Com o objetivo de estudar populações resistentes (R) e suscetíveis (S) de Digitaria ciliaris aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase, no estado do Paraná-Brasil, região dos Campos Gerais foi desenvolvida a presente pesquisa para: (a) confirmar a resistência de biótipos R aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase por meio de curvas de dose-resposta, bem como estabelecer o grau de resistência cruzada destes biótipos; (b) avaliar a suscetibilidade comparativa de dois biótipos (R4 e S) a herbicidas com mecanismo de ação de inibição de ACCase, ALS e síntese de carotenos, portanto o grau de resistência múltipla; (c) comparar a adaptabilidade ecológica e competitividade dos biótipos R4 e S e; (d) avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas alternativos aplicados em condições de pré e pós-emergência na cultura de soja no controle de biótipos R. A avaliação das populações suspeitas de resistência: R1 - Castro; R2 - Ponta Grossa; R3 - Carambeí; e R4 - Piraí do Sul, e uma população suscetível (S - Ponta Grossa) em condições de casa-de-vegetação, através de curvas de dose resposta permitiu concluir que as populações R1, R2, R3 e R4 apresentaram-se como biótipos resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase com diferentes níveis de resistência cruzada aos herbicidas com este mecanismo de ação. No experimento onde foram avaliados herbicidas inibidores da ACCase: fluazifop-p-butil, haloxyfop-r-methil, propaquizafop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, clethodim, fenoxaprop + clethodim, e hebicidas com mecansimos de ação alternativos: imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, iodosulfuron + foramsulfuron e mesotrione, concluiu-se que o biótipo R foi controlado satisfatoriamente na dose recomendada por todos os herbicidas alternativos aplicados (sulfonilureias, imidazolinonas e inibidores da síntese de caroteno), excluindo a hipótese de resistência múltipla nesse biótipo de Digitaria ciliaris. Experimentos utilizando o método substitutivo de avaliação da adaptabilidade ecológica dos biótipos R4 e S em condições não competitivas entre os biótipos e em condições competitivas entre os biótipos e as plantas de soja permitiram concluir que os biótipos R e S de Digitaria ciliaris estudados apresentaram a mesma adaptabilidade ecológica. A avaliação da eficácia dos herbicidas alternativos aplicados em condições de pré e pós-emergência na cultura de soja foi feita através de dois experimentos a campo no município de Palmeira (PR), durante o ano agrícola 2003/2004. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a população estudada é resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase; os melhores resultados de eficácia de controle com os inibidores da ACCase foram obtidos com os herbicidas tepraloxydim, clethodim e butroxydim; os tratamentos com sulfentrazone isolado ou em mistura, os tratamentos com trifluralina, clomazone e s-metolachlor, em complementação com imazethapyr e imazethapyr isolado foram eficazes no controle do biótipo resistente de Digitaria ciliaris permitindo assim a recomendação destes tratamentos como alternativas de manejo de populações resistentes da planta daninha. As informações geradas neste trabalho auxiliaram na compreensão da dinâmica dos biótipos dentro da população e na interpretação dos efeitos das estratégias de manejo propostas. / With the objective of studying resistant (R) and susceptible (S) populations of D. ciliaris to ACCase inhibitor herbicides, in the state of Parana - Brazil, in the region of "Campos Gerais", it was developed this research in order to: (a) confirm the resistance of the biotypes R to ACCase inhibitor herbicides, by mean of dose-response curves, as well as establish the degree of cross resistance of these biotypes; (b) evaluate the comparative susceptibility of two biotypes (R4 and S) to herbicides which mechanism of action is the inhibition of the ACCase, ALS and carotene biosynthesis, therefore, the degree of multiple resistance; (c) compare the ecological adaptability and competitiveness of the biotypes R4 and S; (d) evaluate the alternative herbicides efficacy sprayed in pre and post-emergence conditions of the soybean crop in the control of the R biotype. The evaluation of the suspected resistant populations: R1 - Castro; R2 - Ponta Grossa; R3 - Carambei; and R4 - Pirai do Sul, and a susceptible population (S - Ponta Grossa) in greenhouse conditions, through dose-response curves allowed to conclude that the populations R1, R2, R3 and R4 presented as resistant biotypes to ACCase inhibitor herbicides with different levels of cross resistance to herbicides with this mechanism of action. In the experiment where it was evaluated the ACCase inhibitor herbicides: fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-r-methyl, propaquizafop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, clethodim, fenoxaprop + clethodim, and herbicides with