Background: Self-medication with antibiotics is a global phenomenon and potentialcontributor to human pathogen resistance to antibiotics. Amongst Pakistanis, antibioticself-medication rates are high. At present, no data is available on prevalence and practicesof self-medication with antibiotics among Pakistani students abroad. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and comparative practices ofPakistani students in Sweden and Finland regarding self-medication with antibiotics. Methods: The study used an anonymous cross-sectional Web-based questionnaire surveywith convenience census sampling targeted to Pakistani students in Sweden and Finland.Questionnaire asking use of antibiotics and six-month recall of antibiotic self-medicationbefore the survey was administered to the 9333 potential respondents. Data was analyzedusing statistical software R version 2.8.1. Descriptive statistic was used to analyze theresults. Associations were tested using Pearson's Chi-squared test. Findings: Response rate was 2.3% after five reminders. Of 213 participants (mean age27.9 years), 151 were from Sweden and 57 were from Finland. One hundred eleven(52.1%) reported antibiotic self-medication in their life time and forty two percent knewthat it could be injurious to health. Sixty-eight participants (31.9%) did self-medicationwith antibiotics during their stay in the study countries and almost all used oral antibiotics.Unrestricted pharmacy sale was the commonest source (37%) of such antibiotics.Common symptoms triggering antibiotic self-medication were respiratory (42.6%) andoro-dental (13.2%). Preferred antibiotics were broad spectrum Penicillin (41.2%),Macrolides (23.5%) and Quinolones (6.2%). Almost all (98.8%) antibiotics for suchmedication were obtained from Pakistan. About 27% reported that they would considerself-medication with antibiotics in future. The most common reason for antibiotic selfmedicationwas affordability of health care consultation and antibiotics (23.9%). Therewas no significant difference between the self-medication practices of participants basedon country of studentship (p=0.6). Self-medication rates were not significantly lower instudents who were aware that it may harm (p=0.2) and is unsafe (p=0.2). Conclusion: High prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics among participants is amatter of concern from individual and public health perspective. There is need to augmentawareness and implement legislations to promote judicious and safe practices. Furtherstudies are needed concerning resistance impact of antibiotic self-medication. Key wards: self-medication, antibiotics, Pakistani students, abroad, practices

