Nesta Dissertação, foram realizadas reações de copolimerização de 1,3-butadieno com diferentes alfa-olefinas (1-hexeno, 1-octeno e 1-dodeceno) utilizando-se um sistema catalítico do tipo Ziegler-Natta ternário constituído por versatato de neodímio, hidreto de diisobutilalumínio e cloreto de t-butila. O sistema catalítico também foi avaliado em reações de homopolimerização com cada alfa-olefina. As condições reacionais, tanto da síntese do catalisador como das reações de polimerização, foram mantidas constantes. Foi estudada a influência de diferentes teores de cada alfa-olefina (1, 3, 5, 10, 20 e 30 % em relação ao 1,3-butadieno) sobre a conversão da polimerização, a microestrutura, a massa molar, as propriedades viscosimétricas e a estabilidade térmica dos polímeros obtidos. Foi avaliada, ainda, a influência do tamanho da cadeia da alfa-olefina sobre as características da polimerização. Os polímeros foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho (SEC), viscosimetria capilar e termogravimetria (TG). A microestrutura dos polímeros, praticamente, não variou com a adição das alfa-olefinas. A massa molar numérica média (Mn) não sofreu alterações significativas, enquanto que a massa molar ponderal média (Mw) apresentou tendência ao aumento, quanto maior foi a incorporação de comonômero. A viscosidade intrínseca não apresentou uma tendência com a adição da alfa-olefina na reação, permanecendo na faixa de 2,015 a 3,557 dL/g. A estabilidade térmica do copolímero mostrou uma tendência a aumentar com a incorporação das alfa-olefinas / In this work, were performed copolymerization reactions of 1,3-butadiene with different alpha-olefins (1-hexene, 1-octene and 1-dodecene), using a ternary catalytic system of Ziegler-Natta, constituted by neodymium versatate, diisobutylaluminum hydride and t-butyl chloride. The catalytic system was also evaluated in homopolymerization reactions with the alpha-olefins. The reaction conditions, both the catalyst synthesis as the polymerization reactions, were kept constant. The influence of different content of each alpha-olefin (1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30% compared to 1,3-butadiene) on the polymerization conversion, the microstructure, molar mass, viscometric properties and thermal stability of polymers was studied. The influence of alpha-olefin chain size on polymerization characteristics was also evaluated. The polymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), capillary viscometry and thermogravimetry (TG). The polymer microstructure, practically, did not change with the addition of alpha-olefins. The number average molecular mass (Mn) has not changed; while the weight average molecular mass (Mw) trended to increase. The intrinsic viscosity did not show a trend with the alpha-olefin addition, remaining in the range from 2.015 to 3.557 dL/g. The copolymer thermal stability showed a tendency to increase with the incorporation of alpha-olefins

Foram preparados três tipos de precursores catalíticos homogêneos a base de zirconocênos: os complexos estereorrígidos Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 e iPrCpFluZrCh 2 contendo simetria C2 e Cs, respectivamente, e o complexo Ind2ZrCh 3. Estes complexos, em presença de metilaluminoxanas (MAO), polimerizam propeno conduzindo a três diferentes tipos de polipropileno. Os complexos estereorrígidos 1 e 2 conduzem a polímeros estereorregulares, iso e sindiotáticos, respectivamente, enquanto o complexo 3 produz polipropileno atático. O grau de estereorregularidade do polímero é dependente da temperatura de polimerização, assim, a baixas temperaturas foram obtidos polímeros altamente estereorregulares, com maiores peso moleculares, Tm eTc. A microestrutura dos polímeros foi determinada por RMN de 13C. / We have carried out three different kinds of homogeneous catalyst based on zirconocenes: stereorigid complexes Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 ,and iPrCpFluZrCb 2 with symmetry C2 e Cs respectively and the complex Ind2ZrCh 3. These complexes together with methylaluminoxane (MAO) can polymerise propene leading to three different kinds of polypropylene. These stereorigid complexes (1 and 2) lead to stereoregular polymers iso and syndiotatic respectively while the complex 3 lead to atatic polypropylene. The polymer stereorigid degree is related with the polymer temperature thus we have obtained high stereoregular polymers with high molecular weight, Tm and Te. The polymers microstructure were obtained by 13C NMR.

