O desmatamento e a fragmentação decorrentes da expansão das atividades humanas nas paisagens florestais tropicais promovem mudanças na estrutura da paisagem, em geral com perda de florestas antigas para a agricultura ou pastagem, parcialmente compensada regionalmente com a regeneração das florestas secundárias jovens. Tal processo gera paisagens heterogêneas, com florestas secundárias em diferentes estádios de sucessão e perturbação. O estoque de carbono nestas florestas pode, assim, variar muito e essa variação pode ocorrer em diferentes escalas espaciais. O presente estudo buscou entender como as diferentes condições locais e da paisagem contribuem para o estoque de carbono. O estudo foi realizado em florestas secundárias da Mata Atlântica, no Sistema Cantareira (região sudeste do Brasil). A biomassa acima do solo (BAS) foi estimada a partir de dados de inventário florestal e modelos alométricos de biomassa. A fim de testar como a biomassa de uma floresta tropical varia em paisagens antropizadas, foram construídos modelos lineares generalizados (GLM, distribuição Gaussiana) com quatro grupos de variáveis: idade da floresta; perturbações humanas; topografia (declividade e altitude); e estrutura da paisagem. Foram construídos modelos simples, compostos, com e sem interação, além do modelo nulo. O modelo mais plausível foi selecionado pelo critério de Akaike corrigido para pequenas amostras (AICc). Numa escala mais local, a variação da BAS em função da distância à borda foi analisada. A BAS variou amplamente entre os locais de estudo e isso foi parcialmente explicado pelas variáveis explanatórias, uma vez que todos os modelos e variáveis selecionadas foram melhores do que os modelos nulos. O resultado mais surpreendente foi o baixo estoque geral de carbono nas áreas de estudo (30,91 ± 11,00 Mg.ha-1). Os resultados sugerem que este padrão está principalmente relacionado com efeitos de borda e com a influência de fatores diretamente impulsionados pela ocupação humana (como, por exemplo, florestas mais perturbadas, paisagens com baixa cobertura florestal e ocorrência relativa alta de florestas mais jovens). Os resultados indicam ainda que nesta condição de alta perturbação os fatores abióticos, tais como a localização topográfica, podem ter uma importância menor do que seria de esperar por estudos anteriores. Os baixos estoques de carbono e alta variabilidade espacial observada indicam a necessidade de se incorporar estimativas de carbono em escalas espaciais mais finas em programas de mitigação climática e de manutenção de serviços ecossistêmicos em paisagens fragmentadas / Deforestation and fragmentation resulting from the expansion of human activities in tropical forest landscapes promote changes in landscape structure, usually with loss of mature forests for agriculture or pasture, partially offset regionally with the regeneration of young secondary forests. This process generates heterogeneous landscapes with secondary forests in different stages of succession and disturbance. The stock of carbon in these forests can thus vary greatly and this variation may occur at different spatial scales. This study aimed to understand how the different local and landscape conditions contribute to carbon stock. The study was performed in secondary Atlantic Forest fragments in Cantareira System (southeastern Brazil). The above-ground biomass (AGB) was estimated by forest inventory data and allometric biomass models. In order to test how the biomass of a tropical forest varies in disturbed landscapes, generalized linear models (GLM, Gaussian distribution) were constructed with four groups of variables: forest age; human disturbances; topography (terrain slope and elevation); and landscape structure. We constructed simple and compound, with and without interaction, models beyond to the null model. The most plausible model was selected by Akaike criterion corrected for small samples (AICc). On a more local scale, the variation of AGB according to the distance to the edge was analyzed. AGB varied widely among study sites and this was partly explained by the explanatory variables, since data suited better to all models and selected variables than the null model. The most surprising result was the low overall carbon stock in the study areas (30.91 ± 11.00 Mg.ha-1). The results suggest that this pattern is mainly related to edge effects and the influence of factors directly driven by human occupation (e.g. more disturbed forests, landscapes with low forest cover and high relative occurrence of younger forests). The results also indicate that this condition of high disturbance abiotic factors, such as the topographical location, may have less importance than would be expected from previous studies. Low carbon stocks and high spatial variability indicate the need to incorporate in carbon stock estimates a finer spatial scale for climate mitigation and maintenance of ecosystem services programs in fragmented landscapes

O desmatamento e a fragmentação decorrentes da expansão das atividades humanas nas paisagens florestais tropicais promovem mudanças na estrutura da paisagem, em geral com perda de florestas antigas para a agricultura ou pastagem, parcialmente compensada regionalmente com a regeneração das florestas secundárias jovens. Tal processo gera paisagens heterogêneas, com florestas secundárias em diferentes estádios de sucessão e perturbação. O estoque de carbono nestas florestas pode, assim, variar muito e essa variação pode ocorrer em diferentes escalas espaciais. O presente estudo buscou entender como as diferentes condições locais e da paisagem contribuem para o estoque de carbono. O estudo foi realizado em florestas secundárias da Mata Atlântica, no Sistema Cantareira (região sudeste do Brasil). A biomassa acima do solo (BAS) foi estimada a partir de dados de inventário florestal e modelos alométricos de biomassa. A fim de testar como a biomassa de uma floresta tropical varia em paisagens antropizadas, foram construídos modelos lineares generalizados (GLM, distribuição Gaussiana) com quatro grupos de variáveis: idade da floresta; perturbações humanas; topografia (declividade e altitude); e estrutura da paisagem. Foram construídos modelos simples, compostos, com e sem interação, além do modelo nulo. O modelo mais plausível foi selecionado pelo critério de Akaike corrigido para pequenas amostras (AICc). Numa escala mais local, a variação da BAS em função da distância à borda foi analisada. A BAS variou amplamente entre os locais de estudo e isso foi parcialmente explicado pelas variáveis explanatórias, uma vez que todos os modelos e variáveis selecionadas foram melhores do que os modelos nulos. O resultado mais surpreendente foi o baixo estoque geral de carbono nas áreas de estudo (30,91 ± 11,00 Mg.ha-1). Os resultados sugerem que este padrão está principalmente relacionado com efeitos de borda e com a influência de fatores diretamente impulsionados pela ocupação humana (como, por exemplo, florestas mais perturbadas, paisagens com baixa cobertura florestal e ocorrência relativa alta de florestas mais jovens). Os resultados indicam ainda que nesta condição de alta perturbação os fatores abióticos, tais como a localização topográfica, podem ter uma importância menor do que seria de esperar por estudos anteriores. Os baixos estoques de carbono e alta variabilidade espacial observada indicam a necessidade de se incorporar estimativas de carbono em escalas espaciais mais finas em programas de mitigação climática e de manutenção de serviços ecossistêmicos em paisagens fragmentadas / Deforestation and fragmentation resulting from the expansion of human activities in tropical forest landscapes promote changes in landscape structure, usually with loss of mature forests for agriculture or pasture, partially offset regionally with the regeneration of young secondary forests. This process generates heterogeneous landscapes with secondary forests in different stages of succession and disturbance. The stock of carbon in these forests can thus vary greatly and this variation may occur at different spatial scales. This study aimed to understand how the different local and landscape conditions contribute to carbon stock. The study was performed in secondary Atlantic Forest fragments in Cantareira System (southeastern Brazil). The above-ground biomass (AGB) was estimated by forest inventory data and allometric biomass models. In order to test how the biomass of a tropical forest varies in disturbed landscapes, generalized linear models (GLM, Gaussian distribution) were constructed with four groups of variables: forest age; human disturbances; topography (terrain slope and elevation); and landscape structure. We constructed simple and compound, with and without interaction, models beyond to the null model. The most plausible model was selected by Akaike criterion corrected for small samples (AICc). On a more local scale, the variation of AGB according to the distance to the edge was analyzed. AGB varied widely among study sites and this was partly explained by the explanatory variables, since data suited better to all models and selected variables than the null model. The most surprising result was the low overall carbon stock in the study areas (30.91 ± 11.00 Mg.ha-1). The results suggest that this pattern is mainly related to edge effects and the influence of factors directly driven by human occupation (e.g. more disturbed forests, landscapes with low forest cover and high relative occurrence of younger forests). The results also indicate that this condition of high disturbance abiotic factors, such as the topographical location, may have less importance than would be expected from previous studies. Low carbon stocks and high spatial variability indicate the need to incorporate in carbon stock estimates a finer spatial scale for climate mitigation and maintenance of ecosystem services programs in fragmented landscapes

