During the 1990's the number of young people being permanently excluded from school increased from 2910 (1990-91) to a peak of 12700 (1996-1997). This increase coincided with the resurgence of the debate centring on lawless and delinquent youth. With the publication of Young People and Crime (Graham and Bowling, 1995) and Misspent Youth (Audit Commission, 1996) the role of school exclusion in delinquency causation appears to have become widely accepted within youth justice thinking. Indeed, and despite the limited research evidence available, the common sense assumption that school exclusion inexorably promotes crime received wide support, something which has resulted in the excluded pupil being portrayed as a latter day folk devil. This research seeks to question this taken-for-granted assumption. By drawing upon what can be broadly described as a refutationist approach, the research questions the causal priority of school exclusion in youth crime. Research interviews were conducted with 56 young people who had experience of being excluded from school. Self-report questions revealed that 40 young people had offended of whom 28 had been cautioned or prosecuted for an offence. Despite the high levels of offending present within the sample the research findings suggest that exclusion is not itself a causal factor with 90% (36) of those young people who had offended reporting onset that commenced prior to their first exclusion. Moreover, 50 (89%) of the total number of young people stated that they were no more likely to commit crime since being excluded. Indeed - and rather significantly, for 31 (55.4%) respondents it appeared that due to the imposition of parental sanction, offending was likely to reduce during their exclusion as they were" grounded" for the whole exclusion period. Moreover, interviews with the young people also revealed that in addition to school exclusion a number of other identified "risk" factors were present in the lives of most of the young people within the sample (see for example Farrington, 1996; Youth Justice Board, 2001). The research concludes that whilst the relationship between school exclusion and crime is highly complex it is certainly neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for a young person to commit crime.

Sociala medier är en arena där många ungdomar är uppkopplade på stora delar av dygnet. Den nya arenan att umgås på har många fördelar, som till exempel bibehålla och utöka de sociala kontakterna. Samtidigt som det finns fördelar med ungas aktivitet på internet, finns det risker som sömnsvårigheter, internetberoende och internetkränkningar. Studiens syfte är att undersöka ungdomars uppfattning om vad det förekommer för kränkningar på sociala medier och hur ungdomar anser att dessa kränkningar kan förebyggas och motverkas. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där resultat och analys grundas på tre stycken halvstrukturerade intervjuer i fokusgrupper. Ungdomarna i studien går på en gymnasieskola i en mindre ort i södra Sverige och är i studien anonyma. Vi har använt oss av symbolisk interaktionism som teoretisk referensram, där definitionen av situationen, social interaktion, symboler och tonvikt på aktivitet är våra teoretiska begrepp. Studiens resultat visar att kränkande bilder och kränkande kommentarer om personers sexuella läggning, politiska åsikt och utseende är de mest förekommande kränkningarna på sociala medier. Det har visat sig vara ett hårt klimat på sociala medier och att kränkningar sker öppet, framförallt på de sociala medierna där användarna kan vara anonyma. Ungdomarna anser att ett av flera sätt att förebygga dessa kränkningar skulle vara genom ökad förståelse och kontinuerliga diskussioner bland vuxna och ungdomar. / The social media center is a platform where most of the young people are online a considerable time of their freetime. The new arena to socialize has many advantages, such as containing and exploring the social life. At the same time there are benefits with the huge activity on the internet. There are also plenty of risks such as sleep disorders, internet addiction and internet violations. The purpose of the study is to examine the youth's perception of what kind of violations there are on the social media center and how they may be prevented and inhibited. The study has a qualitative approach where our results and analysis are based on three semistructured life-world interviews in form of focus groups. The young people of the study attend a secondary school in a smaller town in southern Sweden and are anonymous in the study. We have used the symbolic interactionism as a theoretical reference framework, where the "definition of the situation", "social interaction", "symbols" and "emphasis on activity" are our theoretical concepts. The results of our study show that offensive images and offensive comments about the sexual orientation, political opinion and appearance are the most common violations of social media. It has been shown to be a hard climate on social media and that violations can be seen openly, especially in social media where users can be anonymous. The young participants of the study believe that one of several ways to prevent these violations are through better understanding and continuous discussion among adults and teenagers.