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados catalisadores Ziegler-Natta heterogêneos obtidos a partir de TiCl4 e etilato de magnésio com geração de MgCl2 in situ. Foi verificado que o tempo e a temperatura de têmpera da preparação do catalisador influenciam significativamente a atividade catalítica destes. O catalisador não submetido ao processo de têmpera (ZNST), e o catalisador temperado em condições mais rigorosas (ZNT), apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior e a menor atividade catalítica entre vários catalisadores submetidos a diferentes condições de têmpera. Os catalisadores ZNST e ZNT tratam-se de sólidos amorfos, com área superficial e dimensão de partículas semelhantes. Pela análise da composição química dos catalisadores, por diferentes técnicas analíticas, verificouse que o tratamento térmico do catalisador favorece a fixação de TiCl4 e de compostos de Ti oxigenados, diferentes daqueles depositados na reação do MgCl2 com TiCl4. Nesta Tese foi proposta uma estrutura para os sítios ativos formados à base de compostos de Ti oxigenados ou titanoxanos. Estes resultados permitiram a proposição do modelo físico-químico, denominado núcleo-superfície, segundo o qual o catalisador ZNT é constituído de partículas primárias contendo no núcleo predominantemente sítios de Ti do tipo clorotitanatos, entre outros, e na superfície majoritariamente sítios titanoxano (-Ti-O-Ti-). O catalisador ZNST tem majoritariamente sítios de Ti do tipo clorotitanato. O modelo foi válido para explicar o comportamento dos catalisadores na polimerização de eteno, em processo em suspensão, na obtenção do polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) e também para explicar as propriedades diferenciadas dos polímeros obtidos. O sistema catalítico ZNST-TEA apresentou maior atividade catalítica e produziu o PEAD de menor massa molar e menor polidispersão. Com o sistema catalítico ZNT-IPRA se verificou atividade catalítica intermediária e PEAD com maior massa molar e maior polidispersão. / In this work, Ziegler-Natta heterogeneous supported catalysts were synthesized from TiCl4 and magnesium ethylate with MgCl2 in situ generation. It was observed that both catalyst tempering time and temperature influenced significantly the catalytic activity. The non tempered catalyst (ZNST) and the tempered catalyst (ZNT) presented the highest and the lowest catalyst activity, respectively, among other ones prepared in different tempering conditions. The catalysts ZNST and ZNT are amorphous solids and both have approximately the same surface area and particle size. By the catalyst chemical compositions, determined through different techniques, it was possible to conclude that thermal treatment (tempering) increases the Ti content and new oxygenated Ti sites in the catalyst. In this work was proposed a structure to the new site titanoxane different of that one obtained in the MgCl2 chloration of with TiCl4. These results allow proposing a core-shell model. The core of ZNT catalyst particle has mainly Ti site as chloridetitanate, and others, and the shell has primary particles that have mainly titanoxane sites. The ZNST catalyst has mainly Ti sites as chloridetitanate. The model was valid to explain HDPE properties produced by slurry process. The ZNST-TEA catalytic system showed the highest catalytic activity and the HDPE obtained with this system had the lower molecular weight and the lower polidispersity. The ZNT-IPRA catalytic system showed an intermediate activity and the HDPE obtained had the highest molecular weight and broader polidispersity.

A systematic study of propylene polymerization using a 4th generation Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented in this thesis. The apparent kinetic rate constants for propylene polymerization were estimated in the presence and absence of hydrogen and/or donor. The estimated activation energies for activation, propagation, and deactivation were found to be close to values previously reported in the literature for similar catalysts. The polypropylene samples were characterized using high-temperature gel permeation chromatography (GPC), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), and crystallization elution fractionation (CEF). The effect of hydrogen and external electron donor on polypropylene microstructure was investigated at two polymerization temperatures. In addition to the expected electron donor positive effect on tacticity, hydrogen was also found to increase polypropylene tacticity. The effect of changing these polymerization conditions on molecular weight and polydispersity was also investigated. Finally, CEF profiles show how the distribution of polypropylene crystallizability changes by adding hydrogen and electron donor to the reactor. The concentrations of hydrogen and external donor were also varied to study their effect of polymerization kinetics and polymer microstructure. The estimated activation energies were close to those found in the first part of this investigation in the presence and/or absence of donor and hydrogen. A polypropylene microstructural study showed a positive effect of hydrogen concentration on mmmm pentad at low donor concentration, likely due to an increase in stereoselectivity of the aspecific sites by hydrogen. However, increasing donor concentration over a given threshold seems to transform the aspecific sitess into stereospecific sites that are no longer significantly affected by hydrogen. These experimental results were compared to a previously developed Monte Carlo model and found to agree with the trends predicted by simulation. Finally, the effect of diisopropyldimethoxysilane (P), n-propyltrimethoxysilane (N), paraethoxyethylbenzoate (PEEB), and dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane (D) external donors on catalyst activity and stereoselectivity was investigated. P and D donors were more stereoselective than N and PEEB donors; however, D donor had the best activity among all donors investigated. Therefore, D donor was mixed with PEEB to combine its high activity with the self-extinguishing properties of PEEB. The D/PEEB 90/10 (mol/mol) mixture generated a catalyst with good stereoselectivity but poor activity. When the ratio was increased to 95/5 and 98/2, the resulting catalyst had high activity and good stereoselectivity. Interestingly, the D/PEEB combination with just a small fraction of PEEB has a positive effect on the catalysts activation term which may decrease polymerization costs with this system.

The objective of this work is to develop mathematical models to predict molecular weight distributions (MWDs) of ethylene copolymers produced in an industrial gas-phase reactor using a Ziegler-Natta (Z-N) catalyst. Because of the multi-site nature of Z-N catalysts, models of Z-N catalyzed copolymerization tend to be very large and have many parameters that need to be estimated. It is important that the data that are available for parameter estimation be used effectively, and that a suitable balance is achieved between modeling rigour and simplification. In the thesis, deconvolution analysis is used to gain an understanding of how the polymer produced by various types of active sites on the Z-N catalyst responds to changes in the reactor operating conditions. This analysis reveals which reactions are important in determining the MWD and also shows that some types of active sites share similar behavior and can therefore share some kinetic parameters. With this knowledge, a simplified model is developed to predict MWDs of ethylene/hexene copolymers produced at 90 °C. Estimates of the parameters in this isothermal model provide good initial guesses for parameter estimation in a subsequent more complex model. The isothermal model is extended to account for the effects of butene and temperature. Estimability analysis and cross-validation are used to determine which parameters should be estimated from the available industrial data set. Twenty model parameters are estimated so that the model provides good predictions of MWD and comonomer incorporation. Finally, D-, A-,and V-optimal experimental designs for improving the quality of the model predictions are determined. Difficulties with local minima are addressed and a comparison of the optimality criteria is presented. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-05-28 20:43:58.37

A systematic study of propylene polymerization using a 4th generation Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented in this thesis. The apparent kinetic rate constants for propylene polymerization were estimated in the presence and absence of hydrogen and/or donor. The estimated activation energies for activation, propagation, and deactivation were found to be close to values previously reported in the literature for similar catalysts. The polypropylene samples were characterized using high-temperature gel permeation chromatography (GPC), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), and crystallization elution fractionation (CEF). The effect of hydrogen and external electron donor on polypropylene microstructure was investigated at two polymerization temperatures. In addition to the expected electron donor positive effect on tacticity, hydrogen was also found to increase