Ce mémoire traite de la modélisation électrique des accumulateurs lithium-ion, de l’estimation de leur état de charge (SOC) et de leur état de santé (SOH). Le premier chapitre revient sur les généralités concernant la technologie lithium-ion : caractéristiques, performances, constitution de l’élément de stockage, choix et nature des électrodes, conséquences qui en découlent d’un point de vue énergétique. Le principe de fonctionnement et les équations générales des phénomènes électrochimiques sont aussi développés. Des exemples d’application dans différents secteurs industriels sont ensuite proposés pour plusieurs gammes de puissance et d’énergie. Le second volet aborde la modélisation électrique des accumulateurs lithium-ion. Pour une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes complexes mis en jeu au sein des batteries, des éléments de modélisation physique sont exposés. Puis nous envisageons une synthèse des différents modèles de nature électrique rencontrés dans la littérature. Sur la base de campagnes de mesures menées sur un élément lithium-ion de 6,8 Ah, nous proposons, dans un troisième chapitre, notre propre modèle électrique équivalent valable pour les phases de décharge et de relaxation. En particulier nous déclinons plusieurs solutions pour distribuer l’énergie et rendre compte des différents effets de ligne. Les outils de caractérisation et les procédures d’extractions des paramètres sont traités en détail. Dans un dernier chapitre nous étudions les possibilités d’estimer en ligne l’état de charge (SOC) et l’état de santé (SOH) d’un élément lithium-ion en cours d’exploitation. Après un bref rappel des méthodes académiques et industrielles actuelles, nous nous orientons vers l’emploi d’un filtre de Kalman. Afin d’estimer ses performances par rapport au coulombmètre, nous proposons un modèle et un algorithme que nous évaluons par simulation et testons sur élément réel / This dissertation of thesis deals with the electrical modelling of lithium-ion accumulators and the determination of both state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH). The first chapter is focused on generalities about lithium-ion technology: characteristics, qualities, constitution of the storage device, choice and nature of the electrodes and their consequences on energetical features. The principle and the general equations of the electrochemical phenomena are developed as well. Application examples from different industrial areas are displayed for several power and energy ranges. The second section is about the electrical modelling of lithium-ion accumulators. With a view to better understand the complex electrochemical phenomena, elements of physical modelling are proposed. Then, the synthesis of different electrical models released in the press is considered. On the basis of experimental campaigns lead on a 6.8 Ah lithium-element, we proposed, in a third chapter, our own equivalent electrical model suitable for both discharge phases and relaxation period. In particular, we depict several alternatives to distribute the energy and describe the different line effects. Both characterization tools and parameters extraction procedure are clearly detailed. In the last section, we tackle both SOC and SOH on-line determination. After a short review of academicals and industrial solutions, we rapidly head towards the use of a Kalman filter. In order to compare its features versus the coulombmeter, we propose a model and an algorithm, numerical simulations and experimental tests are performed

Energy efficiency and renewable energy use are two main priorities leading to industrial sustainability nowadays according to European Steel Technology Platform (ESTP). Modernization efforts can be done by industries to improve energy consumptions of the production lines. These days, steel making industrial applications are energy and emission intensive. It was estimated that over the past years, energy consumption and corresponding CO2 generation has increased steadily reaching approximately 338.15 parts per million in august 2010 [1]. These kinds of facts and statistics have introduced a lot of room for improvement in energy efficiency for industrial applications through modernization and use of renewable energy sources such as solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV).The purpose of this thesis work is to make a preliminary design and simulation of the solar photovoltaic system which would attempt to cover the energy demand of the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system at the SSAB steel plant. For this purpose, the energy consumptions of this hydraulic system would be studied and evaluated and a general analysis of the hydraulic and control components performance would be done which would yield a proper set of guidelines contributing towards future energy savings. The results of the energy efficiency analysis showed that the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system worked with a low efficiency of 3.3%. Results of general analysis showed that hydraulic accumulators of 650 liter size should be used by the initial part pickling line system in combination with a one pump delivery of 100 l/min. Based on this, one PV system can deliver energy to an AC motor-pump set covering 17.6% of total energy and another PV system can supply a DC hydraulic pump substituting 26.7% of the demand. The first system used 290 m2 area of the roof and was sized as 40 kWp, the second used 109 m2 and was sized as 15.2 kWp. It was concluded that the reason for the low efficiency was the oversized design of the system. Incremental modernization efforts could help to improve the hydraulic system energy efficiency and make the design of the solar photovoltaic system realistically possible. Two types of PV systems where analyzed in the thesis work. A method was found calculating the load simulation sequence based on the energy efficiency studies to help in the PV system simulations. Hydraulic accumulators integrated into the pickling line worked as energy storage when being charged by the PV system as well.

