Thèse--Méd.--Reims, 1976. N°: N° 101. / Bibliogr. f. I-XXXIII.

No description available.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2001. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2001. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The frequency of chromosome breaks was increased in replicate cultures from each of ten individuals when lysergic acid diethylamide at a concentration of 1 ug/ml of culture was added 24 hours prior to the harvest of the cells. The differences between the control and treated cultures ranged from +3.00 to +7.93 with a mean of +4.63, indicating no variation in response between individuals. The breaks were randomly distributed among the seven groups of chromosomes of the complement. No significant difference in either the number of cells with aberrations, or the number of breakage events was observed between cells cultured from a patient with Fanconi's anaemia before and 24 hours after treatment with 250 ug. of growth hormone. Both were significantly increased over the control. After treatment with growth hormone, the number of breaks per aberrant cell was decreased, and the distribution of frequencies of specific types of aberrations was changed. Non-homologous exchange figures were the only two break events observed in cultures from the patient. None were observed in control cells. The distribution of breaks among the seven groups of chromosomes was random. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was increased in cultures from a single individual when treated with 1 ug/ml of mitomycin-C for one hour at the beginning of the culture period. In the treated cultures, 181 breaks were observed in 64 of the 100 cells examined, whereas only 5 breaks were observed in three of the 100 cells scored in the control samples. Forty-seven exchange configurations were observed in the treated cultures, 42.56% of these being non-homologous exchanges. No marker or dicentric chromosomes were observed. Breaks were randomly distributed among the seven groups of chromosomes of the complement. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medical Genetics, Department of / Graduate

L’objectif de ces travaux était de tester la capacité d’une simulation numérique à prédire la vision subjective, dans différents conditions d’aberrations comparables aux optiques multifocales. Nous avons tout d’abord qualifié la vision subjective par la profondeur de champ, définie comme la zone de vision considérée comme acceptable par les sujets. Le calcul de critères de qualité d’image (i.e. simulation numérique) ne permettait pas de prédire la profondeur de champ (r² < 0.35). Le calcul d’images simulées, qui, contrairement aux critères de qualité d’image, demandait une réponse des sujets, a permis de démontrer que le modèle d’œil permettait de rendre compte de l’optique, mais pas de l’acceptabilité d’une cible par les sujets. Face au manque de finesse de la prédiction de ce critère de vision subjective, nous avons évalué la qualité de vision de façon continue : les sujets avaient pour tâche de noter des images sur une échelle de gradation. Les sujets notaient ainsi leur vision à différentes proximités et dans différentes conditions d’aberration. La prédiction de la vision subjective par ce critère était plus précise (r² = 0.92). Cependant, cette corrélation tendait à diminuer pour les qualités d’image très faibles. Il semblerait donc que la prédiction de la vision subjective passerait par l’utilisation de différents critères de qualité d’image, permettant de qualifier aussi bien une bonne qu’une mauvaise qualité de vision. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the capacity of a numerical simulation to predict the subjective vision, with the addition of aberrations similar to multifocal optics. We first qualified the subjective vision as the depth-of-field, defined as the range of focus for which the vision was still judged acceptable. Image quality metrics (i.e. numerical simulation) failed to predict the depth-of-field(r² < 0.35). We calculated simulated images, which, in opposition to image quality metrics needed an answer from the subjects. We thus showed that the numerical simulation could predict the optic but could not take in account the acceptability of an image. The lack of accuracy of the prediction of depth-of-field led us to the measurement of a continuous image assessment: subjects had to evaluate the quality of images on grading scales. Subjects could grade images for various defocuses and aberration conditions. The numerical simulation gave good prediction of this subjective assessment (r² = 0.92). However, the correlation was lower for lower image quality. Thus, the prediction of subjective vision should be obtained with combination of multiple image quality metrics to be able to anticipate good quality of images as well as poor ones.