polypropylene tacticity. The effect of changing these polymerization conditions on molecular weight and polydispersity was also investigated. Finally, CEF profiles show how the distribution of polypropylene crystallizability changes by adding hydrogen and electron donor to the reactor. The concentrations of hydrogen and external donor were also varied to study their effect of polymerization kinetics and polymer microstructure. The estimated activation energies were close to those found in the first part of this investigation in the presence and/or absence of donor and hydrogen. A polypropylene microstructural study showed a positive effect of hydrogen concentration on mmmm pentad at low donor concentration, likely due to an increase in stereoselectivity of the aspecific sites by hydrogen. However, increasing donor concentration over a given threshold seems to transform the aspecific sitess into stereospecific sites that are no longer significantly affected by hydrogen. These experimental results were compared to a previously developed Monte Carlo model and found to agree with the trends predicted by simulation. Finally, the effect of diisopropyldimethoxysilane (P), n-propyltrimethoxysilane (N), paraethoxyethylbenzoate (PEEB), and dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane (D) external donors on catalyst activity and stereoselectivity was investigated. P and D donors were more stereoselective than N and PEEB donors; however, D donor had the best activity among all donors investigated. Therefore, D donor was mixed with PEEB to combine its high activity with the self-extinguishing properties of PEEB. The D/PEEB 90/10 (mol/mol) mixture generated a catalyst with good stereoselectivity but poor activity. When the ratio was increased to 95/5 and 98/2, the resulting catalyst had high activity and good stereoselectivity. Interestingly, the D/PEEB combination with just a small fraction of PEEB has a positive effect on the catalysts activation term which may decrease polymerization costs with this system.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Berlin.

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados catalisadores Ziegler-Natta heterogêneos obtidos a partir de TiCl4 e etilato de magnésio com geração de MgCl2 in situ. Foi verificado que o tempo e a temperatura de têmpera da preparação do catalisador influenciam significativamente a atividade catalítica destes. O catalisador não submetido ao processo de têmpera (ZNST), e o catalisador temperado em condições mais rigorosas (ZNT), apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior e a menor atividade catalítica entre vários catalisadores submetidos a diferentes condições de têmpera. Os catalisadores ZNST e ZNT tratam-se de sólidos amorfos, com área superficial e dimensão de partículas semelhantes. Pela análise da composição química dos catalisadores, por diferentes técnicas analíticas, verificouse que o tratamento térmico do catalisador favorece a fixação de TiCl4 e de compostos de Ti oxigenados, diferentes daqueles depositados na reação do MgCl2 com TiCl4. Nesta Tese foi proposta uma estrutura para os sítios ativos formados à base de compostos de Ti oxigenados ou titanoxanos. Estes resultados permitiram a proposição do modelo físico-químico, denominado núcleo-superfície, segundo o qual o catalisador ZNT é constituído de partículas primárias contendo no núcleo predominantemente sítios de Ti do tipo clorotitanatos, entre outros, e na superfície majoritariamente sítios titanoxano (-Ti-O-Ti-). O catalisador ZNST tem majoritariamente sítios de Ti do tipo clorotitanato. O modelo foi válido para explicar o comportamento dos catalisadores na polimerização de eteno, em processo em suspensão, na obtenção do polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) e também para explicar as propriedades diferenciadas dos polímeros obtidos. O sistema catalítico ZNST-TEA apresentou maior atividade catalítica e produziu o PEAD de menor massa molar e menor polidispersão. Com o sistema catalítico ZNT-IPRA se verificou atividade catalítica intermediária e PEAD com maior massa molar e maior polidispersão. / In this work, Ziegler-Natta heterogeneous supported catalysts were synthesized from TiCl4 and magnesium ethylate with MgCl2 in situ generation. It was observed that both catalyst tempering time and temperature influenced significantly the catalytic activity. The non tempered catalyst (ZNST) and the tempered catalyst (ZNT) presented the highest and the lowest catalyst activity, respectively, among other ones prepared in different tempering conditions. The catalysts ZNST and ZNT are amorphous solids and both have approximately the same surface area and particle size. By the catalyst chemical compositions, determined through different techniques, it was possible to conclude that thermal treatment (tempering) increases the Ti content and new oxygenated Ti sites in the catalyst. In this work was proposed a structure to the new site titanoxane different of that one obtained in the MgCl2 chloration of with TiCl4. These results allow proposing a core-shell model. The core of ZNT catalyst particle has mainly Ti site as chloridetitanate, and others, and the shell has primary particles that have mainly titanoxane sites. The ZNST catalyst has mainly Ti sites as chloridetitanate. The model was valid to explain HDPE properties produced by slurry process. The ZNST-TEA catalytic system showed the highest catalytic activity and the HDPE obtained with this system had the lower molecular weight and the lower polidispersity. The ZNT-IPRA catalytic system showed an intermediate activity and the HDPE obtained had the highest molecular weight and broader polidispersity.

