In the Middle East, extended reach horizontal wells (on the order of 25,000 feet of horizontal displacement) are commonly acid stimulated by jetting acid out of drill pipe. The acid is jetted onto the face of the openhole wellbore as the drill pipe is withdrawn from the well. The jetting action helps to remove the drilling fluid filter cake and promote the acid to penetrate into the formation and form wormholes to stimulate the well. However, with very long sections of wellbore open to flow, the acid placement and subsequent wormhole distribution and penetration depths are uncertain. This study has modeled the acid jetting process using a comprehensive model of acid placement and wormhole propagation in a horizontal well. It is presumed that the acid jetting tool removes the drilling mud filter cake, so that no filter cake exists between the end of the drill pipe and the toe of the well. Correspondingly, the model also assumes that there is an intact, low-permeability filter cake on the borehole wall between the end of the drill pipe and the heel of the well. The drill pipe is modeled as being withdrawn from the well during the acid jetting treatment, as is done in practice. The acidizing simulator predicts the distribution of acid and the depths of wormholes formed as functions of time and position during the acid jetting treatment. The model shows that the acid jetting process as typically applied in these wells preferentially stimulates the toe region of the horizontal well. Comparisons of the simulation predictions with published data for acid jetting treatments in such wells showed good general agreement. Based on the simulation study, this study presents recommendations for improved acid jetting treatment procedures to improve the distribution of acid injected into the formation.

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The goal of this experiment is to explore the absorption and reflection of UV light by TiO2/MCA in physical mixing and chemical synthesis. The experiment shows that TiO2/MCA in anatase structure is better than in amorphous structure (with FT-IR. UV-VIS. XRD and Raman spectrum). The first experiment shows that the small TiO2 particle size (290 nm) has better UV absorption than large TiO2 particle (400 nm) in the same mole. After TiO2/MCA(P) exposed to the UV source, the concentration of MCA in TiO2 anatase structure will decrease much than in TiO2 amorphous structure. In the second experiment, the raman peak in 1070 cm-1 proofs that the existence of the Ti-O-C structure. In addition, the FT-IR spectrums peck shows a part of TiO2/MCA has no chemical bonding, and also produces sparse ester (1100 cm-1 . 1300 cm-1). If the peak (1100 cm-1 . 1300 cm-1) were not exist, compare with the previous step, the level of chemical bonding will increase, and it will produce even less ester. In conclusion, The direction of UV absorption of TiO2/MCA(C1. C2. C3) and TiO2/MCA(P) are extremely similar.

Abstract The objective of this study is to compare the performance over copper oxide catalyst under nonselective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with methane and selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with propane. The copper catalysts was prepared by impregnating the support Al2O3 with copper nitrate. In order to find the favorable kind and concentration of acid solution¡Awe conducted the modification of three acid solutions on the support Al2O3 in the same normal concentration in the first¡Aand followed by the test of various concentration of the most-favoured acid. The experiment operated condition was as follow¡G reaction temperature 623K-1023K¡AF/W¡×108000ml/hr.g¡Aoxygen concentration 2¢M¡ANOx inlet concentration 1000ppm. In view of the result of NSCR reactions with methane over Cu/£^-Al2O3 catalyst¡Athe conversion of De-NOx increased with the increasing loading of copper on Cu/£^-Al2O3¡Aand achieved a max. value when copper loading was 8¢Mwt.. The performance of De-NOx over the modified copper catalysts three different acid with the same normal concentraion¡Ashowed that the best reduction efficiency was with nitric acid modified¡Athen with¡Aand followed with acetic acid¡Aphosphoric acids. Through compared the conversion of De-NOx between non-modified Cu/£^-Al2O3 with modified Cu/£^-Al2O3¡Athere had the best efficiency in treating for NO conversion. It showed that the best efficiency in raising the conversion of NO over copper catalyst is modified with nitric acid¡Athere is not helpful on reduction efficiency of NO by modification with acetic and phosphatic acids. Nevertheless¡Athe higher concentration¡]N¡^ of nitric acid is¡Athe higher efficiency of De-NO is¡F For the SCR reactions with propane, when the inlet concentraion NO/C3H8 was 1¡Athere has better reductive activity. The trends for the NO conversion versus reaction temperature were similar for the same catalysts used. In general, the NO conversion was an increasing function of copper loading for these copper catalysts. The 8¢Mwt. Cu/£^-Al2O3 was found to enhance the NO conversion. The activity of acid-treated catalysts in nitric acid with 2¢MO2 present had the best NO conversion, while the same order was in NSCR reaction. Treating the supports with a higher concentration of acid would result in a higher activity for the copper catalyst, implying that acid treatment not only duces surface area to decrease on catalyst and enhance the reactivity, but also the presence of Cu+ and Cu2+ might be responsible for the reaction efficiency. no matter what the reactant is propane or methan , propane is better reactant to catalyst NO to N2.