L’objectif des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est d’étudier la propagation de la lumière dans les milieux inhomogènes afin de repousser les limites actuelles de l’imagerie : les aberrations et la diffusion multiple. Dans une première partie, nous avons associé les outils et le formalisme initialement développés pour les ondes ultrasonores aux techniques propres à l’optique. Grâce à un dispositif expérimental innovant, nous avons enregistré les réponses d’un milieu complexe pour une collection de champs incidents, formant ainsi une matrice de réflexion. Une étude des corrélations spatiales de cette matrice permet alors de séparer les contributions de diffusion simple et multiple. Alors que la première permet de former une image seulement limitée par la diffraction d’un objet enfoui au sein du milieu, la seconde permet de caractériser les paramètres de transport de la lumière dans le milieu.La seconde partie de ma thèse s’est intéressée à la possibilité d’extraire une information cohérente à partir d’un champ aléatoire. Il a été démontré, en acoustique et en sismologie notamment, que la corrélation d’un champ incohérent mesuré en deux points permettait d’estimer la réponse impulsionnelle entre ces deux mêmes points. Dans ma thèse, nous avons étendu cette approche aux ondes optiques. En particulier nous avons démontré la mesure de réponses impulsionnelles entre des diffuseurs individuels à l’aide d’une simple lampe halogène et d’un montage interférométrique. A la suite de cette preuve de principe, nous avons réalisé des estimations de paramètres de transport pour des milieux fortement diffusants. / My thesis was devoted to the study of the propagation of optical waves in inhomogeneous media in an attempt to push back the fundamental limits of optical imaging: multiple scattering and aberrations. In a first part, we combined the tools and the formalism developed initially for acoustic waves with techniques peculiar to the field of optics. Thanks to a system that allows to both control and measure the optical field, we record the output responses of a scattering medium for a given set of input fields. This collection of input-output responses forms a matrix called the reflection matrix. We then exploit the spatial and temporal contents of this matrix to discriminate the ballistic and the multiple scattered light. The first contribution provides an image with a diffraction limited resolution of an object placed behind or embedded in a turbid medium, while the second contribution offers information on the transport of light in the diffusive regime.The second study was dedicated to the measurement of a coherent information from a totally incoherent source. It has been shown in acoustics and seismology that correlations of an In my thesis, we extended this property to optical waves. In particular, we demonstrated the measurement of an impulse response between individual scatterers with a femtosecond resolution using a simple halogen white light source. Following this proof of principle, the characterization of the transport properties of a medium was performed from a collection of impulse responses in the diffusive regime.

Introduction: The measurement of tear film stability/regularity is very critical in the diagnosis of dry eye. The tear breakup time, which is used as a diagnostic tool in diagnosing dry eye, is very subjective in nature and variations among individual clinicians exists. The exact mechanism of the tear breakup is also unclear due to the involvement of so many other factors other than the tear film itself. As the prevalence of dry eye is increasing, the need for an objective technique which can be used universally to differentiate between dry eye and normal values increases. Studies have shown that aberrations can be used as an objective technique in diagnosing dry eye, as there is a direct involvement of the tear film in the optics of the eye. However, very few studies have studied the dynamic nature of the anterior surface using aberrations and suggested using dynamic surface aberrations as an objective measure of surface quality. Hence, a series of studies were conducted to understand the aberrations produced by the anterior surface of the eye (tear film and corneal surface) and to measure objectively the anterior surface quality using surface aberrometry. The objectives of each study chapter are as follows: Chapter 3 i): To obtain the noise associated with the instrument using a non-dynamic measuring surface, and ii) to design appropriate acquisition settings for the measurements with ocular surface. Chapter 4: To determine ??) the spectral characteristics of the Placido disc light sources of two corneal analysers, ????) the thermal characteristic for a variety of inanimate objects, human ocular surface and the adnexa in the presence of Placido disc light source at normal working distance, and ??????) to compare the ocular surface aberrations obtained using both the corneal analysers Chapter 5: To determine i) the optimal method for acquisition with respect to normal physiological processes, by examining the blink regimen and head position that elicits the most consistent response over the largest region on repeated measurement; and i??) the largest region selected for analysis by investigating the effect on the individual and summary aberration metrics of the inclusion of non-measurement areas (i.e. where the Placido disc cannot be projected onto the cornea or contact lens). The proportion of non-measurement area that elicits a significantly different result will be determined. Chapter 6: To evaluate ??) a new method of analyzing dynamic ocular surface aberrations using segmented liner regression, and ????) the inter-ocular characteristics of the dynamic ocular surface aberrations using the segmented linear regression. Methods: Chapter 3: The characteristics of the surface aberrometer and the noise associated with the measurements of surface aberrations were evaluated using a non-dynamic surface (model eye). Measurements were obtained in different frame rates and focus positions to evaluate the optimal acquisition