This thesis describes aspects of durability of Swedish softwood in above ground applications. The thesis consists of a summary of nine papers, which all aim to explain the existing variation in above ground microbial durability and moisture sensitivity of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). The methods used were two field tests, one accelerated durability test, and three water permeability tests. The main conclusions made in the study were that Norway spruce sapwood is more susceptible to discolouring fungi than heartwood. With respect to Scots pine, the only important factor for its natural durability above ground was whether the samples consisted of heartwood or of sapwood. There was also no systematic variation between pine heartwood from different stand origins in above ground conditions. Origin had no influence on durability in practice for neither spruce nor pine. Furthermore, in contradiction with traditional thinking, annual ring width and density had no influence on durability in any of the tests. The material came from two different samplings. The ‘old’ material was sampled in the beginning of the 1980s and consisted of Scots pine and Norway spruce from three different origins: the north, the central area, and the south of Sweden. The material was subjected to different handling conditions and surface and end-grain treatments. The ‘old’ material was used in a large above ground field test, carried out between 1985 and 1994. Unfortunately, the spruce sapwood and heartwood was not separated in this field test. In the field trial with the ‘old’ material, the most important factor for the durability of Norway spruce was the samples’ surface- and end-grain treatment. It was also observed that untreated spruce showed better durability than samples that were painted but without proper end-grain treatment. Samples originating from one of the stands were more sensitive towards air-drying than samples from the other two, which was reflected in a higher average moisture content and mass loss for the untreated samples. With respect to Scots pine, the most important factor was whether the sample consisted of heartwood or of sapwood. The heartwood samples were durable irrespective of their previous treatment. The Scots pine sapwood samples, on the other hand, had a very fluctuating moisture content if they were not surface- and end-painted. This was also reflected in higher mass losses in these samples. Even when properly surface- and end grain treated, the sapwood samples did not perform as well as the heartwood samples. The ‘new’ material consisted of Scots pine taken from six different stands, and Norway spruce from five different stands, all from areas in southern Sweden. The sampling was performed in order to achieve a large variation in wood properties. Thus, logs from areas with different climate and growth conditions were collected. This material was used for laboratory tests, and also for the second field test, which was evaluated after a test period of two years. In the second field test untreated Scots pine and Norway spruce samples from the ‘new’ material were investigated. Effects of origin and different tree diameters were examined. Furthermore, Scots pine was separated to heartwood and sapwood, and Norway spruce to mature and juvenile wood. The Norway spruce samples were sawn with vertical or horizontal annual rings. For the Norway spruce in the second field test, vertical annual rings were shown to be very beneficial for avoiding crack formation, while samples with horizontal annual rings displayed a large number of cracks. Despite this, the larger number of cracks did not result in a higher moisture content or more fungal discoloration. Juvenile wood had a slightly higher average discolouring fungal growth grading than the other spruce samples. For Scots pine, the only factor of importance was whether the samples consisted of heartwood or of sapwood. Annual ring width, density and origin had no significant effect on either fungal growth or moisture uptake. This observation held for both Norway spruce samples and Scots pine samples. An accelerated test was run in order to investigate Norway spruce sapwood and heartwood with respect to their differences in durability towards discolouring fungi and moisture uptake. The Mycologg method was used to accelerate fungal growth during a number of forced moisture cycles. The results showed that sapwood was much more sensitive to discolouring fungi than heartwood. Sapwood also recorded a higher average moisture content than heartwood. The differences that were observed between the types of samples were not due to annual ring width, density or origin. It was observed that Norway spruce sapwood samples and heartwood samples showed differences in liquid water permeability. This observation was made especially evident in a droplet absorption test. Water droplets were absorbed much faster on the sapwood samples in comparison with the heartwood samples. This higher affinity to water suggested that a sapwood surface would reach a higher moisture content than a heartwood surface. This observation provides a major explanation of why the sapwood samples showed poorer durability towards discolouring fungi in the Mycologg trials.

