Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:33:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_af_me_arafcl.pdf: 940072 bytes, checksum: 3baa98e628ee79a59290c8f585f1d473 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é descrever do ponto de vista acústico as fricativas labiodentais, alveolares e palatoalveolares surdas e sonoras do Português Brasileiro em posição de onset e coda silábica. Para este estudo, foi montado um corpus composto por palavras dissílabas (reais e logatomas - palavras que não existem, mas que estão de acordo com a fonotaxe da língua). As palavras do corpus possuíam as seguintes estruturas silábicas: CV.CV; CVC.CV; CV.CVC. Assim, a posição de onset foi ocupada pelas fricativas labiodentais, alveolares e palatoalveolares e pela oclusiva bilabial surda. A posição de coda silábica foi ocupada sempre pelas fricativas alveolares. O núcleo silábico, por sua vez, foi ocupado pelas vogais /a/, /i/ e /u/ com o objetivo de verificar se o contexto vocálico interfere nas características das fricativas. As palavras do corpus foram inseridas na frase veículo “Digo palavra-alvo baixinho”, com o objetivo de homogeneizar o ambiente fonético. O corpus deste estudo foi gravado por cinco informantes (três homens e duas mulheres) naturais de Vitória da Conquista – BA, universitários com idade entre 18 e 27 anos. Cada informante repetiu as frases três vezes. Os parâmetros acústicos adotados para caracterizar as fricativas foram a duração segmental e a frequência do espectro. Como se sabe, a duração segmental pode variar de acordo com vários fatores, por isso, optamos por analisar a duração relativa das fricativas, e não a duração absoluta. Para a análise da taxa de frequência em que são realizadas as fricativas, utilizamos a análise dos quatro momentos espectrais (FORREST ET AL., 1988). Nossos resultados evidenciam que a duração relativa foi eficaz para distinguir as fricativas com relação ao ponto de articulação, à sonoridade, ao contexto vocálico e à posição silábica. No que refere-se à frequência... / The purpose of this master’s degree thesis is to describe from the acoustic point of view the labiodental, alveolar and postalveolar fricatives, voiced and voiceless, of Brazilian Portuguese in onset and coda position in syllables. For this study , a corpus was organized, composed by two-syllable words (real and logatome - words that do not exist, but they are in accordance with the language phonotactics). The words of the corpus had the following syllable structures: CV.CV; CVC.CV; CV.CV. Thus, the onset position was occupied by labiodental, alveolar and postalveolar fricatives and voiceless bilabial plosive. The coda position was always occupied by alveolar fricatives. The syllable nucleus, in turn, was occupied by the vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ in order to check if the vowel context affects the characteristics of fricatives. The words from the corpus were inserted in the support sentence I say target word softly, in order to homogenize the phonetic environment. The corpus of this study was recorded by five participants (three men and two women) from Vitória da Conquista - BA, students aged between 18 and 27 years. Each participant repeated a sentence three times. The acoustic parameters used to define the fricatives were segmental duration and frequency spectrum. As we know, the segmental length can vary depending on several factors. Therefore, we chose to analyze the relative duration of fricatives and not the absolute duration. For the frequency rate analysis in which fricatives are produced, we employed an analysis of four spectral moments (FORREST ET AL., 1988). Our results proved that the relative length was effective to distinguish fricatives in relation to places of articulation, voicing, vowel context and syllable position. As regards the frequency of fricatives, the results show that the values of the first spectral moment were the most effective to distinguish fricatives... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Cagliari / Coorientador: Vera Pacheco / Banca: Cristina Fargetti / Banca: Larissa Cristina Berti / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é descrever do ponto de vista acústico as fricativas labiodentais, alveolares e palatoalveolares surdas e sonoras do Português Brasileiro em posição de onset e coda silábica. Para este estudo, foi montado um corpus composto por palavras dissílabas (reais e logatomas - palavras que não existem, mas que estão de acordo com a fonotaxe da língua). As palavras do corpus possuíam as seguintes estruturas silábicas: CV.CV; CVC.CV; CV.CVC. Assim, a posição de onset foi ocupada pelas fricativas labiodentais, alveolares e palatoalveolares e pela oclusiva bilabial surda. A posição de coda silábica foi ocupada sempre pelas fricativas alveolares. O núcleo silábico, por sua vez, foi ocupado pelas vogais /a/, /i/ e /u/ com o objetivo de verificar se o contexto vocálico interfere nas características das fricativas. As palavras do corpus foram inseridas na frase veículo "Digo palavra-alvo baixinho", com o objetivo de homogeneizar o ambