Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-20T15:04:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrielalinharesfrizzera.pdf: 2367263 bytes, checksum: e04246423d57d883b86913ca2ec968e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-22T15:21:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrielalinharesfrizzera.pdf: 2367263 bytes, checksum: e04246423d57d883b86913ca2ec968e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T15:21:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrielalinharesfrizzera.pdf: 2367263 bytes, checksum: e04246423d57d883b86913ca2ec968e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a existência de variação espacial e temporal das variáveis abióticas e conhecer a estrutura da assembléia de Chironomidae e Oligochaeta do lago dos Manacás em meses que compõe o período seco e chuvoso e, a partir destas variáveis avaliar a qualidade da água deste ambiente. Foram realizadas três coletas, duas no período seco (agosto/09 e julho/10) e uma no chuvoso (fevereiro/10), em dois transectos, cada um com cinco pontos de coleta. As amostras de sedimento foram obtidas com draga do tipo Petersen em tréplicas, também foram obtidas amostras para a análise da granulometria e matéria orgânica. As amostras de água foram obtidas do fundo com uma garrafa de Van Dorn. Para analisar o estado trófico do ambiente foi calculado o índice de estado trófico (TSI) de Carlson e foi avaliada a presença e abundância de táxons indicadores de poluição. As variáveis limnológicas não apresentaram variações significativas entre os pontos de coleta e entre os transectos. Entretanto foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as coletas realizadas, com exceção das variáveis oxigênio, carbono orgânico dissolvido e pH. A granulometria foi composta principalmente por sedimento fino e com alta porcentagem de matéria orgânica. A assembléia encontrada foi composta por 25 táxons e 1007 organismos. A maior riqueza e diversidade foi obtida na primeira coleta em agosto de 2009 e as menores densidade número de táxons foi encontrada no período chuvoso em fevereiro de 2010. Os quironomídeos foram os organismos mais abundantes em todo o período de coletas. Os pontos marginais (I e V) diferiram significativamente em relação à assembléia somente em um transecto na primeira coleta, nas demais, as margens foram consideradas iguais. Em agosto de 2009 pode ser observada uma grande quantidade de táxons adominantes. Neste período Caladomyia ortoni foi o principal táxon dominante. Em 2010 não foram observados táxons adominantes e Polypedilum foi dominante neste período. O índice calculado para determinar o estado trófico do lago dos Manacás classificou este ambiente como oligotrófico, mesotrófico e eutrófico ao longo do período de coletas. As variáveis abióticas diferiram temporalmente modificando as condições do ambiente e a estrutura da assembléia de Chironomidae e Oligochaeta. As concentrações de nutrientes aumentaram bastante demonstrando que o lago passa por um processo de alteração da qualidade da água. A baixa abundância de organismos encontrados no lago foi considerada comum, visto que também foi observado em outros locais. Apesar do índice de estado trófico mostrar que a qualidade da água do lago dos Manacás apresenta-se em más condições, a ausência e/ou a baixa densidade dos táxons considerados como indicadores de poluição não confirmam estes dados. / The aim of this study was to verify the existence of the spatial and temporal variation of abiotic variables and know the structure of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta assembléia of the Manacás lake in months that compound the dry and rainy period and from this variable to evaluate the water quality of the environment. Three collects have been done, two in dry season (august/09 and july/10) and one in the wet season (february/10) in two transects each with five sampling points., Sediment samples has been collected by a bottom sampler Petersen. Three replicates have been made in each sample point for analysis of macroinvertebrates. Sediment samples were also obtained for analysis of particle size and organic matter. Water samples were obtained from the bottom with a bottle of Van Dorn. To analyse of the environment trofic status was calculated the trofic status index (TSI) of the Carlson and the presence and abundance of the pollution indicators taxa. Limnological parameters showed no significant variations among the sampling sites and among transects. However significant differences were detected between samples collected, with the exception of oxygen, dissolved organic carbon and pH. The particle size was mainly composed of fine sediment with a high percentage of organic matter. The assembléia found was composed of 25 taxa and 1007 organisms. The higher richness and diversity was obtained in the first collection in August 2009 and the lower density and number of taxa was found to the rainy season. Chironomids were the most abundant organisms during all period of collection. The marginal points (I and V) differed significantly with respect the assemblage only in transect A in the first collection in the others, the margins were considered equal. In August 2009 could be seen a large number of taxa adominantes. During this period the main dominant taxa was Caladomyia ortoni. In 2010 adominantes taxa were not observed, and Polypedilum were dominant in this period. The index to determine the trophic status of Manacás Lake rated this environment as oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic during the period of collection. The abiotic variables varied temporally changing environmental conditions and structure of the assembléia of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta. The concentrations of nutrients increased significantly showing that the lake goes through a process of change in water quality. The low abundance of the organisms found in the lake was considered common, already observed on others places. Although the trofic status index to show the water quality of Manacás lake is in bad conditions the absence and/or the low density of taxa considered how pollution indicators do not confirm this data.

