This dissertation challenges the theories of new political historians, who argue that nineteenth-century American politics was little influenced by ideology. Instead, by treating the public careers of self-identified conservatives in Abraham Lincoln's cabinet--Edward Bates, Montgomery Blair, Salmon P. Chase, and Gideon Welles--as exemplars of nineteenth-century political thought, this study examines the formation of American conservatism in the Civil War era from an anthropological perspective, treating it as a tribal identification shared by American lawmakers. Nineteenth-century conservatives identified themselves according to their subscription to certain common principles of governance, the ideals of which were first expressed in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Applying these principles to the nineteenth century, American conservatives thus greatly influenced public policy initiatives from civil service reform to anti-slavery reform and from public finance to presidential war powers. Although the conservative ideals espoused by these politicians--exemplified in their management of issues during the Civil War--had receded to a minority opinion among lawmakers by 1865, they were ultimately resurrected during the later years of Reconstruction, and helped to shape future political discourses surrounding public policy in the Gilded Age.

Conclusion: The [Abrahamic] stories reveal a man caught up in the struggle of faith. But the God who took the initiative in establishing the Covenant shows that in spite of first appearances, He is faithful. The stories present various pictures of Abraham as a Covenant Mediator. Because he is in a sense Israel in microcosm it is not strange that he is described in the terms of Israel's most important institutions: prophet, priest, and king. Nevertheless the most significant Sitz im Leben is the family. While he is usually meant to be understood as an individual representing his immediate family, his descendants, and even all nations, at times, because he is the founding ancestor of Israel and therefore Israel in microcosm, he is best understood as a "Corporate Person". He and Israel are to be a source of blessing to the nations.

Supersession is the theory of one idea supplanting the other. In both Christianity and Islam, this idea is commonplace. In Christianity, the message of Jesus creates a New Covenant for both Jews and Gentiles, while in Islam, the revelation of Muhammad restores the original religion that God intended from the beginning. Christianity and Islam both supersede Judaism in very similar ways. In regards to the use of Abraham in particular, each religion inherits him by appealing to Jewish scripture or their oral tradition, using him to prove their truth claims, and claiming that their religion is originally the religion of Abraham.

This thesis is a study of selected speeches of Abraham Lincoln in their historical continuum.

The Abraham solvation parameter model is a good approach for analyzing and predicting biological activities and partitioning coefficients. The general solvation equation has been used to predict the solute property (SP) behavior of drug compounds between biological barriers. Gas chromatography (GC) retention time can be used to predict molecular descriptors, such as E, S, A, B & L for existing and newly developed drug compounds. In this research, six columns of different stationary phases were used to predict the Abraham molecular descriptors more accurately. The six stationary phases used were 5% phenylmethyl polysiloxane, 6% cyanopropylphenyl 94% dimethylpolysiloxane, 5% diphenyl 95% dimethylpolysiloxane, 100% dimethylpolysiloxane, polyethylene glycol and 35% diphenyl 65% dimethylpolysiloxane. Retention times (RT) of 75 compounds have been measured and logarithm of experimental average retention time Ln(RTexp) are calculated. The Abraham solvation model is then applied to predict the process coefficients of these compounds using the literature values of the molecular descriptors (Acree Compilation descriptors). Six correlation equations are built up as a training set for each of the six columns. The six equations are then used to predict the molecular descriptors of the illegal drugs as a test set. This work shows the ability to extract molecular information from a new compound by utilizing commonly used GC columns available with the desired stationary phases. One can simply run the new compound in GC using these columns to get the retention time. Plugging in the retention time into the developed equations for each of the column will predict the molecular descriptors for the test compound and will give some information about the properties of the compound.

Words matter. America was founded with a five-word mission statement: "All men are created equal." The nation's most successful politicians have understood the power of words. Theodore Roosevelt claimed the nation's chief executive could lay out his agenda from the "bully pulpit," while Franklin Delano Roosevelt calmed the public's fears throughout his term in office during regular fireside chats. Similarly, John F. Kennedy challenged the nation with his rhetoric to look beyond "what your country can do for you" and ask instead "what you can do for your country," while Barack Obama's speech at the Democratic National Convention in 2004 propelled him onto the national stage. Abraham Lincoln not only understood the power of words, but he knew how to use them to his advantage. Words were the secret to his success; indeed, they continue to serve his legacy well. While scholarly studies of Lincoln's rhetoric have steadily increased over the last fifteen years, the historiography remains consumed with his presidency. However, by beginning the story of Lincoln's eloquence in the White House, scholars have neglected his painfully revealing personal and literary evolution. Despite the thousands of books written about the sixteenth president, there has never been a full-length study devoted to his poetry. His intensely autobiographical poetry remains one of the last great untapped reservoirs for scholars. Not only does Lincoln's poetry reveal that he was engaged in a lifelong struggle to come to terms with loss, but his private poetry also found its way into his public speeches. In the process, he helped a nation find meaning in the confusion and tragedy of civil war.

No description available.

No description available.

