This dissertation both proposes and records the ongoing implementation of a ‘Landsafe’ integrated conservation and development model for the customary commons of Zambia. In Volume I, a geographical historical perspective of the country is presented which concentrates on wildlife conservation and rural people. The changes wrought successively on indigenous peoples by invading native Africans of the Bantu linguistic group, then in turn on them by Europeans in the form of Charter Companies and later by Imperial Protectorate rule, and finally, by self-rule, is explored. The country’s evolution from Western colonialism and embedded liberalism, to exploitative neoliberalism and the concurrent emergence of the traditional patrimonial system - one modernised by its meeting with European captalism, is the backdrop and basis for the construction of Landsafe and its current implementation in two chiefdoms. Volume II presents the Landsafe ICDP model. This is based on the formation of chiefdom statutory trusts, with trustees elected by villagers of the customary commons; and the signing of co-management agreements with government departments in respect of wildlife, Game Management Areas, and protected forest land, forests, fisheries and water. The local District Councils would be signatory to such agreements, and the chiefs and their headmen would vest selected customary land in these trusts. These vested lands are then protected, allowing for controlled exploitation by investors - such that they do not impinge unnecessarily on traditional rights or on the re-establishment of traditional guardians of nature. Land may not, under any circumstances, be alienated from customary control. A log frame programme analysis procedure is adopted and a suggested formalisation methodology and procedures for implementing Landsafe included. Finally, the socio-ecology of the first project area in the Luangwa Valley is detailed, followed by a description of the implementation of the Landsafe programme; including a critical analysis comparing Landsafe theory to practice. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Centre for Wildlife Management / unrestricted

Zambian copper mines have embraced the use of information technologies for strategic operations and competitive advantage. This dependence on these technologies has not only been seen in the physical aspects of business operations but also in the use of information systems such as Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPs) for strategic decision making and increased usage of Industrial Control Systems (ICS’) that are meant to enhance operational efficiency in production areas. A survey was conducted to explore leadership perceptions on information security practices in Zambian copper mines and an ISO/IEC 27002 Audit Tool was administered to middle management in a particular mine for an in-depth analysis of their information security practices. Results revealed that although information security controls may have been put in place in these organisations, there are still areas that require attention. Senior management and middle management have different perceptions as to the extent to which information security practices are conducted in these copper mines. This implies that management may not be fully involved in certain aspects of these organisations’ information security practices. The results concluded that management needs to be fully involved and provide support for information security programs. Furthermore, these information security programs should be standardised so as to effectively protect these organisations’ information assets. This should also include the involvement of personnel as key players in the information security process.

The main objective of the study was to analyze the potential tax collection from the informal rental housing market in Zambia, using household level rental housing data collected for the Lusaka Urban District by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) as a basis for computation and extrapolation to the national level. This data was used to analyze household monthly expenditure on housing (rent), the total number of households in rented accommodation, and the tax regime applicable on rental income, to estimate the potential tax revenue that could be realized from this emerging sector. The estimates indicate that about K9.7 billion revenue could be collected on income from rental housing in Lusaka Urban District alone and a total of K83 billion nationally per annum. This represents about 0.4 percent of the country’s GDP in 2007. Compliance needs to be improved and legislation revised to ensure that the landlords are compelled to remit tax to the Zambia Revenue Authority. The current legislation makes enforcement and compliance difficult as it places the statutory tax burden on tenants, who are very mobile. It is, therefore, recommended that the landlord is made responsible for the payment of taxes due on rental income and that any compliance requirements be enforced against the real estate/property that is generating the income. This study also examines the performance of the presumptive taxation regime in Zambia The study uses data from the Zambia Revenue Authority on revenue collection from presumptive taxes which were introduced to capture income from the informal sectors. The presumptive taxes already introduced in Zambia include: base tax, advance income tax and turnover tax for minibuses and taxi operators. To analyze the performance of the presumptive tax regime, the study utilizes data on imports made by those not registered for taxes, to estimate how much revenue could be generated by imposing a 3 percent turnover tax on the value of their imports at importation. The analysis shows that the Zambia Revenue Authority increased revenue collection from K5.3 billion in 2004 to K33.5 billion in 2007. This improvement in revenue collection is far below the potential, however, which is estimated at over K501 billion on imports of unregistered traders alone. To collect this revenue and expand the tax base, the tax authority needs to improve the administration of advance income tax on unregistered importers, and raise the advance income tax rate to a level where the importer is indifferent between paying the advance tax at the border and paying turnover tax inland.

