No description available.

No description available.

The mean flowfield and time-dependent characteristics of a Mach 5 cylinder-induced transitional shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction have been studied experimentally. The objectives of the study were to: (i) provide a detailed description of the mean flow structure of the interaction, and (ii) characterize the unsteadiness of the interaction based on fluctuating pressure measurements. / text

The main aim of this research is directed towards the study of thin-walled rectangular planform silos with a view to maximising their structural efficiency. In thin plates of the type making up the wall, membrane action may increase the load carrying capability and current design guides make no account of this. Designing rectangular silos with this in mind can lead to significant structural savings. The core of the research involves using the finite element method to study the patterns of pressure exerted by the weight of a granular bulk solid on the walls of the silo structure. The stored granular solid must use an elastic-plastic material law in order to account for large deformations that can occur in a thin-walled structure. The need for this type of constitutive law led to the investigation of bulk solid properties and shows that parameters that have previously been used to categorise bulk solids may not be sufficient to describe all aspects of their behaviour. The finite element model created uses material constitutive laws that can be found in a number of packages. The required granular material parameters can be determined from a number of simple tests. This approach aims to enable engineers to routinely use similar models when designing silos. The results obtained from the finite element model exhibited some anomalies that had been observed in previous work. These were mainly apparent in the form of localised pressure peaks near the base of the model. These effects were investigated and possible mechanisms that lead to them were proposed. The results from the finite element model were compared to previous experimental work and existing theories. The model was then used to conduct parametric surveys on square and rectangular planform silos and the distribution of pressure across the wall compared to previous predictive models. Finally, a scale thin-walled metal silo was constructed and pressure measurements on filling with pea gravel made. These are compared to predictions made by the finite element model.

Behovet av en mer mobil granatkastare har resulterat i en utredning av möjliga koncept som sedan ska gallras bort och resultera i en investering i ett nytt fordonsmonterat granatkastarsystem. Denna rapport beskriver utredningen av en potentiell risk med ett av de potentiella koncepten. Konceptet består av att placera en granatkastare i personalutrymmet i en stridsfordon90-vagn och avfyra den med öppna takluckor. Detta koncept har använts av andra länder och deras arméer, bland dem finns USA som använder sig av fordonsplattformen Stryker. Säkerheten för soldaterna i Försvarsmakten är högt prioriterat och strängt reglerat av standarder och reglementen som ständigt revideras. Den största potentiella risken med det aktuella konceptet har identifierats att vara ljudtrycksnivån som soldaterna utsätts för vid avfyrning. Om en undersökning av ljudtrycksnivåerna skulle visa att konceptet inte är säkert så finns därmed inget behov att vidare utreda konceptet och det skulle därmed bli uteslutet. För att fastställa vilka nivåer som kan förväntas av denna lösning så planerades och genomfördes en testskjutning med hjälp av FMV Test och Evaluering i Karlsborg samt representanter från BAE Systems Hägglunds. Provskjutningen genomfördes genom att placera den svenska 120mm granatkastaren M/41 i ett testchassi, som i stora drag motsvarar Strf90 chassiet, och sedan skjuta granater i flera olika testscenarion för att undersöka parametrarna elevation, laddning, riktning, användning av tratt, vinkel på takluckor öppen/stängd bakre lucka samt upphöjt chassi.Provet visade att dubbla hörselskydd kommer att behövas inne i fordonet och att potentiellt kommer personal längst in i fordonet att klara sig med enkla hörselskydd. Högst troligt är att det slutgiltiga konceptet kommer att ha en begränsning på 30-50 avfyrningar per dag med högsta laddning, 40-50 med laddning 7 och 70-80 med laddning 5. Användning av en tratt visade sig effektivt och minskade ljudtrycksnivån med 5-10 dB och därmed ökar antalet tillåtna avfyrningar till över 100 skott per dag för högsta laddningen. / The need of a more mobile mortar has led to an investigation of possible concepts which will be narrowed down and end in a purchase of a self-propelled mortar system. This report describes the exploration of a possible risk with one of these concepts. The concept is to place a mortar in the back storage area of a CV90 where it will be fired with open hatches. This concept has been used by other countries armies, amongst them the US Army which uses the Stryker vehicle platform.The safety of the personnel in the Swedish Army is prioritized and strictly regulated by set standards and regulations which are frequently revised. The largest potential risk with the concept in question has been identified to be the sound pressure acting on the personnel. If the concept would indicate levels over the permissible levels it would not have any potential and would not be further investigated.To conclude which levels a concept like this would have, a test shooting was planned and conducted with the help from FMV Test and Evaluation centre in Karlsborg and representatives from BAE Systems HägglundsThe shooting was conducted by placing the Swedish 120 mm mortar GRK M/41 inside a CV90 chassis mock-up and firing grenades in several scenarios which would test the different parameters; elevation, charge, direction, BAD, angle of roof hatches, open/closed rear door and elevated chassis.The test showed that double ear protectors will be needed in the vehicle and with the potential that it will suffice with single ear protectors for personnel furthest in the vehicle. It is most likely that it will be restrictions on number of permissible rounds fired per day of 30-50 firings for charge 9, 40-50 with charge 7 and 70-80 with charge 5.The use of BAD resulted in the sound level decreasing between 5-12 dB which would increase the restrictions to a maximum of 100 rounds per day for maximum charge.

No description available.