Due to the impact of globalization, enterprises have undertaken all possible cuts to survive. Fresh-outs have encountered obstacles entering job markets. Unemployment rate has reached its record high. The solution could be ¡§Invest & Emigrate Abroad¡¨ to create job opportunities for Taiwan people. This study ¡§The Impact of Foreign Investment and Emigration on the Unemployment¡¨ is to find ways for people from Taiwan to be employed abroad. With the assistance of Government, this would be a win-win solution for employers and work force in Taiwan. The purpose of this study is outlined below: 1. Providing solutions to lessen the impact of globalization which are causing closure and relocations of businesses. 2. Providing solutions to prevent mid-aged work force losing their jobs. 3. Encouraging educated workers to emigrate, this could in turn promote the image of Taiwan. 4. Assisting businesses to find opportunities abroad. 5. Emigrating to other countries can reduce unemployment rate and improve quality life in Taiwan. The research procedures and their flow are designed based on the objectives of this study. The sources of literature and the definitions of the issues are considered in designing the procedure. The research constructions then are planned according to the chosen research method. There are two research issues: A and B. Issue A: Would the perception of the factors which cause the closure of businesses and workers to lose jobs vary due to personal characteristics. Issue B: Would the perception of the important issues which cause businesses to close and workers to lose jobs vary due to personal characteristics.¡C The questionnaire consists of 31 questions. 450 copies were sent via mail or hand delivery. 331 responded and collected. 9 out of 331 were invalid. Valid rate is 73%. People randomly chosen to fill out the questionnaire or to be interviewed included those from manufacturing, construction, services, agriculture, governmental, and academic (incl. students) fields. 68% perceived that ¡§Invest & Emigrate Abroad¡¨ could help businesses and improve employment environment. The details of the results are as followed: Issue A¡GUsing factor analysis to operate measuring tool, we chose 4 major factors. According to the definitions¡]Organized Emigration with Special Task Officials¡BInvestment & Emigration improve investment environment¡BEmigration can reduce unemployment¡BPlanning Emigration & Investment Strategies and Changes of Policies¡^, the findings from Variation Analysis are¡G ¡]1¡^Organized Emigration with Special Task Officials: Investment & Emigration is highly interested by those who are currently employed. North America, South-East Asia, Mainland China, Europe, Australia, and North-East Asia are highly preferred to Africa. Male have stronger interest than Female. ¡]2¡^Investment & Emigration improves investment environment: As the scale of investment and capital, most prefer small/mid sizes. In this case, More Male think so than Female. ¡]3¡^Capitals on ¡§Emigration can reduce population and unemployment rate¡¨¡GAs far as ¡§using small/mid size capital to invest in big enterprises¡¨ more people from service industry show the support than those from governmental offices. ¡]4¡^Places to Invest & Emigrate on ¡§Planning Emigration & Investment Strategies and Changes of Policies¡¨¡G North America, South-East Asia, Mainland China, Europe, Australia, and North-East Asia are highly preferred. Male are more so than Female. Issue B¡GWould the perception of the important issues which cause the closure of businesses and workers to lose jobs vary due to personal characteristics? The results from Variation Analysis are¡G ¡]1¡^Providing businesses with the best investment environment: Workers with certain amount of education are preferred. Countries are crucial too. However the differences of preference among countries are insignificant. Age is an important consideration, yet the differences aren¡¦t significant. ¡]2¡^Looking to the governmental officials to reduce unemployment rate¡GNo significance ¡]3¡^Looking to the governmental officials to provide education and training¡GNo significance ¡]4¡^Providing Internal Affairs Ministry with solutions to reduce population¡G In terms of scope of investment: ¡§using small/mid size capital to invest in big enterprises¡¨, more professionals think it feasible, however¡Ano data refer to any significance among different sources. On the age issue, it is also feasible, however¡Ano data refer to any significance among different sources. ¡]5¡^¡§Organized Invest & Emigrate can promote the image of Taiwan¡¨¡GLocations are vital but no data refer to the differences among countries. Gender wise, Male has more significant response than Female. ¡]6¡^The relationship between the effective globalization of businesses and emigration policies¡¨¡GLocations are vital but no data refer to the differences among countries. Age is an important factor but no significance among various data. Profession wise: More governmental workers than in the industries. To sum up, the government ought to pass the ¡§Policies for Emigration Offices (EO)¡¨. EO then can plan ¡§ Optimal Invest & Emigrate Abroad¡¨. At the same time, with the very large scale of governmental infrastructure projects, there would be a great increase of employment opportunities. Thus, foreign labors would be reduced gradually. By the same token, the closure of businesses and unemployment rate would be reduced. The suggestions of this study are¡G 1. How to plan ¡uThe Optimum population¡vto emigrate to reduce unemployment rate. 2. How to plan ¡§Invest & Emigrate¡¨ in order to bring economic benefits to the subject countries 3. How to set up Special Task Offices in the Government for implementations. 4. How to organize strategic industry groups¡C 5. The implementation steps to realize the big project.

Each year universities send students abroad to participate in student exchange programs. There is very little research on what happens to these students as a result of their experiences, especially in a Canadian context. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of students who have participated in a student exchange program and what they learned through those experiences. Using a phenomenological approach, data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with returned exchange students. The exchange program provided a transformative learning experience for students, and also an opportunity to learn about other cultures as well as their own culture. This study provides insight into the student exchange experience in a Canadian context, an area where there is currently very little literature available. This study also presents some implications for practice and for further research.

This qualitative study has been investigating effects on Iranian students who are studying, or recently studied, abroad out from the fact that their home country Iran in current time is being targeted with extensive international sanctions. With these Iranian students as a target group in which their perception of these circumstances has been analyzed and later on concluded in order to see to what the possible effects for citizens outside of a sanctioned state as Iran. As mentioned the research has looked into the personal perceptions of the students and by that taken into consideration private matters and circumstances that in some cases has lead to larger effects than in others. Out of the analyze this research can show a great deal of economic issues and problems for when trying to receive funding in order to cover essential expenses for when being abroad such as; tuition fee, rent, food and clothes and in one case this lead to the termination of studies for one of the students in this group. The conclusion made by the students is that the sanctions are affecting them in an unfair manner, rather than what are the official aims of the sanctions.

Each year universities send students abroad to participate in student exchange programs. There is very little research on what happens to these students as a result of their experiences, especially in a Canadian context. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of students who have participated in a student exchange program and what they learned through those experiences. Using a phenomenological approach, data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with returned exchange students. The exchange program provided a transformative learning experience for students, and also an opportunity to learn about other cultures as well as their own culture. This study provides insight into the student exchange experience in a Canadian context, an area where there is currently very little literature available. This study also presents some implications for practice and for further research.

