Este é um estudo epidemiológico da mortalidade dos jovens (15 a 24 anos), nos municípios do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, no período de 1930 a 1991. Foram resgatados dados para referência histórica de interesse da saúde pública e para a construção de indicadores de saúde. Comparou-se a magnitude da mortalidade do grupo jovem, segundo sexo e causas, no tempo e entre as capitais. O coeficiente de mortalidade específico para a faixa etária de jovens declinou até 1970, em São Paulo e 1980, no Rio de Janeiro, sendo que este último município sempre apresentou níveis de mortalidade mais elevados do que o primeiro. Entretanto, São Paulo, de 1980 a 1991, sofreu um aumento relativo da mortalidade duas vezes maior do que o do Rio de Janeiro, aproximando os indicadores. A mortalidade dos jovens, embora baixa, em relação ao observado para as demais faixas etárias, não vem mais decrescendo. A elevação observada nas últimas décadas se dá às custas da mortalidade do sexo masculino. As doenças infecciosas e parasitárias apresentaram os coeficientes mais elevados nos dois municípios até 1950, sendo que os do Rio de Janeiro foram sempre maiores do que os de São Paulo. Dentre as doenças infecciosas destacou-se a importância da tuberculose como produtora de mortes, principalmente até 1950. A partir de 1960, as causas externas passaram a ocupar a primeira posição, com coeficientes elevados e crescentes. Dentre estas causas, os acidentes de trânsito e os homicídios se destacaram. Além das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, outros grupos tais como o das doenças do aparelho circulatório e respiratório, e mais recentemente as doenças das glândulas endócrinas, da nutrição e do metabolismo e transtornos imunitários, principalmente pela AIDS, sempre estiveram entre os cinco primeiros grupos de causas de morte. As epidemias de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, no caso dos jovens, pricipalmente do sexo masculino, foram sendo substituídas pelas violências, o que determinou um novo padrão de mortalidade, que deve ser abordado segundo a multiplicidade de elementos que o determinam. / This is an epidemiologic study of the youth (15 to 24 years old) mortality in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo cities from the year 1930 to 1991. The main objective is to evaluate mortality related to sex and causes at the target population and to compare It between both cities and with other indicators. São Paulo city showed a rapid death rate decline to the group, up to 1970, as well as Rio de Janeiro city, up to 1980. The last city has always showed higher mortality rates. However, during the past decade a higher proportion of deaths happened in São Paulo, which means that their mortality slopes are closer. Young people mortality rates are not high when compared with other age groups, but they are not decreasing anymore. The rising tendency is caused by male mortality. Infectious diseases were responsable by the higher mortality during the first years studied, mainly up to 1950, in both ciites, and Rio de Janeiro has exhibited the higher levels. Among the diseases of the group, tuberculosis was distinguished. After 1960, violent deaths increased and occupied the main position. Traffic acidents and homicide are the most important death causes. Besides them cardiovascular diseases, respiratory affections and latter on, in 1991, the endocrinologic and metabolic diseases group became to a prominent position, because of AIDS. Infectious diseases epidemics in the early years ofthe century, mainly to the young male, were replaced by violence and this transition showed a new mortality pattern which must be approached according to Its multiple implications.