The subject matter pertaining to the socio-economic rights of prisoners, is a subject area that has been neglected by legal academics in Zambia. Therefore, it was only fitting to give this topic, the attention it deserves. When the topic at hand was elected, it was underlined by three assumptions. The first assumption being that in the Zambian legal system, the socio-economic rights of prisoners are not duly acknowledged, respected and promoted. The second assumption was that prisoners are ill-treated, such that their dignity is taken away by virtue of their confinement to a prison. The last assumption was that Zambia is not abiding by its international and regional minimum human rights law obligations, pertaining to detained persons. Consequently, the investigations described below were undertaken to prove the validity of these three assumptions. Firstly, reports of institution such as the Human Rights Commission and the Human Rights Watch, were employed to acquire a more in-depth understanding of the socio-economic conditions in prisons around Zambia. In their totality, the reports revealed that the majority of Zambian prisons are places where human rights violations manifest, due to the inhumane socio-economic conditions and treatment of prisoners. Secondly, a critical analysis of the provisions relevant to the socio-economic rights of prisoners in the Prisons Act1 and the Prison Rules2 and Zambian Constitution,3 was undertaken. The analysis, aimed at ascertaining the content of the law in so far as recognizing, protecting and realizing the socio-economic rights of prisoners, finds that neither of these pieces of legislation expressly recognize the rights in question. Consequently, the realization of these rights is dependant on general law which includes but is not limited to the Public Health Act,,sup>4 the National Health Services Act5 and the National Food and Nutrition Commission Act.6 Thirdly, the relevant provisions of both soft and hard international human rights law instruments including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),7 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),8 the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR),9 the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (SMR),10 the Body of Principles for the Protection of all Persons Under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment,11 the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners,12 the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR),13 the Kampala Declaration on Prison Conditions in Africa 14 and the Robben Island Guidelines15 were analyzed. The analysis of which the focal point is on whether Zambia is complying with the international minimum standards for the treatment of prisoners and prison conditions, leads to the finding that Zambia is in violation of numerous provisions in the aforementioned instruments and that the treatment of prisoners as well as IX the prison conditions in most prisons, falls short of international minimum standards. In summary, the various reports of a parastatal,16 the reports of NGO’s17 and the state party reports of Zambia18 to bodies of the United Nations and African Union, have rendered the abovementioned assumptions, actual facts. Put differently, the states’ failure to domesticate international human rights law, its inability to harmonize national laws and the judiciary’s failure to embrace its autonomy, are some of the factors that have resulted in a culture of undermining the value of the socio-economic rights of prisoners, which in turn impedes their realization. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

This thesis covers the subject of economic integration in the East African setting. Following a review of custom union theory literature, a closer examination is made of the historical and economic background of the East African Common Market. A case is then made for Zambian entry into the Common Market with particular emphasis put on the effect it would have on the growth of G.D.P. (impact effect) and the development of industry. An empirical examination of the impact effect indicates that Tanzania will be the largest net gainer. A model is also presented that shows the effect of integration on the time horizon of industrial growth. Finally, the thesis concludes that there are net gains that can be enjoyed by all parties if integration is implemented in a rational manner and industrial planning is executed by an inter-country industrial planning board that would allocate industry among the member countries based on sound economic criteria. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

This thesis investigates the changing forms and roles of science, technology, and expert knowledge in agricultural development in Zambia from 1945 to the present day. The main focus is on the changing ideologies, polices, and technologies that different development agencies have used to transform agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and the persistent concerns about rural hunger and low agricultural productivity. My central argument is that contests over expert knowledge and technology have played a key role in the formulation and implementation of agricultural development policies in colonial Northern Rhodesia and then independent Zambia. Another argument is intertwined with this, namely that a historical approach is essential to understanding the origins, operation, and outcomes of development policies. The argument is developed in five chronologically sequenced case studies of particularly significant and innovative agricultural development projects, technologies, and research programmes. These studies in part stand alone, each filling a gap in the history of development in Zambia and sub-Saharan Africa more generally. By focusing upon common issues and questions through the studies, however, I explore broader themes in the history of development knowledge and practice, and the history of science and technology. I have framed my approach in two linked areas. The first concerns development experts, those who are responsible for creating new knowledge about peasant society and deploying new technologies and programmes to transform it. The thesis investigates how and why it is that certain people and institutions gain influence and acquire the status of 'development experts', and how the category of 'development expert' is subject to historical change. My main argument in this area is that development experts were more divided than is commonly acknowledged in histories of development which rely upon a more abstract and unitary notion of expertise. The second area of focus concerns how these 'divided experts' attempt to manage the peasantry's integration with capitalist social relations through the manipulation of the 'productive forces': technologies, production techniques, environmental resources, and methods of organising labour. My argument here is that technology has been used as a disruptive force; development programs have revolved around the introduction of new technologies as a means of reworking socio-ecological relations.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / About 10% of children world-wide experience developmental disorders and require access to the health care system. These disorders also require extensive care giving, often throughout childhood and into the adult years. Cerebral palsy (CP) is one such chronic condition, and can serve as a major cause of childhood disability. It is the commonest cause of neurological impairment in childhood and is associated with functional limitations and lifelong disability. Providing the high level of care required by a child with long-term functional limitations can become burdensome and may impact on both the physical and psychological health of the care giver. To prevent problems suffered by mothers of children with CP, it is important to explore the challenges experienced. All studies conducted previously on cerebral palsy in Zambia focus on impairments and difficulties experienced by children with CP and none of the mothers’ challenges have been explored. The aim of this study therefore was to explore the challenges that mothers of children with cerebral palsy experience in Ndola, Zambia. The study was conducted at two rehabilitation centers (Twapia and Mushili) under the Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) catchment area in Ndola. A qualitative research design was employed. The mothers were stratified and purposefully selected and interviews were stopped once theoretical saturation was reached. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from relevant bodies and ethical issues were observed throughout the study. Sixteen (16) mothers of children with CP were interviewed. In-depth interviews were done using an interview guide which was designed after extensive review of literature. The interviews were audio recorded. The recorded data was transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the mothers faced many challenges which included emotional, physical health, socio-economic, environmental, misdiagnosis of the condition of their children, marital problems and lack of implementation of policies regarding children with CP by the Zambian government

