published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Philosophy

by Tsang Man-king. / Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Bibliography: leaves 101-108.

by Wan Wai Kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinesse University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 192-196. / Acknowledgments / Chapter Chapter One --- Objective and Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Methodology and Hypotheses --- p.19 / Chapter A. --- Sampling --- p.19 / Chapter B. --- Hypotheses --- p.25 / Chapter C. --- Analysis --- p.30 / Tables for Chapter Two --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter Three --- A Profile of Two Generations --- p.34 / Chapter A. --- Political attitudes of the adolescents --- p.34 / Chapter B. --- Contrast between parents and adolescents --- p.40 / Chapter C. --- Sex difference and sex-lineage similarity --- p.53 / Tables for Chapter Three --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Socialisation in the Family --- p.76 / Tables for Chapter Four --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Socialisation in the School --- p.104 / Tables for Chapter Five --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Interaction among Agents --- p.126 / Political Knowledge and Political Interest --- p.131 / Tables for Chapter Six --- p.132 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion --- p.137 / Notes --- p.153 / Appendixes --- p.152 / Chapter A. --- Tables for demographic data --- p.162 / Chapter B. --- Tables for profile of two generations --- p.164 / Chapter C. --- Tables for socialisation agent - family --- p.166 / Chapter D. --- Tables for socialisation agent - school --- p.169 / Chapter E. --- Tables for conclusion --- p.171 / Chapter F. --- Abbreviation of attitude items --- p.173 / Chapter G. --- Frequency table for the overall sample --- p.174 / Bibliography --- p.192 / Chapter A. --- Books --- p.192 / Chapter B. --- Journals --- p.194 / Questionnaire

by Charles, Cheung Chi Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-105). / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter I. --- Statement of Research Problem --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Organization of Chapters --- p.2 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Theoretical Review and Research Agenda --- p.4 / Chapter I. --- The Background of the Formation of Subcultural Theories --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- Delinquent Subculture in America: Repudiation of the Middle Class Norm --- p.8 / Chapter III. --- Youth Subculture in Britain: Resisting the Middle Class Ideology --- p.12 / Chapter IV. --- Local Studies on Youth Subcultures --- p.16 / Chapter V. --- Criticisms on Subcultural Theories --- p.18 / Chapter VI. --- New Research Agenda and research method --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Research Method and Procedure --- p.24 / Chapter I. --- Sample: 13 Prevocational School Male Students --- p.24 / Chapter II. --- Snowball Sampling --- p.26 / Chapter III. --- In-Depth Interview --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Job Aspiration and Academic Pressure --- p.29 / Chapter I. --- "Ideal Jobs: Professionals, Managers, and Entrepreneurs" --- p.29 / Chapter II. --- Academic Pressure --- p.33 / Chapter III. --- Conclusion --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Gradual Study Subculture --- p.37 / Chapter I. --- The Continuing Studies Strategy: Becoming Designers and Engineers During Mid-Twenties --- p.38 / Chapter A. --- The Continuing Strategy --- p.38 / Chapter 1. --- Full Time Technician Courses --- p.38 / Chapter 2. --- Part-Time Courses --- p.40 / Chapter 3. --- Repeating Form Five as the Last Resort --- p.40 / Chapter B. --- Reducing Academic Strain --- p.43 / Chapter II. --- Try One's Best Strategy at the School: Pass in Five HKCEE Subjects and a Good Conduct Record --- p.44 / Chapter A. --- Try One's Best to Study --- p.45 / Chapter 1. --- Paying Attention in Lesson --- p.45 / Chapter 2. --- Try One's Best to Do Homework --- p.46 / Chapter 3. --- Serious Revision for Examination --- p.48 / Chapter B. --- Try One's Best to Behave Well --- p.49 / Chapter 1. --- Following the Conduct Rules --- p.49 / Chapter 2. --- Performing School Services --- p.51 / Chapter III. --- Leisure Usage: Recreation --- p.53 / Chapter A. --- Improving Academic Knowledge: Subjects-Related Leisure --- p.53 / Chapter B. --- Refreshing Oneself: Sports --- p.55 / Chapter IV. --- Conclusion --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Transitional Pleasure Seeking Subculture --- p.57 / Chapter I. --- The Working Experience Strategy: Becoming Managers or Shop Owners --- p.58 / Chapter A. --- The Working Experience Strategy --- p.58 / Chapter 1. --- Practical Working Knowledge --- p.59 / Chapter 2. --- Working Connections --- p.60 / Chapter 3. --- Form Five as Minimum Qualification --- p.60 / Chapter