alternative mechanisms of action: imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, iodosulfuron + foramsulfuron and mesotrione, allowed to conclude that the biotype R was controlled by the recommended rate of all alternative herbicides sprayed as treatment (sulfonilureias, imidazolinones and carotene biosynthesis inhibitors), excluding the hypothesis of multiple resistance in this biotype of Digitaria ciliaris. Experiments conducted using the replacement series method of evaluation of the ecological adaptability of the R4 and S in non-competitive conditions and in competitive conditions between the biotypes and among the biotypes and the soybean plants allowed to conclude that both biotypes are equally adapted and competitive. Alternatives herbicides sprayed in pre and post-emergence of the soybean plants was evaluated by two field experiments in Palmeira (PR), during the season 2003/2004. The results allowed to conclude that the population studied is resistant to ACCase inhibitor herbicides; the best results of efficacy with the ACCase inhibitor herbicides were obtained with the herbicides tepraloxydim, clethodim and butroxydim; the treatments with sulfentrazone alone or in mixture, the treatments with trifluralin, clomazone and S-metolachlor in mixture with imazethapyr and imazethapyr alone controlled adequately the resistant biotype of Digitaria ciliaris showing the it is possible to recommend these alternative treatments in the management of the resistant populations of the weed. The in formations obtained in this research help in the understanding of the biotype dynamics within a population and in the interpretation of the effects of the management strategies proposed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_rp_me_botfca.pdf: 737244 bytes, checksum: 34ea11b2b5ef3ad998b96669ba44d3d7 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / objetivo do presente trabalho foi relacionar as características anatômicas foliares de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf (capim-braquiária) e Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. (capim-marmelada), com a eficiência do controle químico em pósemergência por meio de herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase, visando fornecer subsídios para o manejo químico dessas espécies daninhas. A semeadura de B. decumbens e B. plantaginea foi feita em vasos plásticos contendo solo e mantidos em casa de vegetação. Para se proceder à análise anatômica foliar, foi amostrada a porção mediana do limbo da terceira folha expandida, contada a partir da base do colmo, compreendendo três estádios de desenvolvimento da planta: Estádio 1 (plantas com 4-6 folhas aos 15 dias após a emergência), Estádio 2 (plantas com 3-4 perfilhos aos 23 dias após a emergência), Estádio 3 (plantas adultas no início do florescimento aos 48 dias após a emergência). Avaliaram-se as estruturas anatômicas das regiões da quilha (nervura central) e da asa (porção compreendida entre a nervura central e a margem do limbo), utilizando-se de mesa digitalizadora com programa computacional específico. Os caracteres anatômicos foliares quantitativos analisados, nos três estádios de desenvolvimento, foram: área da seção transversal; porcentagens de epiderme das faces adaxial e abaxial, esclerênquima, endoderme (bainha do feixe vascular), feixe vascular e parênquima; espessura da folha; distância entre os feixes vasculares; comprimento do estômato; número de estômatos e de tricomas (curtos e longos). Os valores desses caracteres foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos multivariados de Análise de Agrupamento e Análise de Componentes Principais. Para a avaliação do controle químico foram testados os herbicidas fluazifop-p-butil na dose... / The aim of this study was to correlate the leaf anatomical characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf (signal grass) and Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. (Alexandergrass) with the chemical control efficacy in post-emergence through ACCase-inhibitor enzyme herbicide application in order to contribute to the chemical management of those weed species. B. decumbens and B. plantaginea were sown in plastic pots filled with soil and kept in a greenhouse. For leaf anatomical analysis, the blade median portion of the third expanded leaf, counted from the stem basis, was sampled. Plants were divided into three developmental phases: Stage 1 (plants presenting 4-6 leaves at 15 days after emergence), Stage 2 (plants presenting 3-4 tillers at 23 days after emergence), and Stage 3 (adult plants in the beginning of flowering at 48 days after emergence). Anatomical structures of keel (midrib) and wing (a portion between the midrib and the blade margin) were evaluated by using a digitizer tablet including specific software. Leaf quantitative anatomical characters analyzed in the three development stages were: transversal section area; percentages of epidermal