As a recipient of Official Development Assistance (ODA), the Republic of Zambia is considered one of the aid-dependent nations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Development assistance has been said to have had made absolutely no contribution to economic growth and development in the country on observation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita figure over the years which indicates periods of stagnation in growth despite ODA receipts. Generally, this conclusion has in the past been drawn without consideration for, and appreciation of, the variations in the objectives and disbursement channels of ODA. Consequently, this study sought to investigate the separate impact of multilateral and bilateral ODA on GDP per capita which served as a proxy for economic growth and development in Zambia. Based on a modified neo-classical economic growth model that incorporates multilateral and bilateral ODA as determinants of economic growth, this study employed the ARDL model to investigate the long-run and short-run relationship between GDP per capita and ODA from 1975 to 2016. Two similar growth models were analysed substituting the net ODA variable with multilateral and bilateral ODA in order to assess the relationship. In addition to net ODA, the model included the variables investment, trade openness and the labour force as determinants of economic growth. Findings from the study show that multilateral ODA had a significant negative impact on GDP per capita, while the bilateral ODA model showed a statistically insignificant negative relationship. The findings of the study support the notion that different types of foreign aid cannot be expected to have a uniform impact on growth and development in terms of effectiveness. The recommendations point to the importance of re-evaluation of modalities by donors to ensure that development assistance is more effective in achieving sustainable development goals.

Background: Uncorrected Refractive Errors (UREs) are the most common cause of vision loss globally. The burden is particularly worse in low- and middle-income countries like Zambia, where access to Refractive Error Correction Services (RECS) is limited. This study aimed to assess the user's accessibility to RECS in selected Zambian Hospitals. Methods: Twenty (20) public health facilities offering RECS were conveniently selected using a crosssectional design. These represented 20 districts in eight provinces of Zambia. A questionnaire-based on access to health care services framework was administered. The framework assessed service accessibility in terms of availability, geographical accessibility, and affordability. Facility managers completed and submitted the questionnaire via email. Results: Completed questionnaires were received from 20 facilities. Nineteen facilities were located in rural areas whilst one facility was located in an urban area. Most facilities (84%) had the Ministry of Health recommended equipment, though essential equipment such as tonometers were lacking in most facilities (70%). Fifteen facilities (75%) reported having Optometry Technologists as the main staff offering services. Only two facilities (10%) had an Ophthalmologist each and no facility had an Optometrist. School-based programmes were not carried out in all facilities. Only one (5%) facility was able to dispense spectacles soon after refraction as it had a spectacle manufacturing workshop. For some facilities (60%), a poor road network posed a challenge to geographical accessibility. Insufficient funding limited access to RECSs. Facility representative stated that not all patients could meet the cost of services in all the facilities. Conclusion: Access to refractive error correction services in the 20 facilities was limited due to a combination of eye health programme deficiencies and general challenges typical in low- and middle-income countries. Funding, human resources and equipment were insufficient. Inadequate road network and infrastructure undermined service delivery. The accessibility shortcomings identified should be used to improve user accessibility of refractive services.

This study investigated Zambia's current financial inclusion state with specific reference to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). It also sought to determine the relationship between the age of the owner of MSME, size, literacy, gender, age, the period of operations, asymmetrical information, and financial inclusion in Zambia. The data collected from 70 respondents comprising MSMEs owners were analysed using multiple regression, correlation analysis and descriptive statistics. The research employed dependent variables, notably access, availability, and financial services, as the dependent variable. In contrast, independent variables included the size of MSME, literacy level, income level of the owner of MSME, the period of operations and asymmetrical information. On the one hand, the empirical findings indicate a positive relationship between usage and availability of financial services, and 'MSME's age of owner, size, literacy, gender, age, operation period, asymmetrical information in Zambia. On the other hand, findings, however, also show a negative relationship between gender and financial inclusion access. Whilst a positive relationship with the remaining independent variables. Accordingly, the study concluded that financial inclusion is evident in Zambia among MSMEs. However, the primary issue is that most MSMEs do not have access to formal funding from formal financial institutions. Therefore, the study calls for policies to be put in place to help MSMEs have access to formal financing. In addition, it also proposes formalising 'women's informal sector, financial literacy roadshows for women in the informal sector, training women in digital skills to enable them to have better access to financial services and giving financial institutions targets to onboard women-led MSMEs.