This study investigated arch dimension changes associated with growth and tooth wear in Australian Aboriginals aged from age 8 to 15 years using 2D and 3D digital imaging systems. Serial dental casts of Australian Aboriginals from Yuendumu were used in the study. The sample comprised 25 females and 24 males for whom casts were available at ages of 8, 12 and 15 years ( a total of 294 dental study casts). The primary method of data acquisition involved obtaining digital photographs and digitizing the images using an Apple IIGS computer and customised software program. A subset of 40 dental stone models (5 individuals at ages 8, 12, 15 and 18 years) were duplicated and scanned using the Minolta Vivid 900 laser surface scanner at the DSIRO Laboratories, National University Singapore. The 3-D images were digitised using the Rapidform software package (Inus, technology, Seoul, Korea). Study variables included mesiodistal crown diameters, arch widths, arch depths and arch lengths. Mesiodistal crown dimensions in males tended to be larger than those in females. All arch dimensions were significantly larger in males than females. Upper and lower Intercanine width increased from age 8 to age 12 years but did not change thereafter. Upper and lower intermolar widths increased with age from 8 years to 15 years while arch depth decreased. No significant reduction in arch lengths was found from age 12 to 15 years. The two imaging systems were comparable in their measurement reliability, although the 2D method provided consistently larger crown diameters than the 3D method. Changes in arch dimensions with age in the Aboriginal sample were similar to those reported for other populations. However, no measurable change was detected in arch length over time, even though the Aboriginals had abrasive diets that would be expected to contribute to interproximal wear. It was concluded that the 2D and 3D imaging methods were suitable for clinical use but would require further refinement for research projects aimed at assessing minor changes in arch lengths associated with interproximal wear. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1347947 / Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2008

Diabetes in Indigenous Australians occurs at a younger age and at almost four times the rate of non-Indigenous Australians. While the cause for this health disparity is multi-factorial, recent studies suggest that nutrition, and particularly magnesium intake, may play a role in onset of diabetes and related pathologies. No study has ever examined whether there is any relationship between diabetes and magnesium intake in Indigenous Australians, and the present study therefore sought to establish whether any such interrelationship existed. As part of this study, dietary magnesium intake was estimated in an urban cohort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander subjects and compared to the average Australian dietary intake. An ecological study then explored environmental correlates, and specifically the magnesium level in drinking water, to diabetes mortality. Finally, total and free serum magnesium concentrations were determined to identify any differences in magnesium status between diabetic and non-diabetic Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, and also to compare which of the two parameters was a more sensitive measure of magnesium status and diabetic risk. All Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people that were recruited for this study were patients of the Townsville Aboriginal and Islander Health Services, Townsville, North Queensland, who presented for health monitoring and subsequently required fasting blood tests as part of that routine care. Additional non-Indigenous people were recruited from five GP practices in the Townsville area. Inclusion criteria included persons over the age of 15 (Tanner Stage 5) who had lived in the Townsville area for at least ten days. Exclusion criteria included chronic diarrhoea, alcoholism or binge drinking in the past two weeks, use of diuretics, consumption of magnesium supplements, reduced renal function (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio exceeding > 2.5 mg/mmol in men and > 3.5 mg/mmol in women), severe mental illness, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Our results indicated that 60% of the Indigenous people assessed in this study had a dietary intake of magnesium that was below the estimated average magnesium requirement for half the national population. Additionally, the average magnesium intake in Indigenous Australians was significantly less than the intake of non-Indigenous Australians (p<0 .001). A significant negative correlation was found between the incidence of diabetes related mortality and the concentration of magnesium in drinking water in Queensland, confirming previous reports from the USA that drinking water magnesium may be an important factor in development of diabetes. The needs assessment study confirmed that diabetes in both Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians was associated with reduced levels of total serum magnesium, and more importantly, that total serum magnesium was lower in Indigenous Australians who did not have diabetes compared with their non-Indigenous counterparts (p=<0.001). In the absence of diabetes, the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia was 17.2% for the non-Indigenous but 36.9% for the Indigenous subjects. Finally, the ionic serum magnesium analysis confirmed the results of the total serum magnesium study, and demonstrated that ionic magnesium was strongly correlated to the total magnesium concentration (r: 0.75. p < 0.001), with the relationship being apparent irrespective of either diabetic (r: 0.66 to 0.81. p<0.001) or ethnicity (r = 0.71 to 0.81. p<0.001)." We conclude that although not causal, the evidence suggests that magnesium may be a significant contributing factor to diabetes in Australia, especially for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and that further investigation of the potential relationship between magnesium and diabetes in the Australian Indigenous populations, and possible corrective interventions, is highly warranted. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1348469 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, 2008

The ultimate intention of this thesis is to propose the meta-theory of toponymic attachment, which is comprised of toponymic identity and dependence, and to explore ways in which it is related to , but distinct from, existing widely-published theories on place attachment. / Doctorate of Philosophy

Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing emphasis on drama, in live theatre and on film, which re-addresses the ways in which the post-colonial histories of Australia and New Zealand have been written. Why is there such a focus on �historical� drama in these countries at the end of the twentieth century and what does this drama contribute to wider debates about post-colonial history? This thesis aims both to explore the connections between drama and history, and to analyse the interface between live and recorded drama. In order to discuss these issues, I have used the work of theatre and film critics and historians, supplemented by reference to writers working in the field of post-colonial and performance theory. In particular, I have utilised the methods of Helen Gilbert and Joanne Tompkins in Post-Colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics, beginning with their claim that in the post-colonial situation history has been seen to determine reality itself. I have also drawn on theorists such as Michel Foucault, Linda Hutcheon and Guy Debord who question the �truth� value of official history-writing and emphasize the role of representation in determining popular perceptions of the past. This discussion is developed through reference to contemporary performance theory, particularly the work of Richard Schechner and Marvin Carlson, in order to suggest that there is no clear separation between performance and reality, and that access to history is only possible through re-enactments of it, whether in written or performative forms. Chapter One is a survey of the development of �historical� drama in theatre and film from New Zealand and Australia. This includes discussion of the diverse cultural and performative traditions which influence this drama, and establishment of the critical methodologies to be used in the thesis. Chapter Two examines four plays which are intercultural re-writings of canonical texts from the European dramatic tradition. In this chapter I analyse the formal and thematic strategies in each of these plays in relation to the source texts, and ask to what extent they function as canonical counter-discourse by offering a critique of the assumptions of the earlier play from a post-colonial perspective. The potential of dramatic representation in forming perceptions of reality has made it an attractive forum for Maori and Aboriginal artists, who are creating theatre which has both a political and a pedagogical function. This discussion demonstrates that much of the impetus towards historiographic drama in both countries has come from Maori and Aboriginal writers and directors working in collaboration with white practitioners. Such collaborations not only advance the project of historiographic drama, but also may form the basis of future theatre practice which departs from the Western tradition and is unique to each of New Zealand and Australia. In Chapter Three I explore the interface between live and recorded performance by comparing plays and films which dramatise similar historical material. I consider the relative effectiveness of theatre and film as media for historiographic critique. I suggest that although film often has a greater cultural impact than theatre, to date live theatre has been a more accessible form of expression for Maori and Aboriginal writers and directors. Furthermore, following theorists such as Brecht and Brook, I argue that such aspects as the presence of the live performer and the design of the physical space shared by actors and audience give theatre considerable potential for creating an immediate engagement with historiographic themes. In Chapter Four, I discuss two contrasting examples of recorded drama in order to highlight the potential of film and television as media for historiographic critique. I question the divisions between the documentary and dramatic genres, and use Derrida�s notion of play to suggest that there is a constant slippage between the dramatic and the real, between the past and the present. In Chapter Five, I summarize the arguments advanced in previous chapters, using the example of the national museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, to illustrate that the �performance� of history has become part of popular culture. Like the interactive displays at Te Papa, the texts studied in this thesis demonstrate that dramatic representation has the potential to re-define perceptions of historical �reality�. With its superior capacity for creating illusion, film is a dynamic medium for exploring the imaginative process of history is that in the live performance the spectator symbolically comes into the presence of the past.

The settlement of the claim to fisheries by Maori is a political milestone. The Sealords Deal (the Deal) as it is commonly known, is the first settlement in New Zealand which extinguishes Maori claims to a particular resource. It affects all iwi and proposes the development of a process for the allocation of benefits. As such it needs to be considered in terms of other post-colonial nations� experiences in the resolution of claims to natural resources. Canada, the United States and Australia provide examples of different attitudes and approaches to the resolution of claims to natural resources by their indigenous populations. A typical history of the resolution of claims to natural resources in post-colonial nations begins with initial European contact, followed by increased numbers of settlers which places pressure on governments and the judiciary to justify the acquisition and exploitation of land and other resources. This leaves the indigenous population landless and welfare dependent. This pattern is reflected in judicial decision-making. In New Zealand, the courts initially acknowledged that the rights of Maori to their lands and other resources, existed unless specifically taken away. When pressure for acquisition of land occurred the courts responded by holding that Maori rights to resources only existed if specifically granted by a court or the legislature. This reversed the original presumption of existence of a right unless taken away. It has only been recently that the New Zealand judiciary has reaccepted the common law doctrine of aboriginal title. This brings New Zealand more in line with Canada and the United States, but New Zealand still has some way to go in acknowledging the doctrine of fiduciary obligation of the Crown/government to Maori. It is also helpful to analyse the changes that have taken place in governments� policies that have enabled the creation of an enviroment in which such a settlement can take place. The Labour governments of 1984 and 1987 began a number of policy initiatives which created a socio-economic climate and responsive enviroment favourable to the settlement of such a claim. Changes are also occurring internationally. Indigenous people�s rights are coming to the fore with the proposed Universal Declaration on Indigenous Rights nearly in place. All this change at a national and international level has only been possible by post-colonial nations acknowledging their past in order to move to the future with confidence. The Sealords Deal is an example of an attempt by Maori and the New Zealand government to make this move forward.