technique. At each focus position, a set of three repeated measurements were obtained to analyse the repeatability of the measurements obtained using a surface aberrometer. Chapter 4: The spectral characteristics of the Placido disc light source were obtained by using a PR650 SpectraScan photometer and the thermal characteristics of the objects were obtained using THI-500 non-contact infrared thermometer. The surface aberration measurements were compared between the corneal analysers. The spectral measures were obtained from the light sources, whereas the thermal measures were obtained from three different surfaces and surface of the eye and adnexa of ten participants. The dynamic anterior surface aberrations were obtained after obtaining the thermal measurements from the surface of the eye. Chapter 5: Twelve participants were enrolled by screening twenty participants. Participants were screened with their habitual lenses for contact lens wettability and non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT) without contact lenses. The participants were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and categorized into normal and dry eye group for study visits. The measurements of NITBUT and surface aberrations were obtained with and without contact lenses, and study lens wettability were also obtained in two visits on consecutive days. The surface aberration measurements were obtained in natural and forced blinking condition and in two different head positions. All the measurements were randomized between eye and between instruments. Chapter 6: Seventeen non- symptomatic and non- contact lens participants were recruited in this study. NITBUT and dynamic anterior surface aberration measurements were obtained. The order of the measurements was randomized between the eyes. Two open intervals of at least 10 sec and a maximum of 15 sec were used in the analysis of segmented fit. The dynamic vertical prism coefficients and higher order aberrations were used for the analysis. Results: Chapter 3: i. Data acquisition at an inter-frame interval of 0.25s gave the least number of dropped frames across focus positions, therefore this is the preferred frame rate for data acquisition. ii. Data obtained in the initial ~15s reflects the focusing procedure and needs to be manually removed prior to analysis of tear dynamics. iii. Even in the optimal focus position there were significant (small) differences in the distributions between repeated measures. For this reason repeated samples have to be obtained where possible. iv. The green and red focus positions showed the most consistency within repeated measurements. The variability of the measurements was also more similar between the red and green focus positions than the blue focus positions, both at the extreme positions of defocus and with incremental defocus away from the optimal focus position. When obtaining the dynamic sampling of human ocular surface measurements, the optimal position of focus should be obtained at the blink such that as the tear film dissipates between blinks the measurements are obtained in the (relatively) red focus position. Chapter 4: i. CA200 is the preferred device because of the consistent luminance. ii. Although aberrations were not significantly different between devices, the HOA RMS were higher with the CA200 and, combined with different luminance and possible tear response, indicates the devices are not interchangeable. In both instruments, there was no indication that there was a thermal response induced by the power of the light source. Therefore, this aspect of the source does not likely contribute to any difference in the aberrations measured by the two devices Chapter 5: i. Obtain data in the straight-ahead position, as there is no significant increase in target size with head turn. ii. With the CA100F, the forced blink paradigm is preferred as this enables blink dynamics to be examined. With the CA200F, either forced or natural blink paradigms are interpretable for tear dynamics. iii. Differentiation between dry eye and normal groups was best determined with the slope of the RMS aberrations within a blink. iv. Differentiation between performance with and without a contact lens in the dry eye and normal groups was best determined by analysing the width of the confidence interval of the moving average. Chapter 6: i. The location breakpoints one and two are significantly different between eye, open eye interval and order of the measurements for both vertical prism and HOA RMS values. ii. The highest positive slope for the HOA RMS was, on average, higher in the second eye measured (p= 0.0407) and tended to occur later after the blink (p= 0.0676). iii. The location of breakpoint 2 is not significantly different from the NITBUT values (p>0.05), even though the correlation was found to be low and not significant. iv. The average HOA RMS for segmented fit parameter intervals of vertical prism was found to be higher in the second open eye interval compared to first open eye interval. Conclusion: From the results of each chapter, it was observed that choosing the blink paradigm is very important to obtain and analyse the dynamic anterior surface aberrations. Choosing a forced blink paradigm (chapter 5) was showed to be useful when the information regarding blink location were not available. The repeatability of the measurements using a non-dynamic surface (chapter 3) shows that the measurements of surface aberrations are repeatable and it is important to choose a criterion closer to the natural tear film dynamics to obtain more repeatable measurements of anterior surface aberrations (chapter 4, 5 and 6). It also shows that the three phased segmented linear regression techniques can be used to analyse the anterior surface aberrations. The segmented linear regression technique was able to differentiate different stages of the tear film and the location of the second breakpoint calculated using segmented regression was closer to the clinical values of tear breakup time, indicating a possible use of segmented linear regression as an objective measure of surface quality.

