The transition from a hunting and gathering to a farming lifestyle is an important historical and archaeological topic. In the U.S. Southwest specifically, the Basketmaker II (BM II) time period (1500 B.C. to A.D. 500) marks the entrance of maize-based agriculture into the region. Most attention regarding the BM II diet has thus focused on the use of domesticated plant resources, while the economic importance of wild animals has been less systematically studied. This project seeks to redress this imbalance by synthesizing the faunal data from 31 BM II sites to investigate how BM II communities across the northern Southwest utilized wild animal resources. Most specifically, this project will look at how the diet of the region's first farmers varied over time and across space, considering how environmental change, population density, and length of site occupation may have impacted these patterns.

Foram estudados os restos de peixes de três sítios arqueológicos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os sítios RS-S-327 e o RS-C-61 Pilger, estão localizados nas bacias dos rios Sinos e Caí, em abrigos sob-rocha, formados pela erosão dos arenitos da formação Botucatu. Foram identificadas 14 espécies de peixes no sítio arqueológico RS-S-327-Sangão: Bunocephalus sp.; Crenicichla sp.; Geophagus sp.; Hoplias sp.; Hypostomus sp.; Hoplosternum sp.; Microglanis sp.; Oligosarcus sp.; Pimelodus sp.; Prochilodus sp.; Rhamdia sp.; Salminus sp.; Synbranchus sp. No sítio arqueológico RS-C-61- Adelar Pilger 12 espécies de peixes: Crenicichla sp.; Geophagus sp.; Hoplias sp.; Hoplosternum sp.; Hypostomus sp.; Leporinus sp.; Oligosarcus sp.; Pimelodus sp.; Prochilodus sp.; Rhamdia sp.; Salminus sp.; Synbranchus sp., e uma espécie marinha:Carcharinus sp. A presença de espécies que apresentam migração reprodutiva corrobora a hipótese de que esses abrigos sob-rocha, eram ocupados em períodos mais quentes do ano. A maior exploração de espécies de peixes oriundas de ambientes próximos aos sítios aponta para uma atividade de pesca não especializada, feita dentro da área de influência doméstica dos abrigos. A análise dos vestígios do sítio RS-AS-01, Sambaqui Praia do Paraíso, localizado em Arroio do Sal (RS), demonstrou que molusco Mesodesma mactroides, foi a espécie dominante em todos os níveis estratigráficos, sendo seguida por Donax hanleyanus. Dentre os vertebrados, os peixes apresentaram o maior número de peças identificadas, representados em maior número por Genidens sp., Pogonias chromis, Menticirrhuslittoralise Micropogonias furnieri e espécies com menor representação: Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Macrodon sp., Cynoscion sp., Mugil sp., Paralichthys sp., Urophycis sp. e duas espécies dulcícolas: Hoplias sp. e Microglanis sp.. A estimativa das dimensões corporais com base nos otólitos das espécies Genidens sp., Menticirhuslitorallis e Micropogoniasfurnieri, conduziu a hipótese do uso de redes com malha padronizada. As experimentações da quebra e seccionamento de esporões de Genidens barbus, demonstraram que a quebra de esporões "in natura" e dos espécimes assados envoltos em folhas mostraram padrões de quebra irregulares. Os esporões dos exemplares assados em forno elétrico mostraram padrões de quebra regulares. Os exemplares expostos ao cozimento apresentaram um padrão de descoloração diretamente proporcional ao tempo de exposição. Os exemplares seccionados com lasca lítica por fricção apresentaram padrões condizentes com aqueles encontrados em esporões procedentes de sítios arqueológicos da cultura Sambaqui. Tendo como objetivo fornecer opções para melhoria das análises arqueofaunísticas, foi desenvolvido um programa para o gerenciamento de dados zooarqueológicos, utilizando a linguagem Pascal e como compilador/editor o ambiente de programação Delphi. O banco de dados é formado por lotes numerados sequencialmente, onde além das informações básicas para identificação da origem das peças é possível incluir informações sobre taxonomia, anatomia e tafonomia das peças. Considerando a grande diversidade de animais, as opções para inclusão de novos táxons estão em aberto a partir do nível de