In the master’s thesis IEEE 802.15.4 Range measurements I want to find out, whether atmospheric conditions have influence over the quality of communication between two ZigBee modules. I would like found the answer by long-time test, because I can’t found the proper place for the measuring, I must found the answer in the literature. In the second part of the master’s thesis I measuring, whether placing one of the module in the car have influence over the quality of communication. The module was placing in the various places in the car, on a dashboard, on a guest-passenger’s seat, in a pocket before guest-passenger and in luggage compartment. The car for the measuring was used Renaul Scénic my. 2004.

This thesis deals with the issue of localization in wireless sensor networks. It focuses on the implementation Anchor-Free localization techniques to NS2 and evaluation of its effectiveness. In the theoretical introduction is summarized IEEE802.15.4 and ZigBee technology. The following chapter describes the Anchor-Based and Anchor-Free localization methods. Furthermore, existing methods of measuring the distance of network nodes are described. Also pay attention NS2 environment, especially the inclusion of standard IEEE802.15.4. The section devoted to Anchor-Free algorithm describes how to search and select anchor modes. It also described the method of optimization by measuring the distance of neighboring nodes using the Mass-Spring Algorithm. Next chapter describe the inclusion of a new protocol called AFLOCAL into NS2 and detailed analysis of its function. Next described the process of localization and calculating the coordinates. Described was aslo a method of simulation and evaluation of results. In conclusion, the results are summarized and formulated the characteristics of designed protocol AFLOCAL.

The diploma thesis includes the ZigBee networks and compares them with other PAN IEEE 802.15.4 networks. It describes the formation of ZigBee networks. It describes physical, MAC, network and application layer in the form of Bitcloud. Thesis includes practical implementation in the form of ZigBee application BeeCon which allows set network parameters on Iris modules.

Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil sont une collection de nœuds non connectés qui sont installés pour la détection de certains phénomènes intéressants. Après avoir pris des mesures un capteur sans fil retransmet ces mesures à la station de base. La station de base collecte les données de tous les capteurs et les analyse. Pour économiser l’énergie il est souvent utilise de grouper les capteurs en clusters, chaque cluster ayant une tête de cluster qui communique avec la station de base. Au début, on commence par analyser la simulation des réseaux Zigbee où il y a quelques nœuds qui transmettent avec différentes puissances. Les résultats montrent que dans les réseaux de capteurs mobiles et hétérogènes et à cause du phénomène d’isolation des nœuds et du coût très élevé du routage et la maintenance, les performances sont moins bonnes que celles des réseaux homogènes. Le but principal de cette thèse est de faire une analyse empirique des réseaux de capteurs. A cause de leurs ressources limitées les réseaux de capteurs doivent faire face à plusieurs défis techniques. Beaucoup de protocoles fonctionnent très bien dans les simulateurs mais pas aussi bien en implémentation réelle. Par exemple, les capteurs déposés sur un objet élevé subissent moins d’atténuation que les autres capteurs placés sur le sol. Dans cette thèse, on montre qu’il y a un impact des liens asymétriques sur la topologie des réseaux de capteurs sans fil et que la qualité des liens (LQI) varie en permanence. On propose deux méthodes pour améliorer les performances des algorithmes basés sur la qualité des liens des réseaux de capteurs avec des liens asymétriques. Dans la première méthode, le réseau n’a pas d’autre choix que d’avoir des nœuds qui transmettent à des grandes distances et deviennent des clusters Head. Le nombre de clusters Head peut être donné par Matérn Hard-core process. Dans la seconde méthode, on propose HybridLQI qui améliore les algorithmes basés sur LQI sans ajouter des entêtes au réseau. Ensuite, on applique les approches de clustérisassions théoriques sur le réseau de capteurs réel. On applique Matérn Hard Core process et Max-Min heuristique de formation des clusters sur des nœuds «Tmote » dans des réseaux denses et des réseaux de faible densité. Les résultats empiriques ont montré la supériorité de Matérn sur Max-Min dans les besoins d’espace mémoire, la simplicité de l’implémentation et le nombre de messages de signalisation. Enfin, en utilisant les chaînes de Markov absorbantes et des mesures, on étudie les performances des techniques de la distribution de charge dans des réseaux de capteurs réels / Wireless sensor networks are the collection of wireless nodes that are deployed to monitor certain phenomena of interest. Once the node takes measurements it transmits to a base station over a wireless channel. The base station collects data from all the nodes and do further analysis. To save energy, it is often useful to build clusters, and the head of each cluster communicates with the base station. Initially, we do the simulation analysis of the Zigbee networks where few nodes are more powerful than the other nodes. The results show that in the mobile heterogeneous sensor networks, due to phenomenon orphaning and high cost of route discovery and maintenance, the performance of the network degrades with respect to the homogeneous network. The core of this thesis is to empirically analyze the sensor network. Due to its resource constraints, low power wireless sensor networks face several technical challenges. Many protocols work well on simulators but do not act as we expect in the actual deployments. For example, sensors physically placed at the top of the heap experience Free Space propagation model, while the sensors which are at the bottom of the heap have sharp fading channel characteristics. In this thesis, we show that impact of asymmetric links in the wireless sensor network topology and that link quality between sensors varies consistently. We propose two ways to improve the performance of Link Quality Indicator (LQI) based algorithms in the real asymmetric link sensor networks. In the first way, network has no choice but to have some sensors which can transmit over the larger distance and become cluster heads. The number of cluster heads can be given by Matérn Hard-Core process. In the second solution, we propose HybridLQI which improves the performance of LQI based algorithm without adding any overhead on the network. Later, we apply theoretical clustering approaches in sensor network to real world. We deploy Matérn Hard Core Process and Max-Min cluster Formation heuristic on real Tmote nodes in sparse as well as highly dense networks. Empirical results show clustering process based on Matérn Hard Core Process outperforms Max-Min Cluster formation in terms of the memory requirement, ease of implementation and number of messages needed for clustering. Finally, using Absorbing Markov chain and measurements we study the performance of load balancing techniques in real sensor networks.

