Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science,1993

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 198-210).

<p>The overall aim of this thesis is to increase our knowledge of relevant exposure parameters when discussing possible health implication from exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF), especially effects that might occur at non-thermal levels.</p><p>In this thesis an effort is made to broaden the exposure assessment and to take the exposure time into account and combine it with the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and the field parameters (electric and magnetic field strength) to approach a dose concept.</p><p>In the first part of the thesis self-reported subjective symptoms among mobile phone users were studied. As a basis for this an epidemiological study among mobile phone users was completed with the main hypothesis that users of the digital transmission system GSM experience more symptoms than users of the older analogue NMT transmission system.</p><p>The hypothesis was falsified, but an interesting side finding was that people with longer calling time per day experienced more symptoms than people with shorter calling time per day. The time-aspect (long duration phone call etc.) was also found to be relevant for the occurrence of symptoms in association with mobile phone use as well as duration of symptoms. The new suggested dosimetric quantity Specific Absorption per Day (SAD), in which both calling time per day as well as the measured SAR1g are included showed a stronger association to the prevalence of some of the symptoms, such as dizziness, discomfort and warmth behind the ear compared to both CT and SAR1g alone.</p><p>In the second part whole body exposure conditions were considered. Methods to measure the induced current were examined in an experimental study, where different techniques were compared in different grounding conditions. The results were used in a study of operators of RF plastic sealers (RF operators) where the health status as well as the exposure were studied. The results showed that RF operators are a highly exposed group, which was confirmed by the fact that 16 out of 46 measured work places exceeded the ICNIRP guidelines. Headaches were found to be associated with the mean value of the time integrated E-field during a weld (E-weld) and the warmth sensations in the hands (warm hands) with the time integrated E-field exposure during one day (E-day).</p><p>The general findings in this thesis indicated that time should be included in the exposure assessment when studying non-thermal effects such as subjective symptoms in connection with RF exposure. The thesis proposes two different methods for doing this, namely timeintegrated exposure [V/m x t and A/m x t] and dose [J/kg]. </p>

This dissertation describes formulation of a gastric retention device (GRD) and sustained release (SR) hydrochlorothiazide beads at Oregon State University. Formulation condition and amounts of excipients had significant influence on characteristic of the GRD. The GRD containing SR hydrochlorothiazide beads was employed to assess bioavailability/bioequivalency study in healthy subjects. An original GRD was retained in the stomach with food and completed the drug release. However, this original GRD failed to stay on an empty stomach, leading to lower bioavailability than an immediate release (IR) tablet due to insufficient rigidity. The original device was modified to be more rigid, and this more rigid device successfully stayed on an empty stomach and achieved completion of the drug release at a slow release rate, the bioavailability and the drug effect on diuresis increased compared to the drug in an IR tablet. Less amount of hydrochlorothiazide at a slow release rate achieved equivalent diuresis to higher amount of the drug at a rapid release rate, which indicated slow drug release resulted in higher efficiency of hydrochlorothiazide. In vivo/in vitro correlation of hydrochlorothiazide in a modified GRD and an IR tablet was established to predict in vivo profile with in vitro dissolution profile prior to a clinical study. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic of nicotine was reviewed in terms of a relationship between plasma nicotine concentrations and pharmacological changes including heart rate and craving. Considering craving and development of tolerance to nicotine effect on cardio-acceleration, a dosing regimen with a combination of rapid input and constant slow input was suggested to improve smoking cessation. A simulation study was carried out to verify the current regulatory policy on assessing bioequivalency of enantiomeric drugs. First-order dissolution and absorption process, and nonlinear stereo-specific pre-systemic and systemic metabolism was taken into account to establish a pharmacokinetic model for the simulation. Four different dissolution profiles, within- and between-subject variability, dose and sample size were considered to simulate 1000 cross-over bioequivalency trials under standard bioequivalency criteria. Probability of false positives was determined to evaluate the current policy. The simulation study validated the importance of individual enantiomer pharmacokinetic for assessing bioequivalency study of the chiral drugs. / Graduation date: 2003

Most metal ions have negative impacts on pulp mill operations. The concentrations of metal ions on pulp fibers and in washwaters rise significantly with increased wastewater recycling. The development of technology to remove these metal ions requires an understanding of how metal ions are bound to pulp components. It is also desirable to predict distribution of metal ions between the pulp fibers and the washwaters. The adsorption isotherms for eight metal ions (Ca, Ba, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Na) were measured on bleached and unbleached (brownstock) kraft pulps at neutral pH and temperatures ranging from 25 to 75��C. On bleached pulps, the metal ion adsorption increased rapidly with increasing metal ion concentration in solution and then leveled off. At neutral pH, the adsorption on bleached pulp was stoichiometric to the carboxylate sites, whereas the adsorption on unbleached pulp was not, especially at high metal ion concentration in solution and low temperature. The pH isotherms specify the adsorption isotherms of sodium and calcium on wood pulps as pH ranging from 2.5 to 11.0. The pH isotherms on bleached pulp with only COOH functional groups (pK[subscript a] of 3.77) were saturated at pH 4 and above, whereas those on brownstock pulp with both COOH and PhOH (pK[subscript a] of 10) functional groups increased in two steps, at pH 4 and 8. The brownstock pulp is heterogeneous material. Therefore, only the empirical Freundlich model was applied to the data. To predict the metal ion adsorption on bleached pulps, two fundamental equilibrium models were developed: the multi-component ion exchange and the Donnan equilibrium models. The ion-exchange model better predicts the metal adsorption at neutral pH, whereas the Donnan equilibrium model more accurately predicts the pH isotherms. The adsorption kinetics of Ba����� and Ni����� were measured on wood pulps as a function of mixing speed, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature. The adsorption of metal ions reached equilibrium rapidly. The intraparticle diffusion model, based on first principle with a linear relationship assumption between adsorbed and free metal ion concentration, satisfactorily predicted the adsorption kinetics at low metal ion concentration in solution. / Graduation date: 2001

