Šio tyrimo tema yra įžeidimas ir teisinė atsakomybė už jį. Ši tema yra ypač aktuali šiuolaikinėje demokratinėje visuomenėje, kurioje puoselėjamos tokios svarbios asmens vertybės kaip orumas ir garbė. Šių vertybių svarbą liudija tai, kad už jų pažeidimą numatyta įvairaus pobūdžio atsakomybė, tame tarpe ir baudžiamoji. Lietuvos baudžiamosios teisės mokslininkų tarpe ši tema nepasižymėjo populiarumu, nors mokslinės ir praktinės medžiagos analizė patvirtina problemų gausą šioje srityje. Tyrimo tikslas - atskleisti įžeidimo kaip nusikalstamos veikos sudėties požymių turinį. Tyrimo objektas – įžeidimo kaip nusikalstamos veikos sudėtis. Tyrimo uždaviniai: nustatyti įžeidimo kaip nusikalstamos veikos sudėties įstatymo saugomas vertybes; atskleisti pažeminimo kaip įžeidimo sudėtį sudarančios veikos turinį, esminius požymius ir būdus; pateikti įžeidimo kaip nusikalstamos veikos tyčios turinį; nustatyti kriterijus, pagal kuriuos įžeidimą galima atriboti nuo kitų nusikalstamų veikų; pateikti Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo kai kurių įžeidimą sudarančių požymių paaiškinimą. Darbe iškelta hipotezė: įžeidimas nepasižymi tokiu pavojingumu, kuris galėtų būti pagrindu traukti asmenį baudžiamojon atsakomybėn. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas analizuojant Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių baudžiamosios teisės literatūrą, Lietuvos teismų ir EŽTT praktiką, susijusią su įžeidimu. Atlikdami tyrimą, priėjome prie išvadų, kad įžeidimo kaip nusikalstamos veikos sudėties įstatymo saugomos vertybės yra orumas ir garbė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of this investigation is the insult and its legal liability. The subject is very relevant in modern democratic society, where there are being fostered such important values as human dignity and honour. The significance of these values testifies the fact that for infringements of human dignity and honour provided various character of legal responsibility, including the criminal. This theme was not popular among scientists of criminal law of Lithuania, though the analysis of a scientific and practical material has confirmed the presence of a considerable quantity of problems in this range. The aim of the investigation is to reveal the elements of such crime as the insult. The object of the research is the structure of insult as criminal action. The task of the investigation is to determine the law protected values of the insult as criminal action structure, reveal the matter of basic signs and ways of the humiliation, as the action making the insult, determine the mens rea as element of structure of the insult, identify criteria on which the insult can be distinguished from other criminal actions, to submit the description of some elements of the insult, given by European Human Rights Court. Work hypothesis: the insult is not especially dangerous act, which could be the basis for the criminal liability of the person. The investigation was made analyzing the literature of criminal law of Lithuania and foreign countries, the Lithuanian courts and the European Human... [to full text]

Avec l’avènement de la Révolution française en 1789, l’institution de la mort civile qui existait sous l’ancien régime et avait pour effet essentiel de retrancher une personne de la vie juridique, par une privation totale de droits civils, allait être remise en cause, lorsque furent proclamés au début de la révolution les droits inaliénables de la personne. Elle fut par la suite rétablie par ces mêmes révolutionnaires à des fins politiques contre les émigrés et les prêtres réfractaires considérés comme des traitres à la patrie et de nouveau supprimée, pour être réintroduite sous l’Empire dans le Code civil et enfin définitivement supprimée par la loi du 31 mai 1854. Cette étude se propose donc d’étudier les suppressions de la mort civile et les résurgences de la mort civile sous la Révolution puis sous l’Empire. Elle porte donc en conséquence sur les raisons qui ont décidé la Constituante à l’abolir, et les motifs qui ont été invoquées lors de ses restaurations et de ses nouvelles abolitions. / With the advent of the French Revolution in 1789, the institution of the civil death which existed under the former regime and had for effect essential to deduct a person of the legal life, by a total privation of civil rights, was going to be questioned, when were proclaimed at the beginning of the revolution the inalienable rights of the person. This institution was later restored by these revolutionaries for political purposes against the emigres and refractory priests regarded as traitors to the fatherland and removed again, to be reintroduced under the Empire in the Civil Code and finally permanently removed by the Act of May 31, 1854. This study therefore aims to study deletions of civil death and resurgence of civil death during the Revolution and the Empire. It is therefore a result of the reasons that the Constituent Assembly decided to abolish it, and reasons have been invoked in its new restorations and its abolition.

Magister Legum - LLM / In Rwanda, Gacaca courts, community-based traditional courts, were alternative solution of dealing with the legacy of genocide after the failure of modern model of justice. In 2012, Gacaca courts were repealed by the Organic Law 04 of 2012. These courts left behind a large number of cases which include, inter alia, suspects ranged within first category, new cases of those who were or will be extradited from ICTR or other countries, thousands of perpetrators tried in absentia while abroad that have the right to file opposition as well as applications for review lodged against their judgements. Today, all of these cases fall under the jurisdiction of ordinary courts along with ordinary criminal and civil litigations. This causes practical challenges of inability of domestic courts to deal with the huge number of cases. Besides, the organic Law 04 of 2012 that terminates Gacaca courts provides mechanisms to deal with other issues related to the end of Gacaca courts. However, these mechanisms result in unequal treatment of genocide suspects and violate the victims’ rights. This may lead to qualify this law as discriminatory and unjust provision. Furthermore, this law remains silent vis-à-vis the issue of enforcement of sentences rendered against those tried in absentia while abroad and the issue of reparations. Despite the mechanisms set forth to deal with all those cases and other issues left behind by Gacaca courts, serious challenges remain. Confronting these challenges needs international cooperation to bring genocide perpetrators to trial, administrative schemes for reparations as well as legal harmonisation to adapt the domestic legislation to the post-Gacaca situation.