The aim of this thesis is to design and implement modules for wireless sensor network ZigBee. These modules could communicate together and share information about measured values. The network will be managed by coordinator of network, which will process data from sensor modules and will decide about next steps around the network.

Internet of Things (IoT) has drawn much attention in recent years. With IoT, physical world entities get connected through internet. IoT is used currently in various applications, such as environmental monitoring, control systems, farming, home automation, security and surveillance systems etc. The aim of this research is to design a low-cost, energy-efficient, reliable and scalable embedded application for the smart greenhouse monitoring system. The IoT based system designed in this thesis uses various sensors to measure the air and soil quality parameters in the greenhouse, and monitor real-time data online using web-server and mobile phone based applications. A ZigBee based wireless sensor network is implemented to transport various sensory data to the gateway. Among other contributions, the designed system develops a new routing algorithm by introducing a confirmed delivery of packets and re-routing features. We also introduced an efficient cost metric for making routing decisions within WSN using hops count, and simple bi-directional link quality estimator using PRR and current battery voltage of neighbor nodes. We also verified the stability of the system by conducting various performance tests. The system is equipped with data analytic functions for the online examination of the data. The designed system adopts event-based triggering and data aggregation methods to reduce the number of transmissions, and develops a new algorithm for such purpose. The web-server and mobile applications have user interface to display the output of the data analytic services, warning, control operations and give access to query data of the user's interest.

Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a growing technology that allows radio communication to become interoperable. SDR can lower the cost for a particular hardware radio to communicate with another radio that uses a different standard. In order to show the capability of SDR, this thesis shows how to implement IEEE 802.14.5, a low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN) standard, on a standalone embedded machine. The implementation is done using a universal software radio peripheral embedded, USRP E100, an open source software development toolkit for SDR, GNU Radio, and UCLA ZigBee PHY GNU Radio application. The implementation can be done on the regular non-embedded USRPs. However, without a fast host computer demodulating the packets, the USRP E100 cannot receive incoming packets. An available FPGA is used to solve this problem by doing a software-hardware hybrid design to allow the USRP E100 to communicate with other IEEE 802.15.4 devices. The final product is an IEEE 802.15.4 monitor software that detects messages from devices communicating using IEEE 802.15.4 in its range. In addition, recommendations are presented for improving SDR education and training, particularly for developers with backgrounds in disciplines other than communications engineering. / Master of Science

Due to inadequate training and an undeveloped ability to recognize dangerous scenarios, youth workers are exposed to many dangers in the agriculture and lawn care industries. With the abundance of new technologies available on the market, a project was devised to prevent youth from heat exhaustion and equipment run overs by employing sensor based technologies. Using aural temperature measurement techniques involving a thermistor and thermopile, an accurate estimation of core body temperature can be made. The measurements performed by the devices are recorded and transmitted wirelessly over a ZigBee network using XBee radiofrequency modules. Utilizing the properties of radiofrequency transmission, the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) is used to approximate the distance between devices. With accuracy comparable to GPS methods and no necessity for line of sight to sky, RSSI supplies a more than adequate estimate for proximity distance. The temperature and RSSI values are then sent to a coordinating modem where the data is displayed for the supervisor. After testing and calibrating the device, it was found that these methods are effective for the monitoring of core body temperature and proximity of workers. The temperature sensor was able to measure temperatures with less than 0.25% error and the proximity sensor was able to estimate distance within 1.25 meters at close range. / Master of Science