Filo. Diversas opções oferecidas pela bibliografia para os cálculos de NISP (número de espécimes identificados), NMI (Número mínimo de indivíduos) e tafonomia, foram contempladas pelo programa O sistema desenvolvido possibilita a tradução do software para qualquer língua com alfabeto latino e interação remota entre o usuário remoto e um servidor central. O programa ArchaeoBones, demonstrou ser eficiente para o registro de vestígios arqueológicos, geração de dados primários e secundários com confiabilidade e repetibilidade compatíveis com o grande número de dados utilizados. / Were studied the fish remains of three archaeological sites in the state of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brasil. The RS-S-327 and the RS-C-61, Pilger sites are located in the Sinos and Caí rivers basins in rock shelters formed by erosion of the Botucatu formation sandstones. Were identified 14 species of fish in RS-S-327-Sangão site: Bunocephalus sp.; Crenicichla sp.; Geophagus sp.; Hoplias sp.; Hypostomus sp.; Hoplosternum sp.; Microglanis sp.; Oligosarcus sp.; Pimelodus sp.; Prochilodus sp.; Rhamdia sp.; Salminus sp.; Synbranchus sp. And 12 species of fish in the RS-C-61- Adelar Pilger archaeological site: Crenicichla sp.; Geophagus sp.; Hoplias sp.; Hoplosternum sp.; Hypostomus sp.; Leporinus sp.; Oligosarcus sp.; Pimelodus sp.; Prochilodus sp.; Rhamdia sp.; Salminus sp.; Synbranchus sp., and a marine species: Carcharinus sp. The hypothesis that these rock shelters were occupied in warmer periods of the year is suported by the presence of species with reproductive migration. A further exploration of fish species from environments close to the sites point to a fishing activity unspecialized made within the domestic shelters range of influence.The analysis of the remains of RS-AS-01, Sambaqui Praia do Paraíso site, located in Arroio do Sal (RS) showed that clam Mesodesma mactroides was the dominant species in all stratigraphic levels, followed by Donax hanleyanus. Among vertebrates, the fish had the highest number of identified parts, represented in numbers by Genidens sp.; Pogonias chromis, Menticirrhus littoralis and Micropogonias furnieri and species with less representation: Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Macrodon sp.; Cynoscion sp.; Mugil sp.; Paralichthys sp.; Urophycis sp., and two freshwater species: Hoplias sp. and Microglanis sp. Based on otolith dimensions, the estimation of body size of Genidens sp.; Menticirhus litorallis and Micropogonias furnieri has led the hypothesis of a use of nets with standardized mesh. The experiments of breaking and sectioning demonstrated that in Genidens barbus copies, breaking spines "in natura" and roasted specimens wrapped in leaves showed irregulars break patterns The spines of specimens roasted in an electric oven showed regular breaks paterns. The specimens exposed to cooking in wather, showed a discoloration pattern directly proportional to the exposure time. Spines sectioned by lithic flake friction showed consistent patterns with those found in spines coming from Sambaqui culture archaeological sites. Aiming supply options to improvement of archaeofaunal analyzes, we developed a software for zooarchaeologycal data management, using Pascal language and Delphi programming environment how compiler/editor. The database consists of sequentially numbered lots, in which beyond the basic information to identify the origin of parts, can include information on taxonomy, anatomy and taphonomy of the pieces. Regard to the great diversity of animals, the options to include new taxa are open from Phylum level. Several options offered by bibliography for NISP (number of identified specimens) and MNI (minimum number of individuals) calculations and taphonomic characteristics were included in the program. The developed system allows the software translation into any language in Latin alphabet and interaction between the remote user and a central server. The ArchaeoBones software proved efficient for recording archaeological remains, generating primary and secondary data with consistent reliability and repeatability with the large number of data used.