Since the oil price has been stable at a high level, operators are trying to maximize their production to get maximum return of investment. To achieve this objective, all kinds of well stimulation technologies are applied to the proper candidate wells. Acid fracturing is a standard practice to increase the production rate and to improve ultimate recovery in carbonate reservoirs. There have been successful cases in most carbonate reservoirs around the world. However acid fracture performance varied significantly with the acid fluid type, pumping schedule, formation composition, rock embedment strength, reservoir pressure, and other downhole conditions. Engineers have tried to understand the acid transportation and dissolution mechanism and, wanted to optimize each acid job design and to predict the acid treatment effect. We made an acid fracture conductivity apparatus capable of conducting acid fracturing experiments at conditions as close to the field treatment conditions as possible. With reliable laboratory experimental results, engineers will understand the acid fracturing mechanism and build a realistic model to improve the treatment design. Our lab facility is customized for its tasks. The setup and experimental procedures are optimized to make the operations feasible and the results accurate. The fracture conductivity cell is per API standard and is modified to accommodate thick rock samples. The thick rock will create a similar downhole leakoff condition when acid flows across the fracture surface. The Chem/Meter pump is able to provide a pump rate that matches field operational conditions. All necessary measurements are recorded. The experimental data are processed and interpreted with statistics methodology. Some preliminary acid fracture conductivity experiments were carried out. A few different types of fluids are used to investigate the effects of acid concentration, fluid viscosity, and emulsification. All acid fluids had 15, 30 or 60 minutes contact time with carbonate rocks. The acid leakoff velocity is controlled at velocity 0.003~0.01 ft/min to simulate the downhole condition. Most of the experiments are successful. They can be used to validate an acid fracture conductivity model.

Estimation of bottomhole pressure during a matrix-acidizing treatment provides the information needed to accurately determine the evolution of skin factor during and after the treatment. It could be a very complicated process, especially when compressible fluids, such as foams, are involved. Existing models for estimating bottomhole pressure during a matrix-acidizing treatment ignore the volume reduction of compressible fluids and its effect on the bottomhole pressure. This research developed a model that uses a unique solution to the mechanical energy balance equation, to calculate the bottomhole pressure from known surface measurements during foamed acid stimulation. The model was used to evaluate two stimulation treatments. Field examples are presented which illustrate the application of the model to optimize stimulation treatments. Properly accounting for the flow behavior and tracking the injected volume of the foam diverter used during the treatment resulted in more reliable and accurate bottomhole pressure profile.

Acid fracturing is one of the preferred methods to stimulate wells in carbonate reservoirs. It consists of injecting an acid solution at high enough pressure to break down the formation and to propagate a two-wing crack away from the wellbore. The acid reacts with the carbonate formation and this causes the etching of the fracture surfaces. After the treatment, the created etched surfaces do not close perfectly and that leaves behind a highly conductive path for the hydrocarbons to be produced. We distinguish the issue of treatment sizing (that is the determination of the volume of acid to be injected) and the issue of creating optimum fracture dimensions given the size of the treatment. This is reasonable because the final cost of a treatment is determined mainly by the volume of acid injected and our goal should be to achieve the best performance of the treated well. The well performance depends on the created fracture dimensions and fracture conductivity and might change with time due to various reasons. This research evaluates two field cases from Saudi Aramco where acid fracturing treatment has been used to stimulate a carbonate formation. I investigated the following issues: a) how effective was the treatment to restoring the initial productivity, b) how did the productivity of the well change with time; c) what are the possible reasons for the change in performance, d) what are our options to improve acid fracture design in the future? Based on our research work both near-well liquid drop-out and fractureconductivity deterioration can impact the production in different proportion. Moreover, the fracturing model tends to overestimate the fracture conductivity in some cases as shown in SA-2. Also, the “Acid fracture Number” concept proves to be an effective way to evaluate the acid fracturing treatment. Several recommendations were made based on this research work as described in the last part of my thesis.