Foram preparados três tipos de precursores catalíticos homogêneos a base de zirconocênos: os complexos estereorrígidos Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 e iPrCpFluZrCh 2 contendo simetria C2 e Cs, respectivamente, e o complexo Ind2ZrCh 3. Estes complexos, em presença de metilaluminoxanas (MAO), polimerizam propeno conduzindo a três diferentes tipos de polipropileno. Os complexos estereorrígidos 1 e 2 conduzem a polímeros estereorregulares, iso e sindiotáticos, respectivamente, enquanto o complexo 3 produz polipropileno atático. O grau de estereorregularidade do polímero é dependente da temperatura de polimerização, assim, a baixas temperaturas foram obtidos polímeros altamente estereorregulares, com maiores peso moleculares, Tm eTc. A microestrutura dos polímeros foi determinada por RMN de 13C. / We have carried out three different kinds of homogeneous catalyst based on zirconocenes: stereorigid complexes Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 ,and iPrCpFluZrCb 2 with symmetry C2 e Cs respectively and the complex Ind2ZrCh 3. These complexes together with methylaluminoxane (MAO) can polymerise propene leading to three different kinds of polypropylene. These stereorigid complexes (1 and 2) lead to stereoregular polymers iso and syndiotatic respectively while the complex 3 lead to atatic polypropylene. The polymer stereorigid degree is related with the polymer temperature thus we have obtained high stereoregular polymers with high molecular weight, Tm and Te. The polymers microstructure were obtained by 13C NMR.

Foram preparados três tipos de precursores catalíticos homogêneos a base de zirconocênos: os complexos estereorrígidos Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 e iPrCpFluZrCh 2 contendo simetria C2 e Cs, respectivamente, e o complexo Ind2ZrCh 3. Estes complexos, em presença de metilaluminoxanas (MAO), polimerizam propeno conduzindo a três diferentes tipos de polipropileno. Os complexos estereorrígidos 1 e 2 conduzem a polímeros estereorregulares, iso e sindiotáticos, respectivamente, enquanto o complexo 3 produz polipropileno atático. O grau de estereorregularidade do polímero é dependente da temperatura de polimerização, assim, a baixas temperaturas foram obtidos polímeros altamente estereorregulares, com maiores peso moleculares, Tm eTc. A microestrutura dos polímeros foi determinada por RMN de 13C. / We have carried out three different kinds of homogeneous catalyst based on zirconocenes: stereorigid complexes Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 ,and iPrCpFluZrCb 2 with symmetry C2 e Cs respectively and the complex Ind2ZrCh 3. These complexes together with methylaluminoxane (MAO) can polymerise propene leading to three different kinds of polypropylene. These stereorigid complexes (1 and 2) lead to stereoregular polymers iso and syndiotatic respectively while the complex 3 lead to atatic polypropylene. The polymer stereorigid degree is related with the polymer temperature thus we have obtained high stereoregular polymers with high molecular weight, Tm and Te. The polymers microstructure were obtained by 13C NMR.