The Marana Platform Mound Community (AZ AA:12:251[ASM]) in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona provides a unique opportunity to examine the mechanisms of social organization within an early Classic Period Hohokam community. The role of the platform mound for integrative communal ritual or segregated elite-controlled activity is examined through faunal remains from the platform mound and nearby residential localities. Taxonomic diversity, relative abundance, and element distribution are used to measure the extent to which the platform mound served to integrate or distinguish site residents. Subtle differences in the diversity of taxa, the quantity of deposited faunal remains, and the quality of portions and taxa are indicative of differential access to resources between residents at the Platform Mound and residents in sites further away in the Tucson Basin. The findings support the current hypothesis that a dual mode of network and corporate strategy was used to organize the community.

Large, conical mounds known as sambaquis form the contours of prehistoric settlement, resource procurement, and ritual along the southern coast of Brazil. This research examines faunal remains from Jabuticabeira II, a large shell mound exclusively used as a cemetery for approximately 1000 years (between 2500 - 1400 BP). Its complex stratigraphy alternates between dark burial deposits and light, thick layers of shells. Various groups used neighboring burial areas simultaneously, and faunal analysis of these burial deposits suggests that animals, especially fish, played an integral role in feasts performed to honor the dead.Detailed investigation of feast remains from 12 funerary areas indicates recurrent use of the same resources during the events, especially catfish and whitemouth croaker. Mammals and birds were also part of the ritual and were deposited in association with burial pits, especially during the final episode of construction. The remains of feasts were then used to fill the funerary areas and demarcate the domain of the dead. Recurrent depositional episodes of massive amounts of shell valves eventually formed a large mound, and the building materials were carefully selected to emphasize the opposition between interment areas and covering layers.The results primarily indicate strong continuity in the feasts. A dramatic shift in the materials used to build the mound during the final period of its construction does not coincide with a change in the faunal assemblage. Examination of Brazilian ethnography sheds light on several aspects of mortuary ritual and explains the association of features discovered at the site. Feasts incorporated resources accessible to all group members, and reinforced the connection of groups with estuarine landscape. The identification of bounded deposits that can be assigned to specific affinity groups allows studies of the nature of social relationships. This permitted the development of a sampling strategy that targeted social units, a breakthrough approach. The unique access to affinity groups can answer questions about the behavior of these social units and the association of their members.

This study explores aspects of the development and organization of a mid-thirteenth through fourteenth-century, ancestral Hopi settlement cluster at Homol'ovi, located in the central Little Colorado River valley in north-central Arizona. The Homol'ovi cluster has been the subject of an intensive, 20-plus year program of excavation and survey by the Arizona State Museum's Homol'ovi Research Program. Homol'ovi I, an 1100-room pueblo occupied from approximately A.D. 1290 to 1400, was excavated between 1994 and 1999 and yielded deeply stratified, intact cultural deposits. The present study develops an internal, ceramic-based chronology of deposits at Homol'ovi I; establishes temporal relationships between occupational components at Homol'ovi I and other Pueblo IV period sites in the Homol'ovi cluster; and explores spatial and temporal variation in ritual activities within the Homol'ovi cluster through the lens of zooarchaeology.The Homol'ovi I chronology developed in this study is based on frequency seriation of imported Jeddito Yellow Ware pottery; stylistic, formal, and technological analysis of Jeddito Yellow Ware; ceramic cross-dating; and high-precision AMS radiocarbon dating. These dating techniques make it possible to seriate cultural deposits at Homol'ovi I, and to tie deposits from other local sites into the Homol'ovi I sequence. Additionally, some of the techniques potentially can be applied to date sites in other regions where Jeddito Yellow Ware pottery is found. This chronological research establishes a framework for tracking behavioral and organizational changes within the village of Homol'ovi I, and for situating events and processes in the life history of this community within a broader, regional context.One potential application of this chronological framework is explored through a zooarchaeological study that addresses temporal and site-to-site variation in the use and deposition of ritually sensitive categories of fauna at Homol'ovi I and other nearby villages, including Homol'ovi II, III, and IV. The fauna of interest include birds, carnivores, artiodactyls, and certain reptiles and amphibians. This study identifies a number of temporal trends that may be related to a major, late-fourteenth century reorganization of the Homol'ovi cluster and its external relations. In doing so, it lays a foundation for further research into the ritual organization of the Homol'ovi cluster.

