Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-237). Also available in electronic version.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-55). Also available in electronic version.

This thesis deals with the various attempts to expand the ADOR (Assembly, Disassembly, Organisation and Reassembly) process. This includes the use of the ADOR process to incorporate new elements into a zeolite framework, the expansion of the ADOR process to other germanosilicate frameworks, and the first ever synthesis of a new ADORable germanosilicate and its subsequent daughters. Chapter 4 deals with the expansion of the ADOR process to the already known ADORable zeolite UTL, using the organisation and reassembly steps to incorporate Al and P, resulting in the formation of a zeolite-AlPO hybrid with distinct silicate layers connected by AlPO based s4r linkages. The material was shown to contain Al and P species and was unstable to acidic medium, atypical of the wholly silica zeolite frameworks produced by the ADOR process. MAS NMR studies showed the presence of both tetrahedral P and Al species in the material and that the presence of Si-OH groups was limited. Indicating that the layers had been reconnected with Al and P now present, forming a zeolite-AlPO hybrid. 29 Si-enriched materials were synthesised to confirm the presence of P-O-Si bonds, through 2D MAS NMR correlation experiments; however, results were limited due to the lack of signal strength. Chapter 5 deals with attempts to expand the ADOR process by applying the ADOR process to other already known germanosilicates. It was found that the non-ideal ADORable candidates NUD-1 and ITQ-33 were unable to undergo a controlled disassembly process, primarily due to their high Ge content and distribution of d4r/d3r. The zeolites ITQ-38 and IM-20 showed more promise. Both could undergo disassembly to form a layered material, which could then be organised and reassembled to form new materials. However, these materials were shown to not form perfect daughter zeolites and had a high degree of disorder. This was associated with the complexity of the ADOR process and the many factors that play a role in each step. Chapter 6 deals with the use of a family of SDAs (with the same biphenyl backbone) to synthesise new ADORable zeolites. The synthesis of the SDAs and their use in various zeolite syntheses was discussed. The potential of these SDAs for the synthesis of new zeolites was then evaluated. The investigations were relatively successful with the successful formation of an ADORable zeolite, which was already known, UTL. However, the suitability of such SDAs also put into question, due to their instability under hydrothermal conditions. Chapter 7 discussed the first successful a priori synthesis of a parent germanosilicate and its daughter zeolites by the ADOR process. The successful synthesis of an ADORable zeolite (SAZ-1) was conducted with the use of an imidazolium-naphthalene based SDA. Investigations were first conducted into changing the synthesis condition, exploring the impact of these changes on the resulting products, and optimising the synthesis conditions to favour the formation of the new zeolite SAZ-1. These investigations led to the new zeolite framework SAZ-1, which showed similarities to the zeolites NUD-2 and CIT-13, which were developed simultaneously by other institutions. The properties of the SAZ-1 framework were discussed and were found to be highly suitable for the ADOR process. SAZ-1 was then successfully disassembled, organised, and reassembled to form two new daughter zeolites SAZ-2 and SAZ-3. The alumination of SAZ-1P to form aluminated SAZ-2 and SAZ-3 was also attempted. Both zeolites showed an increase in catalytic activity, compared to the typical pure-silica daughter zeolites. The layers of SAZ- 1P were also able to undergo the same shifting process as seen for the ‘unfeasible' zeolites IPC-9 and IPC-10, but the resultant products were not as ordered as these previous examples. This in addition to the previous work highlighted some of the non-ideal properties of SAZ-1 compared to other ADORable zeolites, like UTL.