This study examined College of Agriculture students' perceptions and concerns about international educational experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine students' perceptions about international educational experiences, students' interests in gaining international educational experiences, students' ratings of selected factors that may prompt them to acquire these experiences, or barriers that prohibit them from gaining international educational experiences. A stratified random sample of students (N = 153) was asked to complete an online questionnaire. The response rate was 67 percent. Participants (n = 98) included 27 from Tarleton State University and 71 from Texas A & M University. The instrument included items to measure students' interests and preferences for international educational experiences, factors that influenced (motivated or prohibited) students' desires to gain international educational experiences, and perceptions of international educational experiences. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and correlations were used to analyze the data. The results showed that only 4 percent of the respondents had participated in study abroad programs. About 77 percent of the respondents were interested in gaining international educational experiences. Students believed that gaining international educational experiences helped them enrich their overall life experience, seek opportunities to live in another country or culture, and helped their resume. Respondents were willing to join the study abroad program held by their universities. They preferred to register for a university faculty-led study abroad, spending one to ten weeks abroad, university study abroad course as an internship, directed study, research project, or similar international experience, and register for university courses at a university study center. The barriers students faced were financial constraints -- paying for the program or funding personal living expenses and studies during the study abroad, finding affordable and adequate housing -- and language barriers. Students who believed that joining in study abroad programs would improve their competitiveness in the global marketplace were more willing to gain international educational experiences than students who didn't think that joining in study abroad programs would improve their competitiveness in the global marketplace.

Youth’s perceptions of international development and its related themes are being shaped through the messages relayed in the marketing of volunteer sending organizations. This research explores how one voluntourism sending organization, ME to WE, packages and portrays themes of international development and contributes to Heron’s “helping imperative” (2007), which is a desire to go abroad and make change by asserting one’s own values of development. It uses qualitative content analysis from ME to WE’s online youth trip pages and explores how the organization uses a discourse that focuses on the notion of “doing” development, selling adventure, the allure of the proximity to poverty, and leadership and social justice training. The research situates the findings in the scholarly debates on international volunteering and voluntourism and draws heavily on postcolonial analysis. It examines how ME to WE uses a rhetoric that promotes sustainable development, partnerships, building leaders, and global citizenship, however upon deeper analysis this promotion is superficial in that the themes in the discourse point to a lack of critical reflexivity in meaningful, thick conceptions of global citizenship education, an overwhelming support for egoistic motivations over altruism in youth going abroad, a consumer-first, consumption-based mentality, and a reinforcing of unequal power structures between the Global North and Global South, reverting back towards charity as opposed to solidarity.

Thesis advisor: Betty Leask / Race plays a significant role in shaping the experiences of Black students who study abroad. Unlike their White peers, Black students are likely to encounter racism abroad, which a small body of research has documented. However, these studies say little about the short- and long- term effects of these experiences. This study is located in this gap in the research and examines how racism experienced while studying abroad can affect the wellbeing of Black students. In-depth interviews were conducted with 8 participants. Results revealed that the racism Black students encounter abroad can cause significant stress. When Black students lack adequate resources to cope with this stress, their wellbeing is threatened. Recommendations for study abroad offices and administrators for reducing and limiting the incidences and impact of racism experienced by Black students studying abroad are made. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

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Thesis advisor: Heather Rowan-Kenyon / Community college students comprise over 40 percent of undergraduates in the U.S. but account for less than two percent of undergraduates who study abroad (Community College Research Center, 2020; Open Doors, 2020). Additionally, students of color are overrepresented in the two-year sector (Ma & Baum, 2016). While study abroad participation has been examined in terms of which students study abroad (Barclay Hamir & Gozik, 2018; Salisbury et al., 2011) and students’ decision-making process (Luo & Jamieson-Drake, 2014; Stroud, 2010), much of this literature centers on four-year colleges and universities. Several studies have investigated the factors that influence study abroad participation at the community college level from both the student and institutional perspective (Amani, 2011; Amani & Kim, 2017; Raby, 2012, 2019, 2020; Whatley, 2018a). However, of the studies that examined study abroad participation factors from the student perspective, few interrogated how racial or ethnic identity shaped the students’ experiences throughout the study abroad decision-making process. With the exception of a handful of studies (e.g., Willis, 2012), little is known about the experiences of community college students of color who have studied abroad. This Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) (Smith et al., 2009) study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining how community college students of color navigate the study abroad decision-making process. Guided by Yosso’s (2005) Community Cultural Wealth framework, this study examined the experiences of eight community college students of color at a single community college in the Southwest. Two semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with each participant, and data were analyzed using the IPA data analysis process (Smith et al., 2009). The findings indicate that the students in this study activated familial, linguistic, aspirational, and social capital when navigating both the study abroad decision-making process and their time abroad. The participants’ racial and ethnic identities, as well as systemic factors, influenced their decision to study abroad in particular destinations and shaped their study abroad experiences. This study offers a nuanced understanding of the experiences of community college students of color who have studied abroad and how they employ cultural wealth to overcome systemic barriers to studying abroad. Implications for higher education practice, research, and theory are offered. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.