No description available.

Darbe analizuojama zooarcheologinė medžiaga iš XIII-XIV a. Viršutinio ir Žemutinio Kernavės miestų dalių. Buvo atliekama rūšinė bei anatominė analizė. Anatominės skeletų dalys buvo suskirstytos į atskiras dalis pagal teorinę kaulų/mėsos vertę. Darbas atskleidė, kad Kernavėje nebuvo pastovaus su skerdimu, išdorojimu ir atliekų šalinimu susijusio mechanizmo. Gyventojai laikė gyvulius šalia savo sodybų, juos patys skersdavo, o atliekomis atsikratydavo čia pat. Laukiniai gyvūnai, skirtingai nei naminiai greičiausiai buvo transportuojami į kitas miesto vietas, kadangi Viršutiniame ir Žemutiniame mieste nustatytos daugiausiai žemos vertės dalys. / Zooarchaeological material from the Upper and Lower town of XIII-XIVth century Kernavė archaeological complex has been analysed. Analysis of taxonomic and anatomical element distributions was taken into consideration. Element parts were separated according the meat value. The study revealed that there were no regulation of slaughtering, butchering, selling, and disposal of animal body waste parts. Residents raised livestock on or near their property and slaughtered the animals and processed the meat near their homes. Cattle were the main domestic animal to be raised. Wild animals were probably transported differently from domestic animals, not all parts (mainly of medium and lower value) were available to the town residents.

The current study consists of a preliminary analysis of the faunal materials recovered from test pit excavations at Magubike (HxJf-01) and Mlambalasi (HwJf-02), two archaeological sites in the Iringa district of Tanzania. Both sites contain faunal materials from the Iron Age, Later Stone Age and Middle Stone Age, which is unique for this region and causes them to be particularly germane to the behavioural modernity debate. The analysis of the faunal materials employed a combined zooarchaeological and taphonomic approach designed to elucidate each site’s formational history and human behavioural component. Through the construction of a sound taphonomic framework, an initial understanding of the formational processes at both sites was achieved and insight into Iron Age human subsistence strategies was attained. The poor preservation of the Later Stone Age and Middle Stone Age faunal materials precluded an understanding of the human subsistence strategies employed during these periods. / Anthropology

Foram estudados os restos de peixes de três sítios arqueológicos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os sítios RS-S-327 e o RS-C-61 Pilger, estão localizados nas bacias dos rios Sinos e Caí, em abrigos sob-rocha, formados pela erosão dos arenitos da formação Botucatu. Foram identificadas 14 espécies de peixes no sítio arqueológico RS-S-327-Sangão: Bunocephalus sp.; Crenicichla sp.; Geophagus sp.; Hoplias sp.; Hypostomus sp.; Hoplosternum sp.; Microglanis sp.; Oligosarcus sp.; Pimelodus sp.; Prochilodus sp.; Rhamdia sp.; Salminus sp.; Synbranchus sp. No sítio arqueológico RS-C-61- Adelar Pilger 12 espécies de peixes: Crenicichla sp.; Geophagus sp.; Hoplias sp.; Hoplosternum sp.; Hypostomus sp.; Leporinus sp.; Oligosarcus sp.; Pimelodus sp.; Prochilodus sp.; Rhamdia sp.; Salminus sp.; Synbranchus sp., e uma espécie marinha:Carcharinus sp. A presença de espécies que apresentam migração reprodutiva corrobora a hipótese de que esses abrigos sob-rocha, eram ocupados em períodos mais quentes do ano. A maior exploração de espécies de peixes oriundas de ambientes próximos aos sítios aponta para uma atividade de pesca não especializada, feita dentro da área de influência doméstica dos abrigos. A análise dos vestígios do sítio RS-AS-01, Sambaqui Praia do Paraíso, localizado em Arroio do Sal (RS), demonstrou que molusco Mesodesma mactroides, foi a espécie dominante em todos os níveis estratigráficos, sendo seguida por Donax hanleyanus. Dentre os vertebrados, os peixes apresentaram o maior número de peças identificadas, representados em maior número por Genidens sp., Pogonias