for Hg toxicity alleviation through sequestration by Se. Since early developmental stages in aquatic biota are particularly sensitive to Hg, and after confirming the evidence of maternal transfer, we subsequently addressed Hg bioaccumulation in all parts of YP life cycle. This study is the first of its kind to follow Hg and Se during YP ontogenetic development, from the gravid female to the juvenile. Results show that MeHg follow an ontogenetic pattern, with concentrations decreasing from the juveniles to egg masses. We also found that nearly 100% of THg was measured as the toxic form MeHg in larvae and juveniles. Lastly, Se:Hg molar ratios were systematically above 1, suggesting a potentially protective effect of Se on Hg bioaccumulation. This study will thus provide much needed information on the changes in bioaccumulation patterns during the most sensitive life cycle stages of this declining fish population. Results issued from the present research have significant impact when it comes to the advancement of knowledge in Ecotoxicology due to their novel characteristics. First, we have contributed to the advancement of knowledge on the effects of environmental concentrations of glyphosate on highly age-contrasted biofilms. Also, it is the first time that subcellular partitioning techniques are used in order to assess the toxicity potential of mercury during maternal transfer. Finally, we provide the very first results on the simultaneous bioaccumulation of mercury and selenium in key life stages of YP development. Therefore, this thesis is of particular interest when aiming to assess the fate of certain contaminants of interest within aquatic ecosystems.

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