À l‟instar de la mutation des Sciences Humaines et Sociales soutenues par le bouleversement des paradigmes des sciences de l'information et de la communication, et des systèmes de l‟organisation des connaissances vers ceux portés par les sociétés du savoir, il est important, de réétudier la relation entre les individus, les communautés et la technologie dans un contexte d‟apprentissage pour une capitalisation des connaissances.L‟objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un modèle hybride de capitalisation des savoirs soutenu par le management des connaissances dans un contexte béninois. Cette proposition vise à une amélioration des résultats de la réutilisation des connaissances en entreprise.Ainsi, nous sommes parti d‟une interrogation sur l‟existence d‟un modèle de capitalisation des connaissances endogènes pouvant booster le développement des entreprises ouest-africaines en général et béninoises en particulier. Pour vérifier la possibilité de l‟application ou de la transposition de ce modèle traditionnel aux réalités de l‟entreprise, nous nous sommes intéressé aux facteurs pouvant affecter l‟efficacité des processus de transfert pour une capitalisation. Ces facteurs ont été identifiés lors de notre revue de littérature pendant laquelle nous avions constaté une multitude de techniques et d‟approches théoriques permettant d‟appréhender le phénomène. Cependant, au cours de cette recherche, nous sommes partagé entre deux courants de pensée dominants, dans ce champ disciplinaire, que sont le constructivisme et le positivisme.Dans cet élan, nous sommes parti d‟une perspective anthropologique vers la mise en place d‟un dispositif de capitalisation des connaissances en Afrique de l‟ouest. Ainsi, nous nous sommes inspiré de la manière dont les communautés Yoruba Nago du Fa perçoivent la vie de l‟entreprise et la transmission du savoir (quelle connaissance transférée, par quels outils, et l‟impact de ce transfert sur la communauté).Pour atteindre cet objectif évoqué plus haut, nous avons procédé par une méthode exploratoire qualitative auprès des différents acteurs de la communauté de pratique Fa et aussi auprès de certaines entreprises béninoises. Ceci a été fait à travers l‟implémentation (adaptation) d‟un dispositif de capitalisation des connaissances dans l‟entreprise en tenant compte des réalités culturelles et anthropologiques dont le cas est présenté dans cette thèse par une étude empirique. / As the mutation of Humanities and Social Science supported by the disruption of information science paradigms and communication, knowledge organization systems to those worn by knowledge societies, it‟s important to reconsider the relationship between individuals, communities and technology in a learning process environment for knowledge capitalization. The objective of this thesis is to propose a hybrid model of knowledge capitalization supported by knowledge management in Benin context.The aims of this proposal, is to improve the results of the re-use of business knowledge. So we will start with a questioning of the existence of an endogenous knowledge capitalization model which can boost the development of West African enterprises in general and Benin in particular.To verify the possibility of the application or transposition of this traditional model to the realities of the business, we focuse on the factors that may affect the efficiency of the transfer process for capitalization. These factors were identified in our literature review in which we found multitude of techniques and theoretical approaches to understand the phenomenon. However, in this research, we are divided between two dominant schools of thought in this subject area that are constructivism and positivism. In this momentum, we start from an anthropological perspective towards the establishment of a knowledge capitalization system in West Africa. Inspired by the way the Yoruba Nago communities and Fa perceive corporate life and the transmission of knowledge (what knowledge transferred, for which tools and the impact of this transfer on the community).To achieve this goal mention above, we will conduct a qualitative exploratory approach to the various players in the Fa community of practice and also in some enterprises in Benin. This through the implementation (adaptation) of a knowledge capitalization device in the company, taking into account cultural and anthropological realities whose case is presented in this thesis by an empirical study.

O presente trabalho procura analisar a relação melodia-tom no interior do canto de origem africana nas comunidades-terreiro de candomblé Queto. O caráter estável da palavra cantada conduziu-nos às análises de textos com música. Para a implementação das investigações foram selecionados dez cantos nagôs gravados sem acompanhamento de instrumentos pelo próprio povo do santo e um canto iorubá gravado por um iorubá nativo de Abeokutá. Os cantos foram organizados em tessituras (partituras simplificadas) divididas em versos com vistas à visualização simultânea do canto com a letra; para cada verso do canto, fez-se, com a utilização do programa WinPitchPro, um sonograma com a curva de pitch, espectrograma e medidas de Fo. Inicialmente, por meio de uma primeira comparação entre canto e fala iorubá, observou-se, na relação entre pitch melódico e tom fonológico, que estávamos diante de três possibilidades: (i) ignorar os tons fonológicos e o significado das palavras e utilizar as variações de pitch exclusivamente para marcar a melodia, o que preservaria a musicalidade, mas reduziria a inteligibilidade lírica; (ii) preservar as variações regulares de pitch relacionados aos tons lexicais, ignorando a musicalidade, sacrificando a musicalidade pela inteligibilidade; (iii) tentar manter, mesmo que parcialmente, os contrastes de pitches lexicais sem restringir excessivamente as regras melódicas de Fo. Para o desenvolvimento do nosso trabalho, acatamos, principalmente, a terceira hipótese. Tanto no cotejo da fala e canto iorubá quanto no confronto iorubá/nagô, foi possível identificar a imanência dos supra-segmentos da língua africana. A realização dos tons por meio dos pitches melódicos apresentou a reprodução de fenômenos