chromis, Menticirrhuslittoralise Micropogonias furnieri e espécies com menor representação: Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Macrodon sp., Cynoscion sp., Mugil sp., Paralichthys sp., Urophycis sp. e duas espécies dulcícolas: Hoplias sp. e Microglanis sp.. A estimativa das dimensões corporais com base nos otólitos das espécies Genidens sp., Menticirhuslitorallis e Micropogoniasfurnieri, conduziu a hipótese do uso de redes com malha padronizada. As experimentações da quebra e seccionamento de esporões de Genidens barbus, demonstraram que a quebra de esporões "in natura" e dos espécimes assados envoltos em folhas mostraram padrões de quebra irregulares. Os esporões dos exemplares assados em forno elétrico mostraram padrões de quebra regulares. Os exemplares expostos ao cozimento apresentaram um padrão de descoloração diretamente proporcional ao tempo de exposição. Os exemplares seccionados com lasca lítica por fricção apresentaram padrões condizentes com aqueles encontrados em esporões procedentes de sítios arqueológicos da cultura Sambaqui. Tendo como objetivo fornecer opções para melhoria das análises arqueofaunísticas, foi desenvolvido um programa para o gerenciamento de dados zooarqueológicos, utilizando a linguagem Pascal e como compilador/editor o ambiente de programação Delphi. O banco de dados é formado por lotes numerados sequencialmente, onde além das informações básicas para identificação da origem das peças é possível incluir informações sobre taxonomia, anatomia e tafonomia das peças. Considerando a grande diversidade de animais, as opções para inclusão de novos táxons estão em aberto a partir do nível de Filo. Diversas opções oferecidas pela bibliografia para os cálculos de NISP (número de espécimes identificados), NMI (Número mínimo de indivíduos) e tafonomia, foram contempladas pelo programa O sistema desenvolvido possibilita a tradução do software para qualquer língua com alfabeto latino e interação remota entre o usuário remoto e um servidor central. O programa ArchaeoBones, demonstrou ser eficiente para o registro de vestígios arqueológicos, geração de dados primários e secundários com confiabilidade e repetibilidade compatíveis com o grande número de dados utilizados. / Were studied the fish remains of three archaeological sites in the state of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brasil. The RS-S-327 and the RS-C-61, Pilger sites are located in the Sinos and Caí rivers basins in rock shelters formed by erosion of the Botucatu formation sandstones. Were identified 14 species of fish in RS-S-327-Sangão site: Bunocephalus sp.; Crenicichla sp.; Geophagus sp.; Hoplias sp.; Hypostomus sp.; Hoplosternum sp.; Microglanis sp.; Oligosarcus sp.; Pimelodus sp.; Prochilodus sp.; Rhamdia sp.; Salminus sp.; Synbranchus sp. And 12 species of fish in the RS-C-61- Adelar Pilger archaeological site: Crenicichla sp.; Geophagus sp.; Hoplias sp.; Hoplosternum sp.; Hypostomus sp.; Leporinus sp.; Oligosarcus sp.; Pimelodus sp.; Prochilodus sp.; Rhamdia sp.; Salminus sp.; Synbranchus sp., and a marine species: Carcharinus sp. The hypothesis that these rock shelters were occupied in warmer periods of the year is suported by the presence of species with reproductive migration. A further exploration of fish species from environments close to the sites point to a fishing activity unspecialized made within the domestic shelters range of influence.The analysis of the remains of RS-AS-01, Sambaqui Praia do Paraíso site, located in Arroio do Sal (RS) showed that clam Mesodesma mactroides was the dominant species in all stratigraphic levels, followed by Donax hanleyanus. Among vertebrates, the fish had the highest number of identified parts, represented in numbers by Genidens sp.; Pogonias chromis, Menticirrhus littoralis and Micropogonias furnieri and species with less representation: Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Macrodon sp.; Cynoscion sp.; Mugil sp.; Paralichthys sp.; Urophycis sp., and two freshwater species: Hoplias