Orientador: Eduardo J. S. Vichi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T15:46:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BernardiJunior_Ernesto_D.pdf: 5488181 bytes, checksum: 9191e2a8912ede9a6844335070db1c20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Foram preparados aproximadamente quarenta materiais entre cromiossilicatos zeolíticos tipo MFI e sílica com superfície modificada por zircônio e depois servindo de suporte ao metal crômio. Estes materiais foram denominados Cr-ZSM-5 e Cr-SSM e foram devidamente caracterizados, visando processos de conversão catalítica de monóxido de carbono a dióxido de carbono. As caracterizações envolveram técnicas de: Difração de Raios-X de Pó, Espectrometria de Infravermelho do Estado Sólido, Análises Elementares por Fluorescência de Raios-X, Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica, Espectroscopia Fotoacústica, Análise de Área Superficial BET. As reações de conversão foram realizadas através de um reator de vidro microcatalítico, inserido num forno tubular microprocessado. Os efluentes gasosos foram analisados por Espectrometria de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, Cromatografia Gasosa e Análise de Gases com Célula Eletroquímica. Dos zeólitos obtidos por planejamento estatístico, três amostras foram testadas nas conversões, denominadas, ZS-1, ZF-2 e ZP-3. Quanto ao material de sílica, duas amostras foram preparadas e utilizadas nas conversões, denominadas, SF-1 e SF-2. Destes materiais, somente uma amostra de cromiossilicato revelou-se mais ativa para a reação e ambas as amostras de sílica. As conversões foram muito eficientes e revelaram turnover elevados. Os zeólitos desativados foram regenerados com sucesso e a conversão continuou com gradual perda de eficiência. Os materiais de sílica não desativaram após 49 horas de operação. Reações tipo: CO+NOCO2+1/2N2, foram investigadas sem alimentação de ar, com relativo êxito. Existem perspectivas de aplicação do material de sílica em processos de catálise automotiva. Está sendo estudado o registro de propriedade intelectual para estes materiais. / Abstract: About forty catalyst materials were prepared among MFI zeolitic chromiumsilicates type and silica grafted by zirconium oxides, and after serve as anchoring cromium species. These materials were named Cr-ZSM-5 and Cr-SSM and were characterized to drive at catalytic process to change carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The characterizations involved, Powder X-Ray Diffraction, Infrared Spectroscopy (MID-IR), Elemental Analysis by X-Ray Fluorescence, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, BET Superficial Area. The catalytic reactions were carried out on a microcatalytic glass reactor, inserted in a microprocessed cilindrical owen. The gaseous products were analyzed by a Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography and a Gas Analyzer with Electrochemistry Cell. Synthesis applying statistical planning for zeolites, resulted in three catalysts to be tested in reactions. In respect to silica catalyst, two samples were prepared and applied in reactions. From these materials only a sample of chromiumsilicate revealed active to reaction and more two samples of a silica type. The reactions were most efficacious and revealed high turnover number. The zeolitic catalysts switches off and were renewed with sucessfull process and the reaction extends with gradual loss of efficacious. The silica catalysts did not switches off after 49 hours in action. Class of reactions like: CO + NO CO2 + 1/2N2 were experimented without feed of air, with restrained results. There are applicative perspectives of silica catalysts in automotive catalytic process. This work will generate a patent request for these materials. / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências

M.Sc. (Chemistry) / At Sasol the zeolite catalyst HZ-1 is used to isomerize short-chain hydrocarbons. In this reaction unwanted organic acids are also formed. This investigation has as focal point the interaction between one of these acids, n-butyric acid, and the catalyst. This experimental study consisted of kinetic experiments with a continuous reactor as well as a pulse reactor. In addition to this, temperature programmed desorption was used ...

There is a pressing need for advanced solid-state materials that can be implemented in industrial gas separation processes to achieve separations with a significantly reduced energy input compared to what is typically required from current technologies. Although certain porous materials like zeolites bear some commercial significance for gas separation; their inherent lack of tunability limits the extent to which these materials may be exploited in industry. Zeolite-like Metal-Organic Frameworks (ZMOFs) are a sub-class of Metal-Organic Framework materials (MOFs) that show a structural semblance to zeolites while possessing the tunability advantages of MOF materials. ZMOFs which are topologically similar to certain zeolites can be functionalised and tuned in numerous ways to improve their gas separation properties. In this work, indium-based sod-ZMOF was tuned by cation-exchange and then characterised by different experimental tools such as single-crystal x-ray diffraction, elemental analysis and gas adsorption. It was found that various parameters like the choice of cation, the concentration of salt solution and the choice of solvent had a significant bearing on the cation-exchange of sod-ZMOF and its subsequent adsorption properties.