cells in adaxial and abaxial surfaces, sclerenchyma, endodermis (vascular bundle sheath), vascular bundle, and parenchyma; leaf thickness; distance among vascular bundles; stomatal length; number of stomata and trichomes (short and long). The values of these characters were subjected to multivariate statistical tests through Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis. For chemical control evaluation, the following herbicides were tested: fluazifop-p-butyl 150 g ha-1, haloxyfop-methyl 50 g ha-1 and sethoxydim 230 g ha-1. Post-emergence applications were performed in all three plant development stages, and visual evaluations were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Com o objetivo de estudar populações resistentes (R) e suscetíveis (S) de Digitaria ciliaris aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase, no estado do Paraná-Brasil, região dos Campos Gerais foi desenvolvida a presente pesquisa para: (a) confirmar a resistência de biótipos R aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase por meio de curvas de dose-resposta, bem como estabelecer o grau de resistência cruzada destes biótipos; (b) avaliar a suscetibilidade comparativa de dois biótipos (R4 e S) a herbicidas com mecanismo de ação de inibição de ACCase, ALS e síntese de carotenos, portanto o grau de resistência múltipla; (c) comparar a adaptabilidade ecológica e competitividade dos biótipos R4 e S e; (d) avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas alternativos aplicados em condições de pré e pós-emergência na cultura de soja no controle de biótipos R. A avaliação das populações suspeitas de resistência: R1 – Castro; R2 - Ponta Grossa; R3 – Carambeí; e R4 - Piraí do Sul, e uma população suscetível (S – Ponta Grossa) em condições de casa-de-vegetação, através de curvas de dose resposta permitiu concluir que as populações R1, R2, R3 e R4 apresentaram-se como biótipos resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase com diferentes níveis de resistência cruzada aos herbicidas com este mecanismo de ação. No experimento onde foram avaliados herbicidas inibidores da ACCase: fluazifop-p-butil, haloxyfop-r-methil, propaquizafop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, clethodim, fenoxaprop + clethodim, e hebicidas com mecansimos de ação alternativos: imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, iodosulfuron + foramsulfuron e mesotrione, concluiu-se que o biótipo R foi controlado satisfatoriamente na dose recomendada por todos os herbicidas alternativos aplicados (sulfonilureias, imidazolinonas e inibidores da síntese de caroteno), excluindo a hipótese de resistência múltipla nesse biótipo de Digitaria ciliaris. Experimentos utilizando o método substitutivo de avaliação da adaptabilidade ecológica dos biótipos R4 e S em condições não competitivas entre os biótipos e em condições competitivas entre os biótipos e as plantas de soja permitiram concluir que os biótipos R e S de Digitaria ciliaris estudados apresentaram a mesma adaptabilidade ecológica. A avaliação da eficácia dos herbicidas alternativos aplicados em condições de pré e pós-emergência na cultura de soja foi feita através de dois experimentos a campo no município de Palmeira (PR), durante o ano agrícola 2003/2004. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a população estudada é resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase; os melhores resultados de eficácia de controle com os inibidores da ACCase foram obtidos com os herbicidas tepraloxydim, clethodim e butroxydim; os tratamentos com sulfentrazone isolado ou em mistura, os tratamentos com trifluralina, clomazone e s-metolachlor, em complementação com imazethapyr e imazethapyr isolado foram eficazes no controle do biótipo resistente de Digitaria ciliaris permitindo assim a recomendação destes tratamentos como alternativas de manejo de populações resistentes da planta daninha. As informações geradas neste trabalho auxiliaram na compreensão da dinâmica dos biótipos dentro da população e na interpretação dos efeitos das estratégias de manejo propostas. / With the objective of studying resistant (R) and susceptible (S) populations of D. ciliaris to ACCase inhibitor herbicides, in the state of Parana – Brazil, in the region of “Campos Gerais”, it was developed this research in order to: (a) confirm the resistance of the biotypes R to ACCase inhibitor herbicides, by mean of dose-response curves, as well as establish the degree of cross resistance of these biotypes; (b) evaluate the comparative susceptibility of two biotypes (R4 and S) to herbicides which mechanism of action is the inhibition of the ACCase, ALS and carotene biosynthesis, therefore, the degree of multiple resistance; (c) compare the ecological adaptability and competitiveness of the biotypes R4 and S; (d) evaluate the alternative herbicides efficacy sprayed in pre and post-emergence conditions of the soybean crop in the control of the R