sp. and Microglanis sp. Based on otolith dimensions, the estimation of body size of Genidens sp.; Menticirhus litorallis and Micropogonias furnieri has led the hypothesis of a use of nets with standardized mesh. The experiments of breaking and sectioning demonstrated that in Genidens barbus copies, breaking spines "in natura" and roasted specimens wrapped in leaves showed irregulars break patterns The spines of specimens roasted in an electric oven showed regular breaks paterns. The specimens exposed to cooking in wather, showed a discoloration pattern directly proportional to the exposure time. Spines sectioned by lithic flake friction showed consistent patterns with those found in spines coming from Sambaqui culture archaeological sites. Aiming supply options to improvement of archaeofaunal analyzes, we developed a software for zooarchaeologycal data management, using Pascal language and Delphi programming environment how compiler/editor. The database consists of sequentially numbered lots, in which beyond the basic information to identify the origin of parts, can include information on taxonomy, anatomy and taphonomy of the pieces. Regard to the great diversity of animals, the options to include new taxa are open from Phylum level. Several options offered by bibliography for NISP (number of identified specimens) and MNI (minimum number of individuals) calculations and taphonomic characteristics were included in the program. The developed system allows the software translation into any language in Latin alphabet and interaction between the remote user and a central server. The ArchaeoBones software proved efficient for recording archaeological remains, generating primary and secondary data with consistent reliability and repeatability with the large number of data used.

This Master’s research program was undertaken as part of the Hakai Ancient Landscapes Archaeology Project in Heiltsuk and Wuikinuxv Territories on the Central Pacific Coast of British Columbia (BC), Canada. The project tested the utility of applying vibracore technology to sample a shell midden site on Hecate Island on the BC Central Coast. This revealed that the earliest archaeological occupation began approximately 6,000 years ago, continuing into the 16th Century AD. Analysis using 21 radiocarbon dates from six core samples shows the site was repeatedly occupied and accumulated consistently throughout the tested area and extended to a depth of 544 cm depth below surface. Sampled sediments were utilized to evaluate evidence of fisheries resource management through time with reference to the nearby, intensively-studied archaeological site Namu (ElSx-1). Zooarchaeological results show the herring (Clupea pallasii), salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), rockfish (Sebastes spp.) and greenling (Hexagrammos spp.) were fished persistently and in similar abundances through the occupation of the site. Overall results for vertebrate fauna reveal the total number of specimens is 19,173 and the total number of identified specimens is 6,566. Results also show a consistent harvest of certain shellfish taxa (e.g., mussel and barnacle), however shellfish weight per litre increases through time. When comparing the relative abundance of herring and salmon through time at Namu and EjTa-13, results show that salmon at Namu was more abundant than at EjTa-13. This is likely due to the productivity of salmon in the Namu River adjacent to the site. Alternatively, herring remains were represented similarly between sites indicating the resource was equally desirable at EjTa-13 and Namu. Surprisingly, a large number of very small artifacts of various materials were also recovered (an estimated 550 artifacts per cubic metre of cultural sediments), which indicates that the field and laboratory methods used are especially conducive to the recovery of small items. These results show a persistent and sustainable local fishery through six millennia until the contact period. / Graduate / 2018-12-15