This work presents the experimental study of the flow generated in the wakes of three three-dimensional bumps in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel. The three bumps examined are named bump 1, small bump 3, and large bump 3, and are the same test cases studied by Byun et al. (2004) and Ma and Simpson (2004) with a LDV system and a quad-wire hot-wire probe, respectively. Various experimental methods are used in this work: For measuring the mean velocity component in the planes examined, a seven-hole pressure probe is used with the data reduction algorithm developed by Johansen et al. (2001). A sixteen-hole pressure rake is used for boundary layer data on the sidewalls and ceiling of the test section and a Pitot-static probe is used to obtain mean velocity magnitude in the centerline of the test section. Specific techniques are developed to minimize the uncertainties due to the apparatus used, and an uncertainty analysis is used to confirm the efficiency of these techniques. Measurements in the wake of bump 1 reveal a strong streamwise vorticity creating large amounts of high moment fluid entrained close to the wall. In the wake of small bump 3, the amount of high momentum fluid entrained close to the wall is small as well as the streamwise vorticity. The flow in the wake of large bump 3 incorporate the characteristics of the two previous bumps by having a relatively large entrainment of high momentum fluid close to the wall and a low generation of streamwise vorticity. In the wakes of the three bumps, a pair of counter rotating vortices is created. The influence of large bump 3 on the incoming flow-field is found to be significant and induces an increase of the boundary layer thickness. By comparing LDV data and quad-wire hot-wire data with seven-hole probe data in the wakes of the bumps at the same locations, it is shown that uncertainties defined for a quasi-steady, non-turbulent flow-field without velocity gradient are bad indicators of the magnitude of the uncertainties in a more complex flow-field. A theoretical framework is discussed to understand the effects of the velocity gradient and of turbulence on the pressures measured by the seven-hole probe. In this fashion, a model is proposed and validated to explain these effects. It is observed that the main contribution to the uncertainties in seven-hole probe measurements due to the velocity gradient and to the turbulence comes from the velocity gradient. To correct for the effects of the velocity gradient on seven-hole probe measurements in an unknown flow-field, a technique is proposed. Using an estimation of the velocity gradient calculated from the seven-hole probe, the proposed model could be used to re-evaluate non-dimensional pressure coefficients used in the data reduction algorithm therefore correcting for the effects of the velocity gradient on seven-hole probe measurements. / Master of Science

No description available.

The movement of granular material along a streambed has been a challenging subject for researchers for more than a century. Predicting the limiting case of nearly zero bedload transport, usually referred to as threshold of motion or critical condition, is even more challenging due to the highly fluctuating nature of turbulent flow. Numerous works have advocated that the peak turbulent forces, randomly occurring in time and space with magnitudes higher than the average, initiate the bed material motion. More recent findings have shown that not only the magnitude of the peak turbulent forces acting on individual grains but their duration as well have to be considered for determining the incipient conditions. Their product, or impulse, is better suited for specifying such conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate the mechanism responsible for initiation of sediment motion under turbulent flow conditions. The impulse concept was investigated by utilizing appropriate measurement methods in the laboratory for determining the condition of incipient motion. The experimental program included measurements of particle entrainment rates of a mobile grain and turbulence induced forces acting upon a fixed grain for a range of flow conditions. In addition, near bed flow velocities were measured synchronously with both the entrainment and pressure measurements at turbulent resolving frequencies. Results of this work covered the limitations and uncertainties associated with the experimental methods employed, and the description of the inadequacies of existing incipient motion models via the impulse framework. The extreme sensitivity of bed material activity to minute adjustments in flow conditions was explained by the associated change in the frequency of impulse events. The probability density function proposed for impulse was used together with the critical impulse to estimate the particle entrainment rate for a range of flow conditions. It was shown that the impulse events with potential to dislodge the grain were occurring mostly during sweep type of flow structures. The impulse events were also typically accompanied by positive lift forces. The force patterns showed that the positive peaks in the lift consistently occurred before and after the impulse events in the drag force. The magnitude of these lift forces were significantly higher in the wake of a cylinder compared to that of uniform flow conditions. The time average lift force in the wake of a cylinder was also observed to be positive with magnitudes reaching more than 30% of the submerged weight of the particle. The cylinder caused the downstream turbulence intensity to increase slightly but the particle entrainment rate to increase significantly. This finding provided a physically based explanation for the modification of turbulent force fluctuations and resulting changes in the particle movement rates by such unsteady flow conditions. / Ph. D.

BACKGROUND: Little is known of the effects of obesity, body size and body composition, and blood pressure (BP) in childhood on hypertension (HBP) and cardiac structure and function in adulthood due to the lack of long-term serial data on these parameters from childhood into adulthood. In the present study, we are poised to analyze these serial data from the Fels Longitudinal Study (FLS) to evaluate the extent to which body size during childhood determines HBP and cardiac structure and function in the same individuals in adulthood through mathematical modeling. METHODS: The data were from 412 males and 403 females in the FLS. Stature and BMI parameters were estimated using the Preeze-Baines model and the third degree polynomial model to describe the timing, velocity and duration of these measure from 2 to 25 years of age. The biological parameters were related to adult BP and echocardiographic (Echo-) measurements using Generalized Linear Models (GLM). RESULTS: The parameters of stature and BMI were compared between male and female to their overall goodness of fit and their capabilities to quantify the timing, rate of increase, and duration of the growth events. For stature parameters, the age at onset and peak velocity was earlier for girls; but the peak velocity was greater in boys; the velocity at onset was about the same for boys and girls; and stature at onset, peak velocity and adult was greater for boys. For BMI parameters, boys tended to have larger BMI values than girls, but the rates of change in BMI were almost the same; there was no sex difference in the timing of BMI rebound, but there was for the age of the peak velocity of BMI and maximum BMI, both of which were earlier in girls than in boys. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in childhood stature and BMI parameters were related to adult BP and Echo-measurements more so in females than males. Also the relationship of the adult BP measurements with corresponding childhood biological parameters was stronger than the relationship for adult Echo-measurements.