biotype. The evaluation of the suspected resistant populations: R1 – Castro; R2 - Ponta Grossa; R3 – Carambei; and R4 - Pirai do Sul, and a susceptible population (S – Ponta Grossa) in greenhouse conditions, through dose-response curves allowed to conclude that the populations R1, R2, R3 and R4 presented as resistant biotypes to ACCase inhibitor herbicides with different levels of cross resistance to herbicides with this mechanism of action. In the experiment where it was evaluated the ACCase inhibitor herbicides: fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-r-methyl, propaquizafop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, clethodim, fenoxaprop + clethodim, and herbicides with alternative mechanisms of action: imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, iodosulfuron + foramsulfuron and mesotrione, allowed to conclude that the biotype R was controlled by the recommended rate of all alternative herbicides sprayed as treatment (sulfonilureias, imidazolinones and carotene biosynthesis inhibitors), excluding the hypothesis of multiple resistance in this biotype of Digitaria ciliaris. Experiments conducted using the replacement series method of evaluation of the ecological adaptability of the R4 and S in non-competitive conditions and in competitive conditions between the biotypes and among the biotypes and the soybean plants allowed to conclude that both biotypes are equally adapted and competitive. Alternatives herbicides sprayed in pre and post-emergence of the soybean plants was evaluated by two field experiments in Palmeira (PR), during the season 2003/2004. The results allowed to conclude that the population studied is resistant to ACCase inhibitor herbicides; the best results of efficacy with the ACCase inhibitor herbicides were obtained with the herbicides tepraloxydim, clethodim and butroxydim; the treatments with sulfentrazone alone or in mixture, the treatments with trifluralin, clomazone and S-metolachlor in mixture with imazethapyr and imazethapyr alone controlled adequately the resistant biotype of Digitaria ciliaris showing the it is possible to recommend these alternative treatments in the management of the resistant populations of the weed. The in formations obtained in this research help in the understanding of the biotype dynamics within a population and in the interpretation of the effects of the management strategies proposed.

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is a key for the synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) from diacylglycerol in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) are responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids. We found the TAG and fatty acid synthesis related genes in C. reinhardtii, including five DGAT (DGAT1 (JGI 184281), DGAT2 (JGI 400751), DGAT3 (JGI 285889), DGAT4 (JGI 141301), and DGAT5 (JGI 190539)), three £] ketoacyl-ACP reductase isoforms ( (JGI 153976), (JGI 153976), and (JGI 194728)) and two £] ketoacyl-ACP synthase isofroms ( (JGI 139619) and (JGI 205887)) for FAS, and ACC £\ (NCBI XP_001696945.1), ACC £] (NCBI XP_001703187.1) and ACC biotin carboxylase ( NCBI XP_001702319.1)) for ACCase in C. reinhardtii. This investigation designed the primers of the above genes to determine whether acetate influences their mRNA expression levels in cell-wall less strain CC400 in the nitrogen starvation condition. The results showed that the absence of nitrogen in the medium triggered the lipid accumulation for the strains of CC400 in the condition of 50 £gE light. DGAT3 mRNA levels were increased by nitrogen starvation. For the FAS genes, in the strain of CC400 showed no increased mRNA levels upon exposure to nitrogen starvation. The mRNA levels of ACC£\, ACC £] and ACC biotin carboxylase were more or less decreased by nitrogen starvation in CC400 strains. Thus, the responses of DGAT gene expression to acetate supplement were checked. The absence of acetate from the medium partly inhibited the nitrogen starvation induced increases in lipid and DGAT3 mRNA levels, and the mRNA levels of DGAT1 and DGAT2 in the nitrogen starvation condition. However, DGAT4 mRNA levels were significantly induced by the absence of acetate from the medium. In conclusion, the present study demonstrate that acetate is required for the nitrogen starvation induced DGAT3 gene expression (mRNA levels) and lipid accumulation in C. reinhardtii.