Graduation date: 1999

Adsorption kinetic data recorded for α-lactalbumin, β-casein, β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin and lysozyme at silianized silica surfaces of low and high hydrophobicity, along with a simple model for adsorption and surfactant-mediated elution of protein, were used to analyze the removal of each protein by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) at each surface. The model relates resistance to surfactant elution to two rate constants: one governing conversion of removable protein to a nonremovable form (s₁), and one governing removal of protein by the surfactant (k [subscript s]). Elution of each protein from hydrophobic silica with SDS was interpreted as providing information relevant to protein-surface binding strength, or si; i.e., protein-specific differences in removal were a result of SDS adsorption to the surface and displacement of surface-bound protein, as opposed to solubilization driven by SDS binding to the protein. SDS-mediated removal of protein from surfaces of lower hydrophobicity were interpreted as generally proceeding according to a similar, displacement mechanism. The model indicated that data recorded for DTAB-mediated elution at each surface were generally less representative of protein-surface behavior, and more a function of k [subscript s], where differences in surfactant attachment to protein and solubilization appeared to play an important role in protein removal. Under controlled conditions use of the model would allow identification of cases where k [subscript s] in particularly protein specific, and illustrates the point that in such cases surfactant-mediated elution of a protein may reveal little about its surface behavior. / Graduation date: 1996

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves 109-119.

We report results for the development of a flow-through integrated cavity absorption meter (ICAM.) Absorption measurements have been made with 2% or less change in the signal in the presence of up to 10 m-1 of scattering in the medium. The operating range of the ICAM ranges from 0.004 m-1 to over 40 m-1 of absorption. This range allows one to use a single instrument to measure the absorption from sediment laden rivers out to the cleanest of ocean waters. Further, the ICAM signal has been shown to be independent of the flow rate and turbulence in the medium. In addition we report the development of a diffuse reflector which, to our best knowledge, has the highest measured diffuse reflectivity of 0.998 at 532 nm and 0.996 at 266 nm. We also show that the average distance a photon travels between successive reflections in an integrating cavity of arbitrary shape is four times the volume divided by the surface area, 4 V/S. Further, for a cavity which is formed by planes tangent to an inscribed sphere and which maintains a homogeneous and isotropic field, the average distance traveled by a photon between successive reflections is equal to 4 V/S of the inscribed sphere. Thus, each cavity has the same ratio of V/S as the inscribed sphere. These advances lead to an increase in the sensitivity of absorption spectroscopy. The sensitivity approaches that of cavity ring down spectroscopy (CARS), without the adverse scattering effects traditionally associated with CARS.

This thesis represents a quantum chemical treatise ofvarious types of interactions between radiation and molecularsystems, with special emphasis on the nonlinear opticalprocesses of Multi-Photon Absorption and Excited StateAbsorption. Excitation energies, transition dipole moments,two-photon and three-photon tensor elements have beencalculated from different approaches; density functional theoryandab-initiotheory, employing different orders ofcorrelation treatment with the purpose to provide accuratevalues as well as evaluate the quality of the lower ordermethods. A combined study of the Multi-Photon Absorption andExcited State Absorption processes is motivated partly becausethey both contribute to the total optical response of a systemsubjected to intense radiation, but also because of theirconnection through so-called sum-over-states expressions. Thelatter feature is exploited in a generalized few-states model,which incorporates the polarization of the light and thedirections of the transition dipole moments constructing anexcitation channel, which thereby enables a more comprehensivecomparison of the attained transition dipole moments withexperimental data. Moreover, by decomposing a complex nonlinearresponse process such as Two-Photon Absorption into moreintuitive quantities, generalized few-states models may alsoenable a more elaborate interpretation of computed orexperimental results from which guidelines can be extracted inorder to control or optimize the property of interest. Ageneral conclusion originating from these models is that thetransition dipole moments in an excitation channel should bealigned in order to maximize the Two-Photon Absorptionprobability. The computational framework employed is responsetheory which through the response functions (linear, quadratic,cubic) offers alternative routes for evaluating the propertiesin focus; either directly and untruncated through the singleresidue of the quadratic or cubic response func- tions orthrough various schemes of truncated sum-over-statesexpressions where the key ingredients, transition dipolemoments, can be identified from the single residue of thelinear response function and double residue of the quadraticresponse function. The range of systems treated in the thesisstretches from diatomics, such as carbon monoxide and lithiumhydride, via small to large fundamental organic molecules, suchas formaldehyde, tetrazine and the trans-polyenes, to largechro- mophores, such astrans-stilbene, cumulenes, dithienothiophene,paracyclophane and organo-metallic systems, such as theplatinum(II)ethynyl compounds. / QC 20120320