Este é um estudo epidemiológico da mortalidade dos jovens (15 a 24 anos), nos municípios do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, no período de 1930 a 1991. Foram resgatados dados para referência histórica de interesse da saúde pública e para a construção de indicadores de saúde. Comparou-se a magnitude da mortalidade do grupo jovem, segundo sexo e causas, no tempo e entre as capitais. O coeficiente de mortalidade específico para a faixa etária de jovens declinou até 1970, em São Paulo e 1980, no Rio de Janeiro, sendo que este último município sempre apresentou níveis de mortalidade mais elevados do que o primeiro. Entretanto, São Paulo, de 1980 a 1991, sofreu um aumento relativo da mortalidade duas vezes maior do que o do Rio de Janeiro, aproximando os indicadores. A mortalidade dos jovens, embora baixa, em relação ao observado para as demais faixas etárias, não vem mais decrescendo. A elevação observada nas últimas décadas se dá às custas da mortalidade do sexo masculino. As doenças infecciosas e parasitárias apresentaram os coeficientes mais elevados nos dois municípios até 1950, sendo que os do Rio de Janeiro foram sempre maiores do que os de São Paulo. Dentre as doenças infecciosas destacou-se a importância da tuberculose como produtora de mortes, principalmente até 1950. A partir de 1960, as causas externas passaram a ocupar a primeira posição, com coeficientes elevados e crescentes. Dentre estas causas, os acidentes de trânsito e os homicídios se destacaram. Além das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, outros grupos tais como o das doenças do aparelho circulatório e respiratório, e mais recentemente as doenças das glândulas endócrinas, da nutrição e do metabolismo e transtornos imunitários, principalmente pela AIDS, sempre estiveram entre os cinco primeiros grupos de causas de morte. As epidemias de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, no caso dos jovens, pricipalmente do sexo masculino, foram sendo substituídas pelas violências, o que determinou um novo padrão de mortalidade, que deve ser abordado segundo a multiplicidade de elementos que o determinam. / This is an epidemiologic study of the youth (15 to 24 years old) mortality in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo cities from the year 1930 to 1991. The main objective is to evaluate mortality related to sex and causes at the target population and to compare It between both cities and with other indicators. São Paulo city showed a rapid death rate decline to the group, up to 1970, as well as Rio de Janeiro city, up to 1980. The last city has always showed higher mortality rates. However, during the past decade a higher proportion of deaths happened in São Paulo, which means that their mortality slopes are closer. Young people mortality rates are not high when compared with other age groups, but they are not decreasing anymore. The rising tendency is caused by male mortality. Infectious diseases were responsable by the higher mortality during the first years studied, mainly up to 1950, in both ciites, and Rio de Janeiro has exhibited the higher levels. Among the diseases of the group, tuberculosis was distinguished. After 1960, violent deaths increased and occupied the main position. Traffic acidents and homicide are the most important death causes. Besides them cardiovascular diseases, respiratory affections and latter on, in 1991, the endocrinologic and metabolic diseases group became to a prominent position, because of AIDS. Infectious diseases epidemics in the early years ofthe century, mainly to the young male, were replaced by violence and this transition showed a new mortality pattern which must be approached according to Its multiple implications.

Thesis (MA (Psychology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / South Africa’s violence and injury death rates pandemic are steadily growing. Global estimates reported by the World Health Organisation (2000) have revealed that there is an increase in worldwide deaths. Approximately 5 million people die as a result of injuries each year and hundreds of thousands more are left physically or psychologically scarred (World Health Organisation, 2000). There are alarmingly high incidences of violence, crime and injury deaths in South Africa and the impact of these injury fatalities is imposing an immense burden on government, communities, families and even individuals. The burden of fatal injury mortalities has not fallen evenly. In South Africa, low socio-economic communities have borne the brunt of this epidemic. This study presents a focus on mortality and injury patterns and emerging problem areas for children and youth in a peri-urban setting. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the fatal injury mortality and suicide data of children and youth in the Stellenbosch district, in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the problem areas of injury deaths such as the main causes and consequences and age, sex, race and other pertinent comparisons. The study also aimed to consider the impact and relationship between alcohol abuse and youth injury deaths. Mortuary data were compiled from 591 children and youth cases for the period 2001-2005 in the Stellenbosch district using the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System data form. The present study highlighted several key findings. Transport-related deaths were indicated as a serious cause for concern among both children and youth in peri-urban settings. The importance of specific road safety awareness initiatives within peri-urban areas and among specific age groups were also indicated. Violence-related deaths were determined to be a leading cause of death among the older age groups in the youth category, with sharp force objects being the leading external cause of violent deaths. This highlighted an additional key finding reporting that sharp force objects death are a more serious cause for concern than firearm deaths in peri-urban areas, which challenges previous urban data. vi Burns and drowning were indicated as pertinent cause of unintentional deaths among both children and youth within peri-urban areas. This was suggested to be due to the high use of paraffin enabled heating systems in house in peri-urban areas and the lack of safety surrounding materials such as matches in the home. In addition, suffocation deaths among infants were also identified as a concern. Furthermore, the link between alcohol abuse among the youth age group was indicated by a key finding that alcohol is a prominent risk factor for fatal injury mortalities among youth. However more studies are needed to explore the effects and risks of other substances on youth fatal injury deaths. Several implications of the research findings are identified for health care professionals, policy developers, government departments and non-government organisations to consider in reducing the mortality rates of children and youth. These implications are critical in informing preventative interventions and initiatives aimed at enhancing safety to children and youth living in peri-urban areas within South Africa. vii