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第17830号 / 農博第2015号 / 新制||農||1016(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H25||N4787(農学部図書室) / 30645 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 稲村 達也, 教授 冨永 達, 教授 奥本 裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a competitive weed in small grain production areas throughout the northwestern and southeastern US. In small grains, Italian ryegrass has generally been controlled with postemergence treatments of diclofop, or diclofop-methyl, a member of the subfamily of the aromatic carboxylic acid family, the aryloxyphenoxypropionates. The first incidence of diclofop resistance in Italian ryegrass was reported in Virginia in 1995. Experiments to characterize diclofop resistance in several Virginia biotypes of Italian ryegrass included the following objectives: (1) evaluation of the presence of diclofop resistance in several Italian ryegrass biotypes collected across Virginia, (2) evaluation of alternative herbicide efficacy for diclofop resistant Italian ryegrass control, and (3) characterization of the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) resistance mechanism in resistant Italian ryegrass biotypes. The response of 32 biotypes to diclofop collected from various locations statewide with varying histories of diclofop applications confirmed diclofop resistance in Virginian Italian ryegrass populations. At 4-times the label-recommended application rate, only 50% of biotypes previously exposed to diclofop in a cropping situation were adequately controlled versus 94% of the biotypes not previously treated with diclofop. Tralkoxydim provided the most effective control of four of the biotypes. No postemergence treatment effectively controlled one biotype previously exposed to diclofop applications. Effective preemergence herbicide treatments for Italian ryegrass control in the greenhouse included acetochlor (two formulations) and flufenacet plus metribuzin. In the field, flufenacet plus metribuzin resulted in excellent Italian ryegrass control, little crop injury, and acceptable barley yields. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) assays and herbicide absorption, translocation, and metabolism studies were conducted to investigate resistant mechanism(s) to two APP herbicides, diclofop and quizalofop. ACCase assays indicated no differences in enzyme activity between the two biotypes of Italian ryegrass evaluated. Furthermore, no significant differences in the specific activity of ACCase were detected between the two biotypes in the absence of diclofop. [14C]Quizalofop-P absorption, translocation, and metabolism did not differ between resistant and susceptible Italian ryegrass biotypes. Lack of a significant biotype effect suggests that differential metabolism does not explain the differential response to diclofop treatments observed in the herbicide dose-plant response experiment. / Ph. D.

Resumo: objetivo do presente trabalho foi relacionar as características anatômicas foliares de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf (capim-braquiária) e Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. (capim-marmelada), com a eficiência do controle químico em pósemergência por meio de herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase, visando fornecer subsídios para o manejo químico dessas espécies daninhas. A semeadura de B. decumbens e B. plantaginea foi feita em vasos plásticos contendo solo e mantidos em casa de vegetação. Para se proceder à análise anatômica foliar, foi amostrada a porção mediana do limbo da terceira folha expandida, contada a partir da base do colmo, compreendendo três estádios de desenvolvimento da planta: Estádio 1 (plantas com 4-6 folhas aos 15 dias após a emergência), Estádio 2 (plantas com 3-4 perfilhos aos 23 dias após a emergência), Estádio 3 (plantas adultas no início do florescimento aos 48 dias após a emergência). Avaliaram-se as estruturas anatômicas das regiões da quilha (nervura central) e da asa (porção compreendida entre a nervura central e a margem do limbo), utilizando-se de mesa digitalizadora com programa computacional específico. Os caracteres anatômicos foliares quantitativos analisados, nos três estádios de desenvolvimento, foram: área da seção transversal; porcentagens de epiderme das faces adaxial e abaxial, esclerênquima, endoderme (bainha do feixe vascular), feixe vascular e parênquima; espessura da folha; distância entre os feixes vasculares; comprimento do estômato; número de estômatos e de tricomas (curtos e longos). Os valores desses caracteres foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos multivariados de Análise de Agrupamento e Análise de Componentes Principais. Para a avaliação do controle químico foram testados os herbicidas fluazifop-p-butil na dose... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to correlate the leaf anatomical characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf (signal grass) and Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. (Alexandergrass) with the chemical control efficacy in post-emergence through ACCase-inhibitor enzyme herbicide application in order to contribute to the chemical management of those weed species. B. decumbens and B. plantaginea were sown in plastic pots filled with soil and kept in a greenhouse. For leaf anatomical analysis, the blade median portion of the third expanded leaf, counted from the stem basis, was sampled. Plants were divided into three developmental phases: Stage 1 (plants presenting 4-6 leaves at 15 days after emergence), Stage 2 (plants presenting 3-4 tillers at 23 days after emergence), and Stage 3 (adult plants in the beginning of flowering at 48 days after emergence). Anatomical structures of keel (midrib) and wing (a portion between the midrib and the blade margin) were evaluated by using a digitizer tablet including specific software. Leaf quantitative anatomical characters analyzed in the three development stages were: transversal section area; percentages of epidermal cells in adaxial and abaxial surfaces, sclerenchyma, endodermis (vascular bundle sheath), vascular bundle, and parenchyma; leaf thickness; distance among vascular bundles; stomatal length; number of stomata and trichomes (short and long). The values of these characters were subjected to multivariate statistical tests through Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis. For chemical control evaluation, the following herbicides were tested: fluazifop-p-butyl 150 g ha-1, haloxyfop-methyl 50 g ha-1 and sethoxydim 230 g ha-1. Post-emergence applications were performed in all three plant development stages, and visual evaluations were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Roberto Antonio Rodella / Coorientador: Dagoberto Martins / Banca: Fernando Tadeu de Carvalho / Banca: Dalva Cassie Rocha / Mestre

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2016-08-30T16:40:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_jose_matheus_betemps_vaz_da_silva.pdf: 1235561 bytes, checksum: 598218a2ba204a836fec77d053fcfc5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-08-30T18:33:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_jose_matheus_betemps_vaz_da_silva.pdf: 1235561 bytes, checksum: 598218a2ba204a836fec77d053fcfc5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-08-30T18:33:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_jose_matheus_betemps_vaz_da_silva.pdf: 1235561 bytes, checksum: 598218a2ba204a836fec77d053fcfc5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-30T18:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_jose_matheus_betemps_vaz_da_silva.pdf: 1235561 bytes, checksum: 598218a2ba204a836fec77d053fcfc5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-29 / Sem bolsa / O azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) é uma espécie anual pertencente à família Poaceae, apresenta rebrote com grande número de afilhos e é uma das melhores pastagens de inverno. A espécie é de fácil dispersão e, por isso, está presente e caracteriza-se como planta daninha em praticamente todas as lavouras de inverno e em pomares da região sul do Brasil, sendo a presença de biótipos resistentes a glyphosate confirmada. Ultimamente, existem relatos, por parte de produtores, sobre a baixa eficiência do controle químico sobre o azevém anual, caso que não ocorria em anos anteriores. Esse fato preocupa e evidencia a necessidade da avaliação da sensibilidade aos inibidores da ACCase e ALS, visto que o surgimento de resistência a esses mecanismos de ação significa a perda da principal ferramenta de manejo dos biótipos resistentes ao glyphosate. Dessa forma, os objetivos da pesquisa foram avaliar a distribuição de biótipos de azevém anual resistentes ao controle químico no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e determinar os principais fatores agronômicos associados na seleção destes biótipos. Para isso, sementes de plantas de azevém anual que sobreviveram a aplicações de herbicidas foram coletadas em lavouras do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, cujo processo de amostragem abrangeu 307 produtores, disseminados por 92 municípios. Em cada local foram coletadas informações sobre o manejo das plantas daninhas e demais práticas agronômicas utilizadas pelos produtores. Essas sementes foram cultivadas em casa-de-vegetação e na fase em que em média as plantas de azevém apresentavam quatro folhas, cada biótipo foi exposto a três tratamentos herbicidas, sendo eles: 2160 g e.a. ha-1 de glyphosate; 5 g i.a. ha-1 de iodosulfuron e 108 g i.a. ha-1 de cletodim. Os resultados demostram que o Rio Grande do Sul apresenta plantas de azevém anual resistentes aos herbicidas glyphosate, iodosulfuron e cletodim; os biótipos resistentes apresentam distribuição geográfica dispersa na metade norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul; o herbicida cletodim apresenta o melhor desempenho para controle dos biótipos de azevém anual coletados com suspeita de resistência a herbicidas; e, ainda, a resistência múltipla está presente em biótipos de azevém anual. / Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is an annual specie of Poaceae family, presents a regrowth containing a high number of tillers and it is considered one of the best winter´s pastures. The specie disperses easily and it is considered as a weed of almost all winter cultivations and fruit farms in the Southern Brazil, where the