No description available.

No description available.

This study was undertaken in order to learn the relationships between clay minerals of stream sediments and the clay mineralogy of corresponding source materials. The York River tributary system was selected to conduct such a study because of its moderate size and its geographical and geological setting. The tributary basin spans the entire Piedmont and most of the Coastal Plain before reaching West Point, Virginia, and it covers 2242 square miles. River sediments and weathering products (source materials) of the basin were sampled in such a way that both were faithfully represented. Stream sediment samples were taken at closely spaced sites as cores, grab samples, and scoop samples from the channel bed. Source material samples were taken after reconnaissance of the area from road outs, cultivated fields and forests. Surface and subsurface source samples were collected. Five small tributaries of the system were similarly sampled in greater detail. X-ray analyses of more than 700 samples were made using powder diffraction techniques and a General Electric recording diffractometer. Filtered Cu-K radiation was used. Each sample was analyzed untreated as an oriented aggregate. Further X-ray analyses where necessary included glycolated and heat treated samples. Clay minerals of source materials and stream sediments of the York River tributary basin are naturally grouped into five categories on the basis of first-order basal spacings. Minerals identified are kaolinite, illite, expandable illite. typical vermiculite atypical vermiculite, montmorillonite and mixed-layer clay minerals involving 10 A and 14 A layers. Kaolinite is present in all source area samples Vermiculite is the next most frequent source mineral followed by illite. Montmorillonite is highly sporadic in occurrence and is a minor constituent in the source area. The stream sediments contain al1 the minerals found in the source area. No new minerals were observed in the stream environment. The frequency distribution of most minerals is different in sediments. Kaolinite and vermiculite occur in all stream sediments. Illite occurs in all sediment samples of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey tributaries and its reflections become more intense in the lower part of the system. Montmorillonite occurs in more than 86 per cent of the sediments of the Coastal Plain portion of the system. Mixed-layer clay minerals become less frequent in the streams of the basin in contrast to their frequency in the source materials and become more pronounced downstream. The intensity of X-ray reflections for source material clay minerals is typically 2-3 times as intense as those of stream sediments. Physical mechanisms are postulated to explain the decrease in mixed-layer structures, the increase in illite intensity downstream and the increase in the frequency of occurrence of montmorillonite in the sediments of the lower parts of the stream systems. Mixed-layer minerals become unmixed through a highly selective erosion and transportation process which results in removal of the clay in units of structure. This physical unmixing provides an explanation of the increase in illite reflections in sediments in the lower part of the stream. Montmorillonite is more frequent in the lower part of the stream because of its greater mobility than the other minerals. Results of this study may require that previous studies of modern sediments be re-evaluated in recognition of the appearance of atypical vermiculite in the source area and the process of unmixing of mixed-layer clay minerals. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study is to foster preservation and to encourage the correct development of East 96th Street and its surrounding neighborhood. Present as-of-right zoning regulations allow extremely tall buildings to be constructed that would create walls along the street. Modification of these zoning regulations are proposed to establish a planning guide that will improve East 96th Street aesthetically, economically and socially as well as encourage developers to invest in the neighborhood. / Master of Architecture

no abstract provided by author / Master of Science

A vertical world The connection between worlds is a layer of time The city contains many of its vessels The vision, the vessel, a tall building / Master of Architecture

Part of the struggle of making architecture is reconciling its various realities; as it exists as pure idea and its transformation into a ‘thing’ existing in the world. Modern times pose a new challenge as well. As Jacob Bronowski has said, the dilemma is no longer to find structure for material but to find material for structure. Therefore, the ‘imposed idea’ is important as an impetus for Architecture to exist. In this project the imposed idea was the use of a series of parallel walls, vertical planes, that delimit the place for dwelling. In the first drawings, an attempt was made to use color as the substantiation or realization of space. The line drawing remains as a descriptive adjunct to the expressive drawing. They <i>become</i> together; the idea vs. its realization each describing the ‘thing’ in its <i>evolving</i> reality. / Master of Architecture

The pattern of American institution building through private funding began in metropolises of all sizes soon after the nation's founding. But by 1840, Manhattan's geographical location and great natural harbor had made it America's preeminent commercial and communications center and the undisputed capital of finance. Thus, as the largest and richest city in the United States, unsurprisingly, some of the most ambitious cultural institutions would rise there, and would lead the way in the creation of a distinctly American model of high culture. This dissertation describes New York City's cultural transformation between 1840 and 1940, and focuses on three of its enduring monuments, the New York Public Library, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Metropolitan Opera. It seeks to demonstrate how trustees and financial supporters drove the foundational ideas, day-to-day operations, and self-conceptions of the organizations, even as their institutional agendas enhanced and galvanized the inherently boosterish spirit of the Empire City. Many board members were animated by the dual impulses of charity and obligation, and by their own lofty edifying ambitions for their philanthropies, their metropolis, and their country. Others also combined their cultural interests with more vain desires for social status. Although cohesive, often overlapping social groups founded and led most elite institutions, important moments of change in leadership in the twentieth century often were precipitated by the breakdown of a social order once restricted to Protestant white males. By the 1920s and 1930s, the old culture of exclusion--of Jews, of women, of ethnic minorities in general--was no longer an accepted assumption, nor was it necessarily good business. In general, institutions that embraced the notion of diversity and adapted to forces of historical change tended to thrive. Those that held fast to the paradigms of the past did not. Typically, when we consider the history and development of such major institutions, the focus often has been on the personalities and plans of the paid directors and curatorial programs. This study, however, redirects some of the attention towards those who created the institutions and hired and fired the leaders. While a common view is that membership on a board was coveted for social status, many persons who led these efforts had little abiding interest in Manhattan's social scene. Rather, they demanded more of their boards and expected their fellow-trustees to participate in more ways than financially. As the twentieth century beckoned, rising diversity in the population mirrored the emerging multiplicity in thought and culture; boards of trustees were hardly exempt from this progression. This dissertation also examines the subtle interplay of the multi-valenced definition of "public" along with the contrasting notion of "private." In the early 1800s, a public institution was not typically government funded, and more often functioned independent of the state, supported by private individuals. "Public," instead, meant for the people. Long before the income tax and charitable deductions for donations, there was a full range of voluntary organizations supported by private contributions in the United States. This dissertation argues that in a privatist spirit, New York elites seized a leadership role, both individually and collectively, to become cultural arbiters for the city and the nation.

No description available.

No description available.