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_X (x = 1,2) using Cu-exchanged zeolites is used commercially for the abatement of NO_X from on-road lean-burn diesel engines. At the low exhaust temperatures during cold-start and idle operation (<523 K), the SCR reaction proceeds via a Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ redox cycle of NH₃-solvated and mobilized Cu ions. Reduction of Cu²⁺ species proceeds via NO-assisted reduction of isolated NH₃-solvated Cu²⁺ ions. To complete Cu⁺ to Cu²⁺ oxidation, two [Cu(NH₃)₂]⁺ species react together with O₂ to form a dimeric O₂-bridged Cu²⁺ species that is subsequently reduced by NO and NH₃ to complete the SCR catalytic turnover. NH₃-solvated Cu ion species are nominally isolated under <i>ex-situ</i> conditions, however, motivating the critical research question studied in this work regarding how Cu ion mobility and dynamic interconversion of mononuclear and binuclear active sites facilitate SCR chemistry. In particular, this work focuses on understanding how active site proximity, zeolite pore connectivity and dimensionality, and catalyst poisons impact the number and reactivity of active Cu sites.<br> Steady-state SCR kinetics (473 K) measured at fixed gas conditions (10 kPa O₂) on a series of Cu-chabazite (CHA) zeolites with varied density of isolated Cu ions (0.078-0.35 Cu per 10³ ų) exhibit non-single site behavior because of changes in the kinetic relevance of Cu⁺ oxidation and Cu²⁺ reduction half-cycles, and the non-mean field nature of the Cu⁺ oxidation process. Measurement of SCR rates at dioxygen pressures (1-60 kPa O₂) far removed from typical operating conditions (3-17 kPa O₂) allows isolating the kinetic behavior under primarily Cu⁺ oxidation-limited and Cu²⁺ reduction-limited conditions, and estimating rate parameters for these two regimes by regressing SCR rates as a function of O2 pressure to an empirical Langmuirian rate expression. Apparent rate constants that are first-order in O₂ (k_first) increase systematically with Cu density, consistent with the dual-site Cu⁺ oxidation mechanism. Apparent rate constants that are zero-order in O2 (k_zero) show a weak dependence on Cu density, similar to the fraction of Cu that can be oxidized by O₂ at 473 K in transient experiments, suggesting that changes in k_zero reflect changes in the fraction of active Cu given the single-site nature of Cu²⁺ reduction mechanisms. The measured apparent activation energy in the Cu⁺ oxidation limit (E_app,first) increases systematically with Cu density, highlighting the non-mean field nature of Cu⁺ oxidation over the range of Cu densities studied. The measured apparent activation energies in the Cu²⁺ reduction limit are constant above a threshold Cu density (0.17 Cu per 10³ ų), consistent with mean-field behavior, but begin to deviate at lower densities (0.084-0.10 Cu per 10³ ų).<br> A series of Cu-zeolites with 2D (LEV, FER) and 1D (MOR) pore connectivity were synthesized to quantify how the framework topology and pore structure influences the mobility and reactivity of Cu ions during SCR. When compared to Cu-CHA, a 3D pore structure, values of k_first and k_zero (per total Cu) were several factors lower on the 2D and 1D zeolites, indicating that decreasing the effective volumetric footprint of Cu ions during SCR decreases both the rate of dual-site Cu⁺ oxidation and the fraction of Cu⁺ that oxidizes. When compared to other 3D double-six membered ring (d6r) zeolites with different pore shape (AEI) and size (AFX), rates (per total Cu) were generally a factor of 1.5 to 2 times higher on Cu-CHA, indicating that the open pore structure of cylindrical cages in CHA are favorable for low-temperature SCR reactivity.<br> The arrangement and density of framework Al atoms in CHA influences low-temperature SCR, as the framework Al atoms mediate Cu ion mobility and the arrangement of Al in the framework determines the chemical identity of the Cu active site precursors as either [CuOH]⁺ exchanged at an isolated framework Al center or Cu²⁺ exchanged at paired framework Al in a six-membered ring (6-MR). Synthesis of CHA zeolites with mixtures of Na⁺ and TMAda⁺ provides a strategy to alter the amount of Al centers in 6-MR paired configurations, because Na+ co-occludes in 6-MR voids adjacent to TMAda⁺ occluded within the cha cage. In contrast, synthesis of CHA zeolites with mixtures of K⁺ and TMAda⁺ results in primarily 6-MR isolated Al configurations because K⁺ cations displace TMAda⁺ from residing in cha cages. Thus, the use of different mixtures of organic and inorganic structure directing agents (SDAs) provide routes to synthesize CHA zeolites that favor the formation of either [CuOH]⁺ or Cu²⁺ species. The Cu speciation influences both hydrothermal stability and resistance to sulfur poisoning. SO₂ is a catalyst poison ubiquitous in automotive exhaust and is found to bind to [CuOH]⁺ sites more strongly than Cu²⁺ sites, both before and after high-temperature de-sulfation treatments. <br> Together, these findings reveal several of the important structural and active site requirements for low-temperature NO_X SCR with NH₃ on Cu-zeolites. The non-mean field nature of the SCR redox cycle on Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ ion sites, and the requirement for Cu ions to be located in proximal and accessible locations of zeolite void spaces becomes more favorable in 3D highly connected pore structures, highlighting a primary reason why low-temperature SCR rates (per Cu) are higher on Cu-CHA than on other Cu-zeolites. The synthetic procedures presented here to influence the Al arrangement in CHA zeolites provide new strategies to alter the speciation and density of isolated Cu ion sites, even among Cu-CHA zeolites of nominally identical elemental composition, which have implications for the stability and resistance to poisons of the catalyst under realistic operating conditions. Together, synthetic strategies to manipulate the proximity of active sites, methods to quantify transient and steady-state kinetics, and <i>in situ</i> and <i>operando</i> characterization are invaluable tools to study and understand the non-mean field dynamic interconversion of isolated and multinuclear sites during low-temperature SCR catalysis.<br>