Diabetes in Indigenous Australians occurs at a younger age and at almost four times the rate of non-Indigenous Australians. While the cause for this health disparity is multi-factorial, recent studies suggest that nutrition, and particularly magnesium intake, may play a role in onset of diabetes and related pathologies. No study has ever examined whether there is any relationship between diabetes and magnesium intake in Indigenous Australians, and the present study therefore sought to establish whether any such interrelationship existed. As part of this study, dietary magnesium intake was estimated in an urban cohort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander subjects and compared to the average Australian dietary intake. An ecological study then explored environmental correlates, and specifically the magnesium level in drinking water, to diabetes mortality. Finally, total and free serum magnesium concentrations were determined to identify any differences in magnesium status between diabetic and non-diabetic Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, and also to compare which of the two parameters was a more sensitive measure of magnesium status and diabetic risk. All Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people that were recruited for this study were patients of the Townsville Aboriginal and Islander Health Services, Townsville, North Queensland, who presented for health monitoring and subsequently required fasting blood tests as part of that routine care. Additional non-Indigenous people were recruited from five GP practices in the Townsville area. Inclusion criteria included persons over the age of 15 (Tanner Stage 5) who had lived in the Townsville area for at least ten days. Exclusion criteria included chronic diarrhoea, alcoholism or binge drinking in the past two weeks, use of diuretics, consumption of magnesium supplements, reduced renal function (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio exceeding > 2.5 mg/mmol in men and > 3.5 mg/mmol in women), severe mental illness, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Our results indicated that 60% of the Indigenous people assessed in this study had a dietary intake of magnesium that was below the estimated average magnesium requirement for half the national population. Additionally, the average magnesium intake in Indigenous Australians was significantly less than the intake of non-Indigenous Australians (p<0 .001). A significant negative correlation was found between the incidence of diabetes related mortality and the concentration of magnesium in drinking water in Queensland, confirming previous reports from the USA that drinking water magnesium may be an important factor in development of diabetes. The needs assessment study confirmed that diabetes in both Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians was associated with reduced levels of total serum magnesium, and more importantly, that total serum magnesium was lower in Indigenous Australians who did not have diabetes compared with their non-Indigenous counterparts (p=<0.001). In the absence of diabetes, the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia was 17.2% for the non-Indigenous but 36.9% for the Indigenous subjects. Finally, the ionic serum magnesium analysis confirmed the results of the total serum magnesium study, and demonstrated that ionic magnesium was strongly correlated to the total magnesium concentration (r: 0.75. p < 0.001), with the relationship being apparent irrespective of either diabetic (r: 0.66 to 0.81. p<0.001) or ethnicity (r = 0.71 to 0.81. p<0.001)." We conclude that although not causal, the evidence suggests that magnesium may be a significant contributing factor to diabetes in Australia, especially for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and that further investigation of the potential relationship between magnesium and diabetes in the Australian Indigenous populations, and possible corrective interventions, is highly warranted. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1348469 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, 2008

This thesis examines the possibilities for building a reconciliatory jurisprudence for the protection of indigenous rights under the Australian Constitution. The thesis first examines what could be meant by the term ???reconciliation??? in a legal context and argues that it requires (1) acknowledgement of and atonement for past wrongdoing, (2) the provision of recompense, and (3) the establishment of legal and constitutional structures designed to ensure that similar wrongs are not repeated in the future. The thesis focuses on the last of these three requirements. It is further argued that developing a reconciliatory jurisprudence first requires the courts to free themselves from the dominant paradigm of strict positivism so that they are liberated to pay due regard to questions of morality. Given this framework, the thesis then sets out to examine the purpose and scope of the race power (section 51(xxvi)) of the Australian Constitution, with particular regard to the case of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth in which the High Court directly considered the power. The thesis concludes that the majority of the Court had not, for various reasons, properly considered the nature of the power. An appropriate ruling, it is argued, should find that the power does not enable Parliament to discriminate adversely against racial minorities. The thesis then proceeds to consider whether there are implied terms under the Constitution that protect fundamental rights. It is argued that these rights are indeed protected because the Constitution is based upon the rule of law. In addition constitutional provisions are to be interpreted subject to the presumption that its terms are not to be understood as undermining fundamental rights unless a constitutional provision expressly states otherwise. The thesis also considers whether there is an implied right to equality under the Constitution. The conclusion drawn is that such a right exists and that it is both procedural and substantive in nature.

Vol. 2 consists of unpublished or not readily available papers and miscellaneous material referred to in vol. 1. Includes historical material and Kaurna language texts. / Includes bibliographical references (47 p.) / 2 v, : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Linguistics, 1998

This thesis explores how Victoria’s early childhood community negotiates colonial constructions of Aboriginality around dualisms such as Indigenous/non Indigenous and intersecting constructions of the child as ignorant or innocent of race and power both in concert and conflict with the non Indigenous early childhood community. It found a need for a reconceptualisation of Aboriginality around complexity and multiplicity as well as continuity and uniformity. Such a reconceptualisation can better address those issues of race, culture, identity and racism that see Indigenous communities marginalised within non Indigenous early childhood programs. / These negotiations around the colonial and the implications for Indigenous inclusion within the early childhood field are framed within post colonial theory which unites and connects major themes across tensions and contradictions. These themes act as a basis for each data chapter.

No description available.