The human eye suffers various optical aberrations that degrade the retinal image. These aberrations include defocus and astigmatism, as well as the higher order aberrations that also play an important role in our vision. The optics of the eye are not static, but are continuously fluctuating. The work reported in this thesis has studied the nature of the microfluctuations of the wavefront aberrations of the eye and has investigated factors that influence the microfluctuations. The fluctuations in the ocular surface of the eye were investigated using high speed videokeratoscopy which measures the dynamics of the ocular surface topography. Ocular surface height difference maps were computed to illustrate the changes in the tear film in the inter-blink interval. The videokeratoscopy data was used to derive the ocular surface wavefront aberrations up to the 4th radial order of the Zernike polynomial expension. We examined the ocular surface dynamics and temporal changes in the ocular surface wavefront aberrations in the inter-blink interval. During the first 0.5 sec following a blink, the tear thickness at the upper edge of the topography map appeared to thicken by about 2 microns. The influence of pulse and instantaneous pulse rate on the microfluctuations in the corneal wavefront aberrations was also investigated. The fluctuations in ocular surface wavefront aberrations were found to be uncorrelated with the pulse and instantaneous heart rates. In the clinical measurement of the ocular surface topography using videokeratoscopy, capturing images 2 to 3 seconds after a blink will result in more consistent results. To investigate fluctuations in the wavefront aberrations of the eye and their relation to pulse and respiration frequencies we used a wavefront sensor to measure the dynamics of the aberrations up to the Zernike polynomial 4th radial order. Simultaneously, the subject's pulse rate was measured, from which the instantaneous heart rate was derived. An auto-regressive process was used to derive the power spectra of the Zernike aberration signals, as well as pulse and instantaneous heart rate signals. Linear regression analysis was performed between the frequency components of Zernike aberrations and the pulse and instantaneous heart rate frequencies. Cross spectrum density and coherence analyses were also applied to investigate the relation between fluctuations of wavefront aberrations and pulse and instantaneous heart rate. The correlations between fluctuations of individual Zernike aberrations were also determined. A frequency component of all Zernike aberrations up to the 4th radial order was found to be significantly correlated with the pulse frequency (all > 2R0.51, p<0.02), and a frequency component of 9 out of 12 Zernike aberrations was also significantly correlated with instantaneous heart rate frequency (all>2R0.46, p<0.05). The major correlations among Zernike aberrations occurred between second order and fourth order aberrations with the same angular frequencies. Higher order aberrations appear to be related to the cardiopulmonary system in a similar way to that reported for the accommodation signal and pupil fluctuations. A wavefront sensor and high speed videokeratoscopy were used to investigate the contribution of the ocular surface, the effect of stimulus vergence, and refractive error on the microfluctuations of the wavefront aberrations of the eye. The fluctuations of the Zernike wavefront aberrations were quantified by their variations around the mean and using power spectrum analysis. Integrated power was determined in two regions: 0.1 Hz ─ 0.7 Hz (low frequencies) and 0.8 Hz ─ 1.8 Hz (high frequencies). Changes in the ocular surface topography were measured using high speed videokeratoscopy and variations in the ocular wavefront aberrations were calculated. The microfluctuations of wavefront aberrations in the ocular surface were found to be small compared with the microfluctuations of the wavefront aberrations in the total eye. The variations in defocus while viewing a closer target at 2 D and 4 D stimulus vergence were found to be significantly greater than variations in defocus when viewing a far target. This increase in defocus fluctuations occurred in both the low and high frequency regions (all p<0.001) of the power spectra. The microfluctuations in astigmatism and most of the 3rd order and 4th order Zernike wavefront aberrations of the total eye were found to significantly increase with the magnitude of myopia. The experiments reported in this thesis have demonstrated the characteristics of the microfluctuations of the wavefront aberrations of the eye and have shown some of the factors that can influence the fluctuations. Major fluctuation frequencies of the eye's wavefront aberrations were shown to be significantly correlated with the pulse and instantaneous heart rate frequencies. Fluctuations in the ocular surface wavefront aberrations made a small contribution to those of the total eye. Changing stimulus vergence primarily affected the fluctuations of defocus in both low and high frequency components. Variations in astigmatism and most 3rd and 4th order aberrations were associated with refractive error magnitude. These findings will aid our fundamental understanding of the complex visual optics of the human eye and may allow the opportunity for better dynamic correction of the aberrations with adaptive optics.