O trabalho avaliou micobiota, contaminação por aflatoxinas (AFB), ácido ciclopiazônico (ACP) e fitoalexina (trans-resveratrol) nas variedades de amendoim Runner IAC 886 e IAC-Caiapó, no campo e armazenamento. Nas amostras de campo, na IAC 886 predominou Fusarium spp. nos grãos e cascas, contaminação por AFB em 30% dos grãos, ACP em 70% e trans-resveratrol em 5%. Na IAC-Caiapó prevaleceu Fusarium spp., em todas as amostras, AFB em 25% dos grãos, ACP em 55% e trans-resveratrol em 15%. Nas folhas, trans-reveratrol estava presente em 70%, nas variedades. No armazenamento, observou-se maior freqüência de A. flavus, A. parasiticus. Na IAC 886 AFB foi detectada em 20% nos grãos e 23% nas cascas e ACP em 80% dos grãos. Na IAC-Caiapó, AFB foi encontrada em 13% tanto nas amostras de grãos, como nas cascas e ACP em 70% dos grãos. Os resultados do potencial toxigênico de A. flavus revelaram 81% produtores de aflatoxinas, 95% de ACP e 75% de ambas. Todos A. flavus produtores de esclerócios pertenciam ao grupo L. / This study had assessed mycobiota, contamination by aflatoxins (AFB), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and phytoalexin (trans-resveratrol) in the peanuts varieties Runner IAC 886 and IAC-Caiapó, in the field and storage. In the Field samples, in IAC 886 it was predominated Fusarium spp. in grains and shells, contamination by AFB in 30% of the grains, CPA in 70% and trans-resveratrol in 5%. In IAC-Caiapó, it was prevailed Fusarium spp. in all samples, AFB in 25% of the grains, CPA in 55% and trans-resveratrol in 15%. In the leaves, trans-resveratrol was present in 70% in the varieties. In the storage, it was observed a higher frequency of A. flavus, A. parasiticus. In IAC 886, it was detected AFB in 20% of the grains and 23% in the shells, and CPA in 80% of the grains. In IAC-Caiapó, it was found AFB in 13% both in grains as in the shells samples, and CPA in 70% of the grains. The toxigenic potential results of A. flavus revealed 81% aflatoxins producers, 95% CPA producers and 75% both producers. All strains of A. flavus sclerotia producers belonged to the L group.

Depuis plusieurs années, la recherche dans le domaine des bioénergies s'oriente de plus en plus vers l'utilisation des microorganismes (bactéries, levures, moisissures et microalgues) pour la production de biocarburants. Face au contexte actuel de développement durable, l'utilisation des microorganismes oléagineux photoautotrophes (cyanobactéries et microalgues) semble potentiellement plus intéressante d'un point de vue économique (énergie solaire) et environnemental (assimilation de CO2) malgré des productions plus faibles que celles des microorganismes oléagineux hétérotrophes (levures et moisissures). L'objectif général de ces travaux de thèse a donc été d'étudier l'accumulation de lipides neutres et d'hydrocarbures chez Botryococcus braunii race A (chlorophycée unicellulaire d'eau douce), sélectionnée pour son potentiel de production après une étude bibliographique et d'évaluer les mécanismes naturels d'exsudation de ces métabolites. Afin de fiabiliser la quantification et l'identification des composés lipidiques produits par la microalgue, des méthodes d'analyse qualitative et quantitative par HPLC ont été mises au point. Les résultats analytiques ont permis de montrer que les méthodes d'extraction et quantification décrites dans la littérature conduisaient à surévaluer la teneur en hydrocarbures synthétisés par la souche B. braunii Utex 572. Les études menées lors de ce travail de thèse ont également permis de déterminer l'impact des principaux facteurs abiotiques (milieu de culture, pH, CO2, intensité lumineuse, salinité) sur la production de biomasse, lipides neutres et hydrocarbures par B. braunii et d'en définir les conditions optimales. L'étude de la flore bactérienne naturellement présente dans les cultures de B. braunii en conditions non axéniques et de sa dynamique a montré que celle-ci n'avait pas ou peu d'impact sur la production de biomasse et de lipides neutres chez B. braunii dans les conditions de l'étude. L'application d'un stress oxydatif à une culture de B. braunii en phase stationnaire n'a pas engendré le phénomène de « milking » recherché mais a eu un impact positif sur l'accumulation de lipides intracellulaires