No description available.

With the dwindling availability of petroleum, focus has shifted to renewable energy sources such as lignocellulosic biomass. Cellulose and hemicellulose are highly utilized components of biomass, and on the other hand, lignin is a plentiful, under-utilized component of the lignocellulosic biomass. Hence, utilization of the lignin component is necessary for the realization of an economically sustainable biorefinery model. Once depolymerized, lignin has the potential to replace petroleum-derived molecules. Further, a catalyst is capable of selectively removing the oxygen atoms without hydrogenating the aromatic components would be valuable. Bimetallic phosphides and zeolites are capable of selectively cleaving CAROMATIC–O bonds from aromatic compounds. In the present study, the applications of a bimetallic phosphides (FeMoP, RuMoP and NiMoP) for CAROMATIC–O bond cleavage and hydrogenation of C=O and C=C bond in the aromatic model compounds (Phenol, furfural, cinnamaldehyde, and CO2) were examined. The Fe:Mo ratio was varied in FeX Mo2−X P catalysts (0.88 to 1.55) to investigate the effect of catalyst acidity and hydrogenolysis capability via first principle calculations. The most acidic material was most selective for phenol to benzene. Further, combination of different transition metals with phosphorus were tested for hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation mechanism of phenol. Additionally, composition effect in RuXMo2−XP (X = 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) have investigated for furfural and cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation. It was found that tuning in metal combination and composition results in control of binding energy and activation energy barrier which tune the selectivity for desire reaction and reaction pathway. Alternatively, highly active MWW-zeolite nanosheets have recently been explored for depolymerization in lignin. First, binding strength of different lignin dimers (phenolic and non-phenolic) was studied in terms of binding energy and binding mode over different terminated zeolite surface as a function of temperature and solvent. The optimized binding structure of lignin dimers were further considered to study the hydrogenolysis pathways over Al- and Sn-substituted MWW zeolite nanosheets. Generally, it was found that fully hydroxyl terminated surface, phenolic dimers and higher temperature in methanol pro- motes higher binding energy. Moreover, Al-substituted zeolite nanosheet resulted in lowering activation energy barriers significantly to cleave β-O-4 Linkages in Lignin dimers.

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