Neste estudo foi caracterizado o processo de solubilização de solutos neutros em sistemas micelares compostos de surfactantes não iônicos da família de alcoóis secundários etoxilados com o mesmo grupo hidrofóbico e graus diferentes de etoxilação, variando de 5 a 30 subunidades de oxido de etileno. Para isso, foram utilizadas as Relações Lineares de Energias Livres de Solvatação (LSER) como modelo preditivo para a eficiência de incorporação de solutos. As análises de regressão múltipla e as validações apresentadas tiveram por base a constante de incorporação micelar KS como variável dependente e os descritores de soluto de Abraham como as variáveis independentes. A metodologia utilizada para a determinação de KS baseou-se em técnicas fotofísicas (supressão de fluorescência), medidas de solubilização (solubilização em saturação via espectrofotometria de UV-VIS) e técnicas de cromatografia líquida (Cromatografia Micelar) e gasosa (Cromatografia por Análise de Fase Vapor ou Headspace). A determinação realizada forneceu as seguintes LSERs: 15-S-5: Log KS = 0,054 - 0,227A - 1,197B - 0,600S + 0,938E + 1,854V 15-S-7: Log KS = + 0,267 + 0,435A - 1,475B - 0,831S + 1,045E + 1,805V 15-S-15: Log KS = -0,047 + 0,314A - 1,265B - 0,487S + 0,823E + 2,107V 15-S-30: Log KS = - 0,345 + 0,366A - 1,114B - 0,430S + 0,858E + 2,310V Como é típico para sistemas micelares, constatou-se que a partição dos solutos entre os agregados micelares e a fase aquosa é dominada pelas propriedades de volume molar (V) e capacidade receptora de pontes de hidrogênio ou basicidade (B) do soluto, com contribuições secundárias de dipolaridade (S) e refração molar em excesso (E) do soluto. O aumento do tamanho da cabeça hidrofílica de oligômeros de oxietileno (OE) torna a micela menos coesa, facilitando a acomodação de solutos e favorecendo também a penetração de moléculas de água de hidratação que formam pontes de hidrogênio com as unidades de OE. Isto é indicado pelas variações observadas nos coeficientes de B e V. As variações dos coeficientes de S respondem também ao tamanho da cadeia e ao grau de hidratação, o que foi verificado pelos espectros de bandas vibrônicas de fluorescência de pireno e por alterações de deslocamentos químicos de RMN-1H. Anomalias observadas para surfactante 15-S-5 provavelmente deveram-se à presença de isopropanol utilizado como aditivo para solubilizá-lo em meio aquoso. O conjunto de dados obtidos demonstra que o tamanho da cadeia de OE e da micela responde melhor ao modo do que à extensão de solubilização dos solutos analisados, uma vez que a variável KS não responde de maneira linear ao grau de etoxilação para o conjunto de detergentes estudados. / This study has characterized the solubilization of neutral solutes in micellar systems composed of nonionic surfactants belonging to the family of ethoxylated secondary alcohols with the same hydrophobic group and different degrees of ethoxylation ranging from 5 to 30 ethylene oxide units. Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) was used as a predictive model for the efficiency of incorporation of solutes. The multiple regression analysis and the validations presented were based on the micellar incorporation constant KS as the dependent variable and Abraham solute descriptors as the independent variables. The methodologies utilized to determine the KS values included photophysical techniques (fluorescence quenching), measurements of solubility at saturation (via UV-VIs spectrophotometry), micellar liquid chromatography and gas chromatography (Headspace analysis of the vapor phase above micellar solutions). This study provided the following LSERs: 15-S-5: Log KS = - 0,054 - 0,227A - 1,197B - 0,600S + 0,938E + 1,854V 15-S-7: Log KS = + 0,267 + 0,435A - 1,475B - 0,831S + 1,045E + 1,805V 15-S-15: Log KS = - 0,047 + 0,314A - 1,265B - 0,487S + 0,823E + 2,107V 15-S-30: Log KS = - 0,345 + 0,366A - 1,114B - 0,430S + 0,858E + 2,310V As typically observed for micellar systems, the partitioning of solutes between micellar aggregates and the aqueous phase is dominated by the properties of molar volume (V) and hydrogen bond basicity (B) of the solute, with secondary contributions from the dipolarity (S) and excess molar refraction (E) of the solute. The increase in the size of the hydrophilic oxyethylene (OE) headgroup decreases the cohesion of the micelle, facilitating the accommodation of solutes and also favoring the penetration of waters of hydration that hydrogen bond with the OE units. This is indicated by the changes observed in the coefficients of B and V. The changes observed for S also respond to the size of the OE chain, as reflected in the vibronic bands of the fluorescence spectra of pyrene and changes of proton chemical shifts in 1H-NMR spectra. Anomalies for the surfactant 15-S-5 were probably due to the necessity to include isopropanol as an additive to solubilize it in water. The data show that the OE chain and micelle sizes respond better to the mode than to the extent of solubilization for the solutes analyzed, since the predictor variable KS does not respond consistently to the degree of ethoxylation for the micellar systems studied.