This diploma thesis deals with problematics of electrochemical power sources with focus on lithium accumulators, their construction and functioning priciple. It also discusses the safety of li-ion batteries with respect to their flammability. In addition, the flame retarders, which help to lower the flammability, are listed. The thesis describes Cyclic Voltammetry and Galvanostatic Cycling with Potencial which are lithium-ion cell measuring methods. In the last part, the influence of various flame retarders on negative electrode is compared based on the conducted tests.

This work focuses on sodium-ion batteries. It describes the basic principles of accumulators, focusing more on secondary cells, their electrodes, especially negative electrodes. The work is lightly based on the basics of lithium-ion batteries. The practical part of the work is the production of negative electrodes Na2Ti3O7, which are further measured at three different temperatures. These measurements are then evaluated.

The main aim of this paper is to contribute to the elucidation of electrochemical processes. These processes occur in the investigated experimental lead-acid cell. For this purpose, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used. There are two methods of measurement presented. First one is used to measure impedance between electrodes. Second one is used to measure impedance of collector ribs inside positive or negative electrode. The results are represented by electrical equivalent circuits, whose elements are described in detail in the theoretical part.

The present work deals with the properties of suitable electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. The first part described in the current issue of electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries, types of solvents and their properties and methods of measurement properties. The second part is devoted to the measurement of the properties of solvents and electrolytes such as relative permittivity, density and viscosity. Measurement of relative permittivity was focused on the measurement of the solvent mixture with varying the percentage of the solvent. Viscosity and density were measured on a solvent with a lithium salt added (final electrolyte).

This thesis deals with liquid aprotic electrolytes based on sulfolane with added flame retardant. The theoretical part of the thesis explains concepts - mainly aprotic electrolytes, flame retardants, and their practical use. It also discusses lithium - ion accumulators and materials used in them while focusing on the electrolyte function. The practical part of the thesis aims to measure the properties of aprotic electrolytes: their conductivity, potential window and flashpoint. It also contains a review of the measurement results.

This doctoral thesis deals with properties of cathode materials for Lithium-Ion accumulators. The theoretical part consists of an overview of the cathode materials and a brief introduction into the very wide area of Lithium-Ion accumulators. The goal of this work was to study the LiCoO2 cathode material and to prepare some modifications of it by doping with other elements. This work was then extended with the study of the new generation of high-voltage cathode materials. The aim of this part was to study their synthesis, their physical and electrochemical properties and the influence of used electrolytes on their electrochemical stability. The work then focuses on the influence of doping these materials and the influence of another part of the battery – the separator – on the overall properties of these types of cathode materials. The results show that doping the LiCoO2 cathode material with sodium and potassium lead to an enhancement of some electrochemical properties as stability during cycling or stability at higher loads and also the long-term stability during aging is better. The LiNi0,5Mn1,5O4 high voltage material was synthetized in both its forms in comparable or even better quality compared with the results from foreign laboratories. The synthesis process was watched in-situ by SEM, thanks to which a unique study of the ongoing changes during synthesis was done. Also the best suitable electrolytes for this material were identified from the viewpoint of stability at high voltages, which is important for the future practical use. Doping of the material with chromium resulted in better stability and capacity both during cycling at standard conditions and at higher temperature and load. A significant impact of the separators on the overall electrochemical properties of the cathode materials was proved, which could be a big benefit for their future usage.

This diploma thesis is focused on the design of high-pressure hydraulic unit to drive a regulation of condensation turbine. The aim is to calculate all the elements of the hydraulic system, piping design and the necessary drawings. The entire assembly consists of purchased parts from other manufacturers. Major oil tank and a safety catch tank is described in detail and will be made, not bought.

This master's thesis deals with alkaline battery characteristics and it has special consideration of nickel-cadmium cells. There are three main experimental parts in this paper. First one is concerned with positive electrode materials properties and is aimed to investigate impact of magnesium ions formed into nickel hydroxide electrode structure. Second part deals with battery charging/discharging and response measurement tool design. National Instruments hardware PXI modules for data acquisition was used and program in LabView environment was made. Last one is concerned with nickel-cadmium cell properties changes during increased temperature stressing. Investigation of cell self-charge changes during lithium hydroxide addition into electrolyte was made.