B. --- Reducing Academic Strain --- p.63 / Chapter II. --- Pleasure Seeking Strategy at the School --- p.65 / Chapter A. --- Seeking Pleasure by Academic Schoolwork --- p.67 / Chapter 1. --- Making fun in the Boring Lesson But Cannot Play Too Much --- p.67 / Chapter 2. --- "Copy, Postpone, but Never Neglect to Do Homework" --- p.70 / Chapter 3. --- "No Revision before Examination, but Cannot be Absent" --- p.72 / Chapter B. --- Seeking Pleasure by Violating the Conduct Rules --- p.72 / Chapter 1. --- "Lunch Time, Lessons Breaks, and Recess: Bringing Prohibited Articles, Throwing Chalks, and Fighting" --- p.73 / Chapter 2. --- Modifying the School Uniform --- p.75 / Chapter III. --- Leisure Usage: Diversion --- p.76 / Chapter A. --- Instant Humour: Comic Films and Comics --- p.77 / Chapter B. --- Sensational Violence: Comics and Films --- p.78 / Chapter C. --- Short-Term Success: TV Game and Football Match --- p.80 / Chapter D. --- Immediate Excitement: Spontaneous Leisure Activities --- p.82 / Chapter IV. --- Conclusion --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion: Rethinking Subcultural Theories --- p.85 / Chapter I. --- Rethinking Subcultural Theories --- p.85 / Chapter A. --- Inadequate Understanding of Alternative Social Channels --- p.86 / Chapter B. --- Inadequate Understanding of the Drive for Career Success of the Underachievers --- p.87 / Chapter II. --- Further Research on Upwardly Mobile Subcultures --- p.88 / Chapter A. --- Why Join a Particular Upwardly Mobile Subculture? --- p.89 / Chapter B. --- Underachievers at Work: Occupational and Leisure Life --- p.90 / Chapter III. --- Concluding Remarks: Limitations of the Study --- p.91 / Appendices --- p.93 / Bibliography --- p.103

Tang, Cheuk Pan. / "December 2010." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-101). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; some appendixes includes Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese Translation) --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Contents --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- Background and Issues --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Karaoke-A Big Business / Chapter 1.2 --- Karaoke's Significance within the Community / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Medium of Karaoke / Chapter 2.1.1 --- MV / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Karaoke / Chapter 2.2 --- "Identities, Mass Society Theory and Mass Culture Theory" / Chapter 3 --- Methodology and Approach --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Questions and Analytical Framework / Chapter 3.2 --- Data Collection / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Participation Observation / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Individual Interviews and Group Discussion / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Other Findings - Questionnaires / Chapter 3.3 --- Limitations / Chapter 3.4 --- Translations / Chapter Chapter Two --- Cantopop and Karaoke Boxes in Hong Kong --- p.26 / Chapter 1 --- An overview of Cantopop in Hong Kong before Karaoke --- p.27 / Chapter 1.1 --- Change of Population of Hong Kong 1940s to 1970s / Chapter 1.2 --- Music of Hong Kong before 1970s / Chapter 1.3 --- Germination of Cantopop - 1970s / Chapter 1.4 --- Cantopop and Hong Kong 1980s / Chapter 1.5 --- "Cantopop and Hong Kong 1990s - 2000s, a Different Music Scene" / Chapter 2 --- A Historical Review of Karaoke Boxes Businesses in Hong Kong of the 1990s - 2000s --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1 --- Karaoke Boxes' Heyday and Exclusive Right Tryout / Chapter 2.2 --- Karaoke Boxes of the Big Two / Chapter 2.3 --- "Neway, California Red and K-net" / Chapter 3 --- Implication of the Development of Cantopop and Karaoke Box Businesses --- p.45 / Chapter 4 --- Karaoke Boxes - A Reflection of Consumption Culture of Hong Kong --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1 --- Indoor Consumption Culture / Chapter 4.2 --- Standardization and Personalization / Chapter 4.3 --- Fast Food Culture / Chapter 4.4 --- From Businessmen to Consumer / Chapter Chapter Three --- Overwhelming of the Karaoke Boxes Chains in Hong Kong --- p.51 / Chapter 1 --- A common Term: K-Song --- p.54 / Chapter 2 --- Interviews and Discussions of K-Song --- p.58 / Chapter 2.1 --- Individuals / Chapter 2.2 --- Group Discussions / Chapter 3 --- The implication of the Term K-Song --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- """I am not one of them"" - As a Tool for Construction of Identity" / Chapter Chapter Four --- The Karaoke's Goers in Hong Kong --- p.66 / Chapter 1 --- Emotional Satisfaction of a Performer in a Karaoke Room --- p.66 / Chapter 1.1 --- Lyrics and Role Play / Chapter 1.2 --- Desire to Perform / Chapter 2 --- Audience in Karaoke --- p.73 / Chapter 2.1 --- A Desirable Place for Social Gathering / Chapter 2.2 --- Certainties in Karaoke Boxes as a Social