et sur la synthèse de triglycérides. / Biofuels produced from vegetable oils or microbial cultures, are an alternative to fossil fuels that can reduce the human impact on the environment. For several years, research in the field of bioenergy is moving increasingly toward the use of microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, fungi and microalgae) for the production of biofuels. In the current context of sustainable development, the use of photoautotrophic oleaginous microorganisms (cyanobacteria and microalgae) seems potentially more interesting economically (solar energy) and environmentally (CO2 assimilation) despite lower production rates than those of heterotrophic oleaginous microorganisms (yeasts and moulds). The overall objective of this thesis has been to study the accumulation of neutral lipids and hydrocarbons in the A-race Botryococcus braunii (unicellular green alga of freshwater), selected on its potential production after literature review, and to evaluate the mechanisms of natural exudation of these metabolites. To reliable quantification and identification of lipid compounds produced by microalgae, methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis by HPLC were developed. The analytical results have shown that the extraction and quantification methods described in the literature led to overestimate the amount of hydrocarbons synthesized by the strain B. braunii Utex 572. The studies in this thesis have also identified the impact of key abiotic factors (culture medium pH, CO2, light intensity, salinity) on biomass production, neutral lipids and hydrocarbons by B. braunii and to define the optimal conditions of production. The study of the bacterial flora naturally present in cultures of B. braunii under non axenic conditions and its dynamics showed that it had little or no impact on the production of biomass and neutral lipids in B. braunii in the conditions of the study. The application of oxidative stress to a culture of B. braunii at the stationary phase did not cause the sought phenomenon of "milking" but had a positive impact on the accumulation of intracellular lipid and triglyceride synthesis.

O trabalho avaliou micobiota, contaminação por aflatoxinas (AFB), ácido ciclopiazônico (ACP) e fitoalexina (trans-resveratrol) nas variedades de amendoim Runner IAC 886 e IAC-Caiapó, no campo e armazenamento. Nas amostras de campo, na IAC 886 predominou Fusarium spp. nos grãos e cascas, contaminação por AFB em 30% dos grãos, ACP em 70% e trans-resveratrol em 5%. Na IAC-Caiapó prevaleceu Fusarium spp., em todas as amostras, AFB em 25% dos grãos, ACP em 55% e trans-resveratrol em 15%. Nas folhas, trans-reveratrol estava presente em 70%, nas variedades. No armazenamento, observou-se maior freqüência de A. flavus, A. parasiticus. Na IAC 886 AFB foi detectada em 20% nos grãos e 23% nas cascas e ACP em 80% dos grãos. Na IAC-Caiapó, AFB foi encontrada em 13% tanto nas amostras de grãos, como nas cascas e ACP em 70% dos grãos. Os resultados do potencial toxigênico de A. flavus revelaram 81% produtores de aflatoxinas, 95% de ACP e 75% de ambas. Todos A. flavus produtores de esclerócios pertenciam ao grupo L. / This study had assessed mycobiota, contamination by aflatoxins (AFB), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and phytoalexin (trans-resveratrol) in the peanuts varieties Runner IAC 886 and IAC-Caiapó, in the field and storage. In the Field samples, in IAC 886 it was predominated Fusarium spp. in grains and shells, contamination by AFB in 30% of the grains, CPA in 70% and trans-resveratrol in 5%. In IAC-Caiapó, it was prevailed Fusarium spp. in all samples, AFB in 25% of the grains, CPA in 55% and trans-resveratrol in 15%. In the leaves, trans-resveratrol was present in 70% in the varieties. In the storage, it was observed a higher frequency of A. flavus, A. parasiticus. In IAC 886, it was detected AFB in 20% of the grains and 23% in the shells, and CPA in 80% of the grains. In IAC-Caiapó, it was found AFB in 13% both in grains as in the shells samples, and CPA in 70% of the grains. The toxigenic potential results of A. flavus revealed 81% aflatoxins producers, 95% CPA producers and 75% both producers. All strains of A. flavus sclerotia producers belonged to the L group.