presence of biotypes resistant to glyphosate was confirmed. Nowadays, producers inform about the lack of efficiency of chemical control of annual ryegrass. Such a problem was not observed in the past. This fact brings to light the need for evaluation of ryegrass sensitivity to ACCase and ALS inhibitors, because a resistance to such mechanisms means the lost of the main tool for managing biotypes resistant to glyphosate. Therefore, this trial was conducted to evaluate geographic distribution of biotypes of herbicide resistant annual ryegrass in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and to determine the main agronomic factors associated to the selection of such biotypes. Seeds of survivors’ annual ryegrass to herbicide pulverization were collected in ryegrass fields in Rio Grande do Sul State. The sampling covered 92 cities and 307 producers. In each place, information about management of weeds and all the agronomic practices conducted by producers were collected. The seeds were cultivated in green houses and when the average of ryegrass plants presented four leaves, each biotype was exposed to three herbicide treatments: 2160 g e.a. ha-1 glyphosate; 5 g i.a. ha-1 iodosulfuron and 108 g i.a. ha-1 cletodim. The results showed that Rio Grande do Sul State presents annual ryegrass plants resistant to glyphosate, iodosulfuron and cletodim; In half of the Northern Rio Grande do Sul State the resistant biotypes are geographically dispersed; cletodim show the best performance for controlling collected biotypes of annual ryegrass suspicious of being resistant to herbicides; and multiple resistance is present in biotypes of annual ryegrass.

Groat oil content and composition are important quality traits in oats (Avena sativa L). These traits are controlled by many genes with additive effects. The chromosomal regions containing these genes, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), can be discovered through their close association with markers. This study investigated total oil content and fatty acid components in an oat breeding population derived from a cross between high oil ('Dal') and low oil ('Exeter') parents. A genetic map consisting of 475 DArT (Diversity Array Technology) markers spanning 1271.8 cM across 40 linkage groups was constructed. QTL analysis for groat oil content and composition was conducted using grain samples grown at Aberdeen, ID in 1997. QTL analysis for multiple agronomic traits was also conducted using data collected from hill plots and field plots in Ottawa, ON in 2010. QTLs for oil content, palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were identified. Two of the QTLs associated with oil content were also associated with all of the fatty acids examined in this study, and most oil-related QTL showed similar patterns of effect on the fatty acid profile. These results suggest the presence of pleiotropic effects on oil-related traits through influences at specific nodes of the oil synthesis pathway. In addition, 12 QTL-associated markers (likely representing nine unique regions) were associated with plant height, heading date, lodging, and protein content. The results of this study will provide information for molecular breeding as well as insight into the genetic mechanisms controlling oil biosynthesis in oat.

Groat oil content and composition are important quality traits in oats (Avena sativa L). These traits are controlled by many genes with additive effects. The chromosomal regions containing these genes, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), can be discovered through their close association with markers. This study investigated total oil content and fatty acid components in an oat breeding population derived from a cross between high oil ('Dal') and low oil ('Exeter') parents. A genetic map consisting of 475 DArT (Diversity Array Technology) markers spanning 1271.8 cM across 40 linkage groups was constructed. QTL analysis for groat oil content and composition was conducted using grain samples grown at Aberdeen, ID in 1997. QTL analysis for multiple agronomic traits was also conducted using data collected from hill plots and field plots in Ottawa, ON in 2010. QTLs for oil content, palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were identified. Two of the QTLs associated with oil content were also associated with all of the fatty acids examined in this study, and most oil-related QTL showed similar patterns of effect on the fatty acid profile. These results suggest the presence of pleiotropic effects on oil-related traits through influences at specific nodes of the oil synthesis pathway. In addition, 12 QTL-associated markers (likely representing nine unique regions) were associated with plant height, heading date, lodging, and protein content. The results of this study will provide information for molecular breeding as well as insight into the genetic mechanisms controlling oil biosynthesis in oat.