Neste estudo foi caracterizado o processo de solubilização de solutos neutros em sistemas micelares compostos de surfactantes não iônicos da família de alcoóis secundários etoxilados com o mesmo grupo hidrofóbico e graus diferentes de etoxilação, variando de 5 a 30 subunidades de oxido de etileno. Para isso, foram utilizadas as Relações Lineares de Energias Livres de Solvatação (LSER) como modelo preditivo para a eficiência de incorporação de solutos. As análises de regressão múltipla e as validações apresentadas tiveram por base a constante de incorporação micelar KS como variável dependente e os descritores de soluto de Abraham como as variáveis independentes. A metodologia utilizada para a determinação de KS baseou-se em técnicas fotofísicas (supressão de fluorescência), medidas de solubilização (solubilização em saturação via espectrofotometria de UV-VIS) e técnicas de cromatografia líquida (Cromatografia Micelar) e gasosa (Cromatografia por Análise de Fase Vapor ou Headspace). A determinação realizada forneceu as seguintes LSERs: 15-S-5: Log KS = 0,054 - 0,227A - 1,197B - 0,600S + 0,938E + 1,854V 15-S-7: Log KS = + 0,267 + 0,435A - 1,475B - 0,831S + 1,045E + 1,805V 15-S-15: Log KS = -0,047 + 0,314A - 1,265B - 0,487S + 0,823E + 2,107V 15-S-30: Log KS = - 0,345 + 0,366A - 1,114B - 0,430S + 0,858E + 2,310V Como é típico para sistemas micelares, constatou-se que a partição dos solutos entre os agregados micelares e a fase aquosa é dominada pelas propriedades de volume molar (V) e capacidade receptora de pontes de hidrogênio ou basicidade (B) do soluto, com contribuições secundárias de dipolaridade (S) e refração molar em excesso (E) do soluto. O aumento do tamanho da cabeça hidrofílica de oligômeros de oxietileno (OE) torna a micela menos coesa, facilitando a acomodação de solutos e favorecendo também a penetração de moléculas de água de hidratação que formam pontes de hidrogênio com as unidades de OE. Isto é indicado pelas variações observadas nos coeficientes de B e V. As variações dos coeficientes de S respondem também ao tamanho da cadeia e ao grau de hidratação, o que foi verificado pelos espectros de bandas vibrônicas de fluorescência de pireno e por alterações de deslocamentos químicos de RMN-1H. Anomalias observadas para surfactante 15-S-5 provavelmente deveram-se à presença de isopropanol utilizado como aditivo para solubilizá-lo em meio aquoso. O conjunto de dados obtidos demonstra que o tamanho da cadeia de OE e da micela responde melhor ao modo do que à extensão de solubilização dos solutos analisados, uma vez que a variável KS não responde de maneira linear ao grau de etoxilação para o conjunto de detergentes estudados. / This study has characterized the solubilization of neutral solutes in micellar systems composed of nonionic surfactants belonging to the family of ethoxylated secondary alcohols with the same hydrophobic group and different degrees of ethoxylation ranging from 5 to 30 ethylene oxide units. Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) was used as a predictive model for the efficiency of incorporation of solutes. The multiple regression analysis and the validations presented were based on the micellar incorporation constant KS as the dependent variable and Abraham solute descriptors as the independent variables. The methodologies utilized to determine the KS values included photophysical techniques (fluorescence quenching), measurements of solubility at saturation (via UV-VIs spectrophotometry), micellar liquid chromatography and gas chromatography (Headspace analysis of the vapor phase above micellar solutions). This study provided the following LSERs: 15-S-5: Log KS = - 0,054 - 0,227A - 1,197B - 0,600S + 0,938E + 1,854V 15-S-7: Log KS = + 0,267 + 0,435A - 1,475B - 0,831S + 1,045E + 1,805V 15-S-15: Log KS = - 0,047 + 0,314A - 1,265B - 0,487S + 0,823E + 2,107V 15-S-30: Log KS = - 0,345 + 0,366A - 1,114B - 0,430S + 0,858E + 2,310V As typically observed for micellar systems, the partitioning of solutes between micellar aggregates and the aqueous phase is dominated by the properties of molar volume (V) and hydrogen bond basicity (B) of the solute, with secondary contributions from the dipolarity (S) and excess molar refraction (E) of the solute. The increase in the size of the hydrophilic oxyethylene (OE) headgroup decreases the cohesion of the micelle, facilitating the accommodation of solutes and also favoring the penetration of waters of hydration that hydrogen bond with the OE units. This is indicated by the changes observed in the coefficients of B and V. The changes observed for S also respond to the size of the OE chain, as reflected in the vibronic bands of the fluorescence spectra of pyrene and changes of proton chemical shifts in 1H-NMR spectra. Anomalies for the surfactant 15-S-5 were probably due to the necessity to include isopropanol as an additive to solubilize it in water. The data show that the OE chain and micelle sizes respond better to the mode than to the extent of solubilization for the solutes analyzed, since the predictor variable KS does not respond consistently to the degree of ethoxylation for the micellar systems studied.