Activity / Chapter 2.3 --- Bonding between Participants in the Karaoke Room / Chapter 3 --- Why Karaoke? Intention and Behavior in Karaoke Room --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results from Interviews and Questionnaires / Chapter 3.2 --- Interpretation of Results from Participant Observation: Affect and Cognition of Customers towards Karaoke Boxes 4 The Goer's Goal --- p.80 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusion --- p.84 / Chapter Appendix I --- Questions Used in Interviews and Discussions --- p.88 / Chapter Appendix II --- Questionnaires Used --- p.89 / Chapter Appendix III --- Summary of Questionnaire Results --- p.91 / Chapter Appendix IV --- Phonetic Transcriptions & English Translations of Chinese Terms --- p.93 / Bibliography --- p.95

Chan Mei Mei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-148). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.3 / Abstract --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.6 / Tomboys in the West --- p.8 / Tomboys in Taiwan --- p.10 / Tomboys in Hong Kong --- p.11 / The Problem --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.22 / School as the Social Context --- p.35 / Theoretical Framework --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Research Process: Design, Methodology and Context" --- p.45 / Research Design --- p.46 / Research Methodology --- p.47 / Research Context --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- School as a site for Identity Construction --- p.62 / Formal School Culture --- p.65 / Informal School Culture --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Tomboy as a Social Act --- p.83 / Discursive Construction of Tomboy Identity --- p.85 / The Body Construction of Tomboyism --- p.91 / Highly Visible Performance --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Tomboy as a Construction of Self --- p.107 / Development of a Tomboy Self --- p.108 / The Positive Consequences of Tomboyism --- p.116 / Tomboy's Erotic Experiences --- p.118 / Tomboy's View on Lesbianism --- p.121 / When tomboys grow up and confront the real world --- p.123 / Tomboys in Workplace --- p.127 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.131 / References Cited --- p.139

Chan Chun Kit. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 248-255). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Content --- p.vi / List of Charts and Tables --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction: The Change of Attitude --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background and Research Question --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Theoretical Framework --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Significance --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Plan of the Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review: Concerning Political Participation and Emigration --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Emigration --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Literature of Emigration --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Emigration in Hong Kong --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Lesson from the Emigration Literature --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Political Participation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Meaning of Political Participation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The Culturalist Theory --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Political Participation in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Limitations of Culturalist Theory --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- An Alternative Approach: Hirschman's theory --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Introduction to Hirschman's Theory --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Relationship between Exit and Voice --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- The Idea of Loyalty --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Amendment and Critiques of Hirschman's Original Theory --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Other Literatures of Loyalty and Loyalty in Hong Kong --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- The Different Role of Loyalty between Hirschman´ةs Literature and Cultualist Theory --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Historical Review: Acting between Exit and Voice --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Push Factors --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Political Situation before 1997 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Economic Situation before 1997 --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Political Situation after 1997 --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Economic Situation after 1997 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- The Overall Perception of Hong