Small and very small slaughterhouses generally spray lactic acid for carcass decontamination utilizing a hand held sprayer. Even though this tool represents a very small investment, it may present important disadvantages such as uneven delivery of the spray over the carcass surface. If the decontamination treatment is not applied properly, the untreated areas of the carcass will still have high bacterial loads present and could be a source for recontamination of the areas that have been treated. A sanitizer spraying system (sanitizing halo system) was designed and assembled. The sanitizing halo system was tested at the Rosenthal Meat Science and Technology Center, Texas A&M University. Thirteen carcasses were split in halves. Thirteen halves were sampled and used as control after knife trimming and water wash; then they were sprayed with 2% L-Lactic at 55°C with the sanitizing halo system. The other 13 halves were sprayed by the RMSTC employees utilizing a hand held sprayer. Counts of aerobic and mesophilic bacteria obtained from carcasses sprayed with the sanitizing halo system and the hand held sprayer were both significantly lower than the control counts. In addition, coliforms counts were below the detectable limit for the sanitizing halo system and the hand held sprayer. After testing, the sanitizing halo system was installed at two small commercial slaughter plants processing beef and pork carcasses. At each slaughter plant, 24 carcass halves were treated with 2% L-Lactic at 55°C using the sanitizing halo system, and the other 24 halves were used as control. Mesophilic bacteria populations were reduced in beef and pork carcasses by 2.9 and 1.9 log cycles, respectively, after the lactic acid treatment. Also E. coli counts were significantly lower in the three regions sampled after application of the 2% L-Lactic acid with the sanitizing halo system. From the data collected during this study, we recommend the sanitizing halo system as a tool to reduce the bacterial loads on the surface of beef and pork carcasses. The use of this system should help small and very small slaughterhouses to improve food safety performance while providing cost-efficiency, simplicity, and convenience.

This research examined the quantitative effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum with a mean initial weight of 10g and fed for 8 weeks. Four experimental diets that contained 16% crude lipid and 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% or 2.0% CLA were compared. At the end of the growth trial there was no significant differences in growth parameters. With increased CLA supplement, the body lipid content tended to reduce and protein content was significantly decreased. Increased dietary CLA caused significantly decreased hepatic FAS activity. Hepatic ME activity was decreased significantly in 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% CLA treatment, while no significant effect was detected on hepatic G6PDH activity. Total lipid contents of the liver and visceral fatty depot were significant decreased in 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% CLA treatment. There was a significant decrease in lipid content in the ventral muscle when CLA was supplemented at 0.75%, 1% and 2%. Fish fed 0.5% CLA had a lower adipocyte density in dorsal muscle, while fish fed 2% CLA treatment had a larger size of adipocytes in the liver and dorsal muscle. Gene expression of PPAR-£\ and PPAR-£^ showed no definite trend. Significant deposition of CLA was found in the liver, ventral muscle, dorsal muscle and visceral fatty depot of the cobia. The deposition ratio of cis-9, trans-11 CLA was slightly higher than that of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Dietary CLA also affected the deposition of other fatty acids. Increased dietary inclusion of CLA significantly increased the total percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFA) but significantly decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) contents of the visceral fatty depot were significantly increased. In terms of immune response, dietary CLA had no effect on respiratory burst activities of head kidney phagocytes. Serum of fish fed 0.5% CLA had significantly increased lysozyme activities. In conclusion, dietary CLA affected the metabolism of lipid and fatty acid composition of cobia juveniles, and enhanced slightly immune responses. As CLA can deposit in the tissues of cobia, production of CLA-containing fish as a functional food is thus possible in cobia through dietary manipulation. An supplemental rate of 0.5% CLA is the optimal concentration considering fish nutrition and cost effectiveness.

Background : The oral administration of Glucosamine and intra-articular (IA) injection of Hyaluronic Acid were used to treat osteoarthritis. Several studies supported that clinical pain symptoms could be alleviated, and activities of daily life improved after the completion of IA knee hyaluronic acid injections. However, the efficacy of oral administration of Glucosamine was inconclusive. In Taiwan, the Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) made the strict formulations for the both of ¡§oral administration of Glucosamine ¡§and ¡§IA knee hyaluronic acid injections.¡¨ But, there were no evidence to prove that whether the combined treatments from both oral administration of Glucosamine and IA knee hyaluronic acid injections were more effective than the treatment with the IA knee hyaluronic acid injections alone. Objectives : The porpose of this study was to examine whether the effects of treatment combined with both ¡§oral administration of Glucosamine and IA knee hyaluronic acid injections¡¨ on clinical pain symptoms and activities of daily living were better than ¡§IA knee hyaluronic acid injections¡¨ alone. Methods : We randomly assigned 60 patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, at the department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Union Hospital, between 2008 and 2009, to receive oral administration of Glucosamine and IA knee hyaluronic acid injections or oral administration of Placebo and IA knee hyaluronic acid injections. In this study, clinical pain symptoms, and activities of daily living were assessed by using Lequesne's Index, visual analogue scale index, Berg Balance Test, and Biodex Balance Test before and after the treatment in 60 patients with the knee OA. Result : The mean age was 66.6 years, and 70 percent were woman. There was a significant efficacy before and after treatments both in the treatment group(p<0.001) and the placebo control group(p<0.001). In the other hand, there was not the statistical significance in the efficacy between the treatment group and the control group(p=0.869). Conclusion : The combined treatment with both oral administration of Glucosamine and IA knee hyaluronic acid injections was not significantly better than the IA knee hyaluronic acid injections alone in reducing knee pain or promoting the function of daily life.