universais como downdrift, downstep e processos recíprocos de assimilação e propagação. As análises evidenciam a manutenção parcial dos tons lexicais da língua iorubá na palavra sagrada nagô, confirmando o caráter estável de uma palavra condicionado por elementos lingüísticos e extralingüísticos. / This work aims at analyzing the melody-tone relationship in African origin chants in Queto houses of candomble. The stable character of the sung word has led to the analysis of musical texts. In order to implement investigations ten Nago chants have been selected. They have been recorded without instruments by the people of Saint themselves and an Yoruba chant was recorded by a native Yoruba speaker from Abeokuta. Chants have been organized in tessitures (simplified partitures) divided in verses aiming at the simultaneous visualization of the singing and lyrics; one has made, for each chant verse, with the use of the WinPitchPro program, a sonogram with the pitch wave, spectrogram and Fo measures. By comparing the chant and Yoruba speech one has initially observed three possibilities between melody pitch and phonological tone: (i) to ignore phonological tones and the meaning of words and use pitch variations to exclusively designate the melody, which would preserve musicality but would reduce the lyrical intelligibility; (ii) to preserve the regular pitch variations related to lexical tones ignoring musicality and sacrificing musicality in order to achieve intelligibility; (iii) to try to keep, even partially, the contrasts of lexical pitches without excessively restricting Fo melodical rules. In order to develop this work one has mainly followed the third hypothesis. In the analysis of both the Yoruba speech and chants and in the confrontation of Yoruba/Nago, it has been possible to identify the stableness of supra-segments of the African language. The achievement of tones by the use of melody pitches has presented the reproduction of universal phenomena such as downdrift, downstep and reciprocal processes of assimilation and spread. The analyses show the partial maintenance of the lexical tones in the sacred Nago word confirming the stable character of a word conditioned by linguistic and extra linguistic elements.

O presente trabalho procura analisar a relação melodia-tom no interior do canto de origem africana nas comunidades-terreiro de candomblé Queto. O caráter estável da palavra cantada conduziu-nos às análises de textos com música. Para a implementação das investigações foram selecionados dez cantos nagôs gravados sem acompanhamento de instrumentos pelo próprio povo do santo e um canto iorubá gravado por um iorubá nativo de Abeokutá. Os cantos foram organizados em tessituras (partituras simplificadas) divididas em versos com vistas à visualização simultânea do canto com a letra; para cada verso do canto, fez-se, com a utilização do programa WinPitchPro, um sonograma com a curva de pitch, espectrograma e medidas de Fo. Inicialmente, por meio de uma primeira comparação entre canto e fala iorubá, observou-se, na relação entre pitch melódico e tom fonológico, que estávamos diante de três possibilidades: (i) ignorar os tons fonológicos e o significado das palavras e utilizar as variações de pitch exclusivamente para marcar a melodia, o que preservaria a musicalidade, mas reduziria a inteligibilidade lírica; (ii) preservar as variações regulares de pitch relacionados aos tons lexicais, ignorando a musicalidade, sacrificando a musicalidade pela inteligibilidade; (iii) tentar manter, mesmo que parcialmente, os contrastes de pitches lexicais sem restringir excessivamente as regras melódicas de Fo. Para o desenvolvimento do nosso trabalho, acatamos, principalmente, a terceira hipótese. Tanto no cotejo da fala e canto iorubá quanto no confronto iorubá/nagô, foi possível identificar a imanência dos supra-segmentos da língua africana. A realização dos tons por meio dos pitches melódicos apresentou a reprodução de fenômenos universais como downdrift, downstep e processos recíprocos de assimilação e propagação. As análises evidenciam a manutenção parcial dos tons lexicais da língua iorubá na palavra sagrada nagô, confirmando o caráter estável de uma palavra condicionado por elementos lingüísticos e extralingüísticos. / This work aims at analyzing the melody-tone relationship in African origin chants in Queto houses of candomble. The stable character of the sung word has led to the analysis of musical texts. In order to implement investigations ten Nago chants have been selected. They have been recorded without instruments by the people of Saint themselves and an Yoruba chant was recorded by a native Yoruba speaker from Abeokuta. Chants have been organized in tessitures (simplified partitures) divided in verses aiming at the simultaneous visualization of the singing and lyrics; one has made, for each chant verse, with the use of the WinPitchPro program, a sonogram with the pitch wave, spectrogram and Fo measures. By comparing the chant and Yoruba speech one has initially observed three possibilities between melody pitch and phonological tone: (i) to ignore phonological tones and the meaning of words and use pitch variations to exclusively designate the melody, which would preserve musicality but would reduce the lyrical intelligibility; (ii) to preserve the regular pitch variations related to lexical tones ignoring musicality and sacrificing musicality in order to achieve intelligibility; (iii) to try to keep, even partially, the contrasts of lexical pitches without excessively restricting Fo melodical rules. In order to develop this work one has mainly followed the third hypothesis. In the analysis of both the Yoruba speech and chants and in the confrontation of Yoruba/Nago, it has been possible to identify the stableness of supra-segments of the African language. The achievement of tones by the use of melody pitches has presented the reproduction of universal phenomena such as downdrift, downstep and reciprocal processes of assimilation and spread. The analyses show the partial maintenance of the lexical tones in the sacred Nago word confirming the stable character of a word conditioned by linguistic and extra linguistic elements.