Kong Future --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3 --- Pull Factors --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The Difficulty for Applying a Foreign Residency --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Economic Situation before 1997 --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Economic Situation after 1997 --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- Pattern of Political Participation and Emigration --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Pattern of Political Participation and Emigration before 1997 --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Pattern of Political Participation and Emigration after 1997 --- p.75 / Chapter 3.5 --- The Puzzle --- p.79 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.81 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Theory and Method: Accessing Loyalty --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2 --- Research Aim --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3 --- Putting Emigration into the Spectrum of Political Participation --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Subject of Study --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Middle Class Individuals as Quality Conscious Consumer --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- The Definition of Middle Class --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Loyalty --- p.90 / Chapter 4.6 --- The Effects of Loyalty --- p.92 / Chapter 4.7 --- Research Approach --- p.95 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Research Method - Qualitative Data Analysis --- p.95 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Scope of Sample - Deviant Critical Case --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7.3 --- Sampling Method - Theoretical Sampling --- p.97 / Chapter 4.8 --- Conducting Interviews --- p.99 / Chapter 4.9 --- Data Analysis --- p.100 / Chapter 4.10 --- Conclusion --- p.101 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Findings and Analysis I: Foundation of the Research: Perception after 97 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2 --- Perception about the 1997-2003 Period --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3 --- Deteriorated Areas --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Government Performance --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Political Atmosphere --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Economic Atmosphere --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Most Concerned Areas in Past Decades --- p.109 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Liberty --- p.109 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Rule of Law --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- "The Implementation of ""One Country, Two System" --- p.113 / Chapter 5.5 --- The Perception of Democracy --- p.117 / Chapter 5.6 --- Most Recognized Issues --- p.120 / Chapter 5.6 --- Accessing the Research Question --- p.122 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.122 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Findings and Analysis II: Foundation of the Research: Loyalty: Emergence and level of Loyalty --- p.124 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2 --- Loyalty to Hong Kong --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Hong Kong Loyalist --- p.125 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Loyal Complainer of Hong Kong --- p.127 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- The Share Characteristic of “Hong Kong Loyalist´ح and “Loyal Complainer of Hong Kong´ح --- p.130 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Hong Kong Disloyalist --- p.132 / Chapter 6.3 --- Common Belief ´ؤ The Idea of Liberty --- p.132 / Chapter 6.4 --- Loyalty to China --- p.133 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- China Loyalist --- p.134 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Separated China Loyalist --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Loyal Complainer of China --- p.139 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- China Disloyalist --- p.141 / Chapter 6.5 --- Common Belief- Psychological Distance --- p.142 / Chapter 6.6 --- Sense of Influent Ability --- p.143 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- Contribution to Hong Kong --- p.144 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- Contribution to China --- p.146 / Chapter 6.6.3 --- Affecting Government's policy --- p.149 / Chapter 6.7 --- Expectation about Future --- p.151 / Chapter 6.8 --- Accessing the Research Question --- p.153 / Chapter 6.9 --- Conclusion --- p.154 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Findings and Analysis III: Relationship between Loyalty and the July-First Demonstration --- p.157 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.157 / Chapter 7.2 --- Reasons for Joining The Demonstration --- p.157 