The subject of the project is a new building in the cadastral area of Havlíčkův Brod. The object is designed for 30 persons for accommodation and 52 people in the restaurant. The building is partly basement and has three floors. On the first floor there is a restaurant with guest facilities and a kitchen with facilities for the staff. On the second and third above-ground floor are mainly hotel rooms. In the basement there is technical equipment such as a boiler room, air-conditioning machine and laundry. The object is solved from ceramic blocks POROTHERM. The ceiling is a monolithic reinforced concrete. The roof is flat single-skinned.

This diploma thesis solves the design of a Family hotel with welness in Brno-Soběšice. The building has a T-shaped layout and has 2 above-ground storeys and one basement. The building has a flat roof with pebble. There are 12 rooms with lodging capacity of 16 guests and wellness.

Diploma thesis deals with the design documentation of hotel building in the village of Dolní Lomná. The aim of the work was to create a unit that will be used for accommodation and catering of the guests and will not disturb the surroundings. The building was designed as a three-storey building. The hotel is devided to an operational part for staff, catering and accommodation for guests. The capacity of the beds is 32. The hotel is designed as a brick construction system. Roofing is as a saddle roof made of wooden truss above the 3rd floor. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part contains the textual evaluation of the construction of the hotel, the second part consists of the project documentation itself. The project documentation includes architectural and layout design, drawing up of building drawings, design of a fire safety solution of the building, basic thermal technical assessment.

This thesis addresses of construction design of new building multifunctional house. Multifunctional house is consists of subterranean garage, hairdresser, cafe and 36 residential units. The building has a cellar and 6 floors and it is covered with a flat roof.

This thesis addresses the design of multi-purpose building with six floors. The building is located on gently sloping terrain in central Blansko, the plot number 2840th. The first floor is designed for services and other floors are designated for housing. The building has 8 flats – 1 room + kitchenette and 10 flats – 2 rooms + kitchenette, a total of 18 housing units. The supporting structural system is transverse. The walls of the house are built from blocks POROTHERM. The roof is designed as a flat. Windows and doors are wooden.

The object of interest of this diploma thesis is the processing of technical-construction part of the project documentation for the realization of the four-storey office building with two commercial premises on the ground floor. The building is cellarless, shape of the ground plan is rectangular. The fourth floor is receded over the others and there is an outdoor terrace, facing south, the remaining part of fourth floor is made up of flat vegetation roof. The support system is composed of steel concrete skeleton with a reinforcing core. Infill walling are made of ceramic fittings. The building is insulated with mineral wool and ceramic facade system.

Diploma thesis is focused on the nursery schools project, which has two floors with a partial basement. Project documentation is at the level of construction execution. The building is located in the district of Frýdek-Místek, in the cadastral Palkovice. Part of the nursery are four units for children and facilities for the operation of the school. Nursery school is a brick of ceramic shaped Porotherm Profi on a masonry foam DRYFIX. The perimeter and interior bearing walls has a thickness of 300 mm, indoor walls are made of bricks PTH 11.5 Profi TL. 115 mm. On the basement walls are concrete block used shuttering tl. 300 mm. Foundation line are made of plain concrete. Ceiling creates the filigree plate with over concrete and the total thickness. is 250 mm. The roof of the buildding is a single-layer flat-lined brick parapet height of 500 mm. There are three prefabricated double staircase and a passenger lift. Lots of flat character is located at an altitude of 314,000 m above sea level Access to land is from the north side. The two main entrances to the building on the north and east facade. In the central part of the building are located facilities for staff and kitchen facilities. Staff entrance is on the south side. Preparing meals is two floors with windows facing north. Between the first and second above ground floor are designed 3 lifts. At the central part directly linked to the two wings of the building. In each wing there are two departments that can accommodate 20 children. The total capacity of the nursery school will therefore be 80 childdren.