A mitigação de desastres naturais exige respostas rápidas e confiáveis. No Brasil, a estação de chuvas provoca muitos alagamentos em regiões urbanas e, para monitorar esse fenômeno, foi instalada em São Carlos-SP uma rede de sensores sem fio para acompanhar o nível de água dos rios da cidade. Entretanto, essa rede de sensores está suscetível a falhas que podem comprometer o funcionamento do sistema, e a adoção de mecanismos redundantes e de redes móveis 3G podem acarretar em custos proibitivos à monitoração desses rios, além de não garantirem a operação normal desse monitoramento. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma solução baseada em veículo aéreo não tripulado (VANT) para reduzir os problemas oriundos das falhas em uma rede de sensores para detectar desastres naturais como enchentes e deslizamentos. Na solução proposta, o VANT pode ser transportado para o sítio do desastre para minimizar os problemas provenientes das falhas (por exemplo, para servir como um roteador ou até mesmo para servir como uma mula de dados e transmitir imagens em tempo real para equipes de resgate). Estudos foram conduzidos em um protótipo real, equipado com o UAV Brain (módulo computacional desenvolvido especificamente para este projeto), para uma análise exploratória do consumo energético do VANT e do rádio transmissor que equipa o VANT. Os resultados mostram que a melhor situação para o rádio comunicador se dá quando o VANT está no ar e com uma antena de maior ganho, e os fatores que mais influenciam no consumo energético do rádio são a altura do VANT e o tipo de antena utilizado. Além disso, tais resultados mostram também a viabilidade desta proposta em redes de sensores sem fio linear e esparsa. / The mitigation of natural disasters requires quick and reliable answers. In Brazil, the rainy season causes many flooding in urban areas and, to monitor this phenomenon, a wireless sensor network to monitor the water level of the citys rivers was installed in São Carlos-SP. However, this sensor network is susceptible to failures that may jeopardize the operation of the system, and the adoption of redundant mechanisms and 3G mobile networks may result in prohibitive costs to the monitoring of these rivers, and does not guarantee the normal operation of monitoring. This work presents an aerial vehicle-based solution unmanned (UAV) to reduce the problems originated from failures in a network of sensors to detect natural disasters such as floods and landslides. In the proposed solution, the UAV can be transported to the disaster site to minimize problems arising from failures (eg, to serve as a router or even to serve as a data mule and transmit images in real time for rescue teams). Studies were conducted in a real prototype, equipped with UAV Brain (computational module developed specifically for this project), for an exploratory analysis of the energy consumption UAV and radio transmitter fitted to the UAV. The results show that the best situation for the radio communicator is when the UAV is in the air and with a higher gain antenna, and the factors that most influence on the radio energy consumption are the height of the UAV and the type of antenna used. Furthermore, these results also show the feasibility of this proposal in linear and sparse wireless sensor networks.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Cubas Schulz.pdf: 4229454 bytes, checksum: cd3b6e0665b2e8aa21c05c4e5922388d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Recently, automation systems have been widely investigated. Nowadays, they are present in our lives when shopping, banking, working at home or office. Technology innovations have been increased and embedded into medical and biological equipments, where patients can be better monitored for treatment and diagnosis. These allow precise and ergonomic equipments be designed, especially when using wireless sensor networks. It is developed in this work a biomedical signal acquisition system by suing a wireless sensor network and the Zigbee technology for communication. It was implemented a system for acquiring and processing biomedical data by using commercial sensor modules for wireless communication to a host computer. Also, it was developed a graphical interface in order to manage the sensors of the network and to display the acquired signals to the user. This work has integrated there types of sensors, such as blood oxygenation, heart rate and body temperature. The sensors were chosen due to their easy accessibility and by the fact these type of signals are the most monitored in medicine. Performance tests of sensors network were made to investigate the transmission, reception and data visualization, as well as the communication distance. Also, signal acquisitions were performed in 3 healthy volunteers aged 28, 25 and 65 and the results were compared with the signals acquired by commercial equipments. The results showed that the performance of the blood oxygenation sensor was similar for the three volunteers when compared to the commercial systems. On the other hand, the measured heartbeat by the proposed system showed a greater variation. The body temperature sensor showed reliable readings with a maximum error of approximately 2%. The communication distance of the network was approximately 13 meters in an environment with walls and without the use of routers. It can be concluded that the use of Zigbee sensor network for monitoring bioelectrical signals can be easily implemented and embedded to medical equipments due to its great flexibility when compared to systems which use wired technologies. / A automação de sistemas vem se disseminando muito nos últimos anos, estando presente em nosso dia a dia quando fazemos compras, vamos ao banco ou mesmo estando em nossas casas ou trabalho. Neste contexto vem crescendo o número de oportunidades de se inserir novas tecnologias e automação também na área da medicina, onde o monitoramento de pacientes torna diagnósticos mais fáceis, precisos e ergonômicos, principalmente quando utilizamos redes de transmissão de dados sem fios. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sistema de aquisição de sinais biomédicos sem fio em uma rede de sensores utilizando comunicação Zigbee. Foi implementado uma plataforma de aquisição e processamento de dados biomédicos, utilizando módulos sensores de comunicação sem fio com um computador. Também, um software foi desenvolvido para gerenciar os dispositivos presentes na rede e visualizar os sinais adquiridos ao usuário. Este trabalho integrou sensores de oxigenação do sangue, batimentos cardíacos e temperatura corporal, os quais foram escolhidos por serem considerados sinais vitais de fácil acesso. Testes de desempenho da rede de sensores foram realizados a fim de verificar a transmissão, recepção e visualização dos dados, bem como a distância de comunicação. Também, aquisição de sinais foram realizados em 3 voluntários saudáveis com idades de 28, 25 e 65 anos e os resultados foram comparados com os sinais adquiridos por equipamentos comerciais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o sensor de oxigenação do sangue apresentou desempenho similar para os 3 voluntários quando comparados ao sistema comercial. O sensor de batimentos cardíacos apresentou maior variação entre os valores médios pelo sistema proposto. O sensor de temperatura corporal apresentou leituras com um erro sistêmico de aproximadamente 2%. A utilização do protocolo de comunicação Zigbee em uma rede de sensores biomédicos permitiu o monitoramento contínuo de pacientes com maior flexibilidade de uso quando comparado a sistemas convencionais com tecnologias com fios. O alcance da rede chegou a aproximadamente 13 metros em um ambiente com paredes, sem o uso de roteadores. Outros sinais podem ser facilmente adicionados ao sistema e monitorados pela rede de sensores.