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- The Dominating Reason --- p.158 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- The Sense of Hongkongese --- p.161 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Loyalty of Other Organization --- p.163 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Misunderstanding --- p.164 / Chapter 7.3 --- The Effect of Loyalty in the July-first Demonstration --- p.165 / Chapter 7.4 --- Other Effects of the Demonstration --- p.170 / Chapter 7.5 --- The Post July-first Era and Further Political Participations --- p.172 / Chapter 7.5.1 --- Political Situation --- p.172 / Chapter 7.5.2 --- Economic and Social Situations --- p.175 / Chapter 7.5.3 --- Satisfaction --- p.175 / Chapter 7.5.4 --- Further Political Actions --- p.177 / Chapter 7.6 --- Factor(s) for Simulating Further Demonstrations --- p.179 / Chapter 7.7 --- Discussion --- p.180 / Chapter 7.7.1 --- Loyalty and Demonstration in Hong Kong --- p.180 / Chapter 8.7.2 --- Liberty and Demonstration in Hong Kong --- p.182 / Chapter 8.7.3 --- The level of Satisfaction and the Effectiveness of Demonstration in Hong Kong --- p.184 / Chapter 7.8 --- Conclusion --- p.185 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Findings and Analysis IV: Relationship between Loyalty and Emigration --- p.187 / Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.187 / Chapter 8.2 --- Emigration --- p.187 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Intention of Leaving Hong Kong --- p.188 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Reasons for Staying --- p.189 / Chapter 8.3 --- Intention of Settlement in China --- p.192 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Reason of Having the Intention --- p.193 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Reasons for Staying --- p.193 / Chapter 8.4 --- Cause of Reluctant Emigration --- p.196 / Chapter 8.5 --- The Effect of Loyalty in Emigration --- p.197 / Chapter 8.6 --- Discussion --- p.201 / Chapter 8.6.1 --- Loyalty and Emigration in Hong Kong --- p.201 / Chapter 8.6.2 --- The Effect of the Loyalty of China --- p.203 / Chapter 8.6.3 --- The Credibility of the Threat of Exit --- p.204 / Chapter 8.7 --- Conclusion --- p.205 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- "Conclusion: Re-visiting Exit, Voice and Loyalty" --- p.207 / Chapter 9.1 --- Introduction --- p.207 / Chapter 9.2 --- Summary of the Findings from the Study --- p.208 / Chapter 9.2.1 --- Perception about the Post-97 Situation of Hong Kong --- p.208 / Chapter 9.2.2 --- The Sense of Loyalty --- p.208 / Chapter 9.2.3 --- Relationship between Loyalty and Demonstration --- p.209 / Chapter 9.2.4 --- Relationship between Loyalty and Emigration --- p.210 / Chapter 9.3 --- Discussion of Hirschman's Theory --- p.211 / Chapter 9.3.1 --- Signal Product V.S. Multi-products --- p.211 / Chapter 9.3.2 --- Effects of Loyalty --- p.213 / Chapter 9.3.3 --- Single Loyalty V.S. Multi-loyalties --- p.214 / Chapter 9.3.4 --- "The Tension between Loyalty, Exit and Voice" --- p.216 / Chapter 9.4 --- The Trend of Future --- p.217 / Chapter 9.5 --- Political Implications --- p.219 / Chapter 9.5.1 --- Soft Authoritarianism and Administrative Absorption of Politics --- p.219 / Chapter 9.5.2 --- Liberty cannot be Infringed --- p.221 / Chapter 9.5.3 --- Lack of Strong Demand for Immediate Democratization --- p.221 / Chapter 9.5.4 --- Articulation of Public Opinion --- p.223 / Chapter 9.6 --- Research Limitations --- p.223 / Chapter 9.7 --- Suggestions for Further Researches --- p.225 / Chapter 9.8 --- Conclusion --- p.227 / Appendix --- p.229 / Appendix I Immigrate to Canada: Immigrating to Canada as a Skilled Worker --- p.229 / Appendix II Immigrate to Australia: General skilled migration program --- p.235 / Appendix III Immigrate to United States of America: Apply for Immigrant Status Based on Employment --- p.239 / Appendix IV Interview Schedule (Abridged) --- p.244 / Appendix V Demographic Information of Interviewees --- p.247 / Bibliography --- p.248

背景 / 「因壓力事件而引發的反覆思索」 (stress-reactive rumination) 是指個人在經歷負性生活事件後不斷在腦海中重覆思索該事件及與該事件相連的負面個人想法。在科學文獻中，這現象初步驗證為其中一項導致情緒低落的認知誘因。 / 研究目的 / 本研究旨在透過模擬「因壓力事件而引發的反覆思索」，增加對此現象在影响情緒方面的理解。 / 研究方法 / 研究對象是三百三十三名沒有抑鬱病病徵的大學生。他們首先寫下一段他們感到情緒低落的個人失敗經歷，並揀選相關的負面思想，然後他們被隨機分成六個實驗組：第一、第二及第三組為「反覆思索實驗組」，第四、第五組為「思想轉移組」，第六組為「文獻對照組」。第一組要求研究對象在五分鐘內不斷投入地反覆誦讀該段個人經歷及相關的負面思想，以達到模擬此現象的效果。第二組要求研究對象除了反覆誦讀上述材料外，還要反問自己「為甚麼心情會弄到如此田地、再這樣持續下去的話對自己的影响」。第三組要求研究對象投入地反覆誦讀與該段個人經歷不相關的負面思想。第四組透過要求研究對象誦讀寫有實物的字咭，以達致思想轉移的效果。第五組要求研究對象誦讀不構成意義、由個別中文單字拼湊而成的中文字串，以達致思想轉移的效果。第六組參照文獻中「因覺察本身低落情緒」而引發的另一類反覆思索，研究對象誦讀相關的提引，例如留意身體在低落情緒時的狀況，及思索低落情緒的成因、意義及影響。 / 研究結果 / 「反覆思索實驗組」的情緒顯著地較實驗前低落，並更焦慮情緒失控，這三組間並沒有明顯的區別。「實物思想轉移組」的情緒顯著地較實驗前改善，並減少對情緒失控的焦慮。在「字串思想轉移組」中，女性研究對象的情緒顯著地較實驗前改善，並減少對情緒失控的焦慮，而男性研究對象的情緒較實驗前並沒有顯著變化，但他們較實驗前更焦慮情緒失控。「文獻對照組」的情緒較實驗前並沒有顯著變化，但此組的男女研究對象較實驗前更焦慮情緒失控。 / 討論 / 此項研究初步確立用實驗形式去檢視「因壓力事件而引發的反覆思索」對低落情緒直接影響的可行性，並為相關論理提供有力的驗證。本文亦探討不同形式的「反覆思索」與抑鬱情緒之間的關係，及在臨牀治療上的應用。 / Background / Stress-reactive rumination (SRR) refers to the tendency to ruminate on negative inferences following stressful events. Previous studies indicated that SRR, in interaction with negative cognitive style, predicted the prospective onset, number and duration of major depressive episodes. Yet, it is under-researched and there is no experimental studies demonstrating its causative role in depressed mood. / Objectives / The current study aims at simulating SRR among a non-clinical sample of undergraduates and assessing its immediate effect on the genesis of depressed feelings. / Method / An experimental paradigm was adopted in which SRR was operationalized in accordance with existing conceptualizations of depression. An initial sample of 544 university students were recruited, and the final analyses included 333 of them who met various inclusion criteria. Each participant was asked to write a sad personal experience of failure and to select thought cards associated with such experience. They were then randomly assigned into one of the six experimental conditions for five minutes. In the SRR Condition, participants ruminated about their sad experience and the associated thoughts by reading them aloud repeatedly. In the Double Rumination Condition, apart from what was required in SRR Condition, participants were asked to read aloud and think about two additional questions that capture the essence of depressive rumination. In the SRR with Unrelated Thoughts Conditions, participants ruminated on thought cards not associated with their respective experience. In the Distraction with Objects Condition, participants focused their attention on common objects. In the Distraction with Chinese Characters Salad Condition, participants read aloud chunks of Chinese characters that formed no cohesive meaning. In the Depressive Rumination Condition, participants were asked to read aloud statements depicting depressive rumination like the symptoms of depression, the causes and the meaning of depression. / Results / As predicted, participants undergoing any one of the SRR conditions reported further mood decline while those in Distraction with Objects Condition reported uplifted mood. A gender difference was found in that after undergoing the Distraction with Chinese Characters Salad Condition, female participants reported uplifted mood and less anxiety about loss of emotional control while the male participants reported more anxiety. / Discussion / Unlike previous studies who measure SRR with a self-administered questionnaire, the current study serves to be the first attempt to operationalize stress-reactive rumination in a laboratory setting and put such construct under an experimental paradigm. Findings lend support to the cognitive attentional syndrome as postulated in Wells' S-REF model and metacognitive theory for emotional disorders, and address some inadequacies of existing conceptualization of depression (e.g., Beck's theories of depression). The adoption of an experimental paradigm provides supplementary evidence for the causal role of SRR in the genesis of depressed feelings. Implications for further research and intervention are discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chong, Heung Chuen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-202). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Stressful Life Events as Risk Factors for Depression --- p.8 / Negative Cognitive Style as Cognitive Vulnerability for Depression --- p.9 / Self-regulatory Executive Function Model (S-REF) and Metacognitive Theory --- p.13 / Stress Reactive Rumination --- p.24 / Other Related Constructs: Depressive Rumination --- p.29 / Other Related Constructs: Metacognitive Beliefs on Rumination --- p.32 / Current Study --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.43 / Design --- p.43 / Participants --- p.47 / Measures --- p.51 / Procedures --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.67 / Gender Difference --- p.67 / Analysis of Experimental Effect on Mood State for Male Subjects --- p.77 / Analysis of Experimental Effect on Mood State for Female Subjects --- p.93 / Analysis of Gender Difference on Anxiety over Loss of Emotional Control (AC) after Elicitation of Stressful Events --- p.112 / Analysis of Experimental Effect on Anxiety over Loss of Emotional Control (AC) for Male Subjects --- p.117 / Analysis of Experimental Effect on Anxiety over Loss of Emotional Control for Female Subjects --- p.127 / Restoration of Mood after Debriefing and Mood-uplifting Procedure --- p.137 / Exploratory Factor Analyses with the Scores from Three Mood Visual Analogue Scales (VASs) --- p.141 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.154 / Preliminary Evidence for Experimental Simulation of Stress-Reactive Rumination --- p.155 / Stress-Reactive Rumination as a Research Entity --- p.163 / Findings that Warrant Further Exploration --- p.168 / Limitations --- p.176 / Further Research Directions --- p.180 / Clinical Implications --- p.185 / Concluding Comments --- p.188 / References --- p.190 / Appendices --- p.203

In the discourses of the outreach youth workers, it seemed to reveal a discourse and practice gap in their work with 'youth-at-disadvantage'. At the discourse level, many workers had quite high consciousness to the impacts of the broader social, contextual and familial related changes to the behaviours of young people though they did not deny young people's individual responsibility for their behaviours. However, in their actual practice, many workers felt inadequate and were not confident enough both in working with family and intervening into the social and contextual factors including their clients' participation to advocate for their needs. Moreover, in the complex relation of power with the policy demands on the work focus and output standards of the service and the service directions of their agencies, workers' discourses on the situations of young people were usually subjugated. As a result, what workers could do still remained at the person and remedial level handling young people's problem behaviours and their relationship with peers. Indeed, when so many workers had such high consciousness to the social impacts to the problem behaviours of young people and did not prefer to be strict social control agents, they could be a force for social change. However, when what they could do were still person and remedial oriented without the vision to facilitate necessary social or structural changes, what they did was still a kind of confessional control regulating young people's behaviours to conform to norms of society only. / This study is a discourse analysis on the construction of 'youth-at-disadvantage' in the context of outreaching social work service in Hong Kong across the turn of the new millennium. Instead of taking 'youth-at-disadvantage' pre-existingly as problematic and destructive in nature, Foucault's discourse analytic approach was used as a framework of conceptualization and a method of data analysis (1) to unmask its constitutive nature and (2) to reveal the discourses and complex relations of power at work in the process of its constitution. In the study, fifteen pairs of 'youth-at-disadvantage' and outreach youth workers with different lengths of service and positions were widely recruited from ten out of the sixteen District Youth Outreaching Social Work Teams in Hong Kong. Each youth interviewee and the workers were interviewed twice successfully. / Though a discourse of individual deficits is usually constructed in society to talk about the problem behaviours of young people, in the revelation of this study, both the youth interviewees and the workers considered their problem behaviours as natural and common at their adolescent phase of life. In talking about their problem situations, obvious gender differences were revealed in the language uses of the male and female youth interviewees. While peer companionship and harsh control from parents were drawn upon by the female youth interviewees as the key reasons leading to their problem behaviours, the males attributed it to their poor performance and low interest in study, their employment situations and use of pocket money. Though family influence was not the key reason initiating them begin to play or associate with peers, eventually when their relationship with parents was further affected, it became the key reason leading to the continuation of their problem behaviours. In the service, many youth interviewees revealed that they could debate with their workers with alternative discourses. However, in the face of the adult society, what they could do was either to rebel or escape with their bodies. They hoped that the adult society could assure their abilities and respect what they were thinking and doing. / To a certain extent, the discourses revealed in this study are not only reflexive and worth to be heard for the adult society, but also critical and worth to be reviewed in the actual practice of the workers. Based on the discourses rehabilitated in the study, recommendations are made in five areas: social work practice and research on 'youth-at-disadvantage', social work training, related policy changes and the general public's understanding to the situations of young people. Though this type of social research is not so common in social work, it is hoped that this study can begin the debate and more similar researches with rich empirical data support can be done to disrupt the apparently taken for granted problematic discourses on young people and the possible regulatory effect of social work practice. / Tam, Hau Lin. / "March 2008." / Adviser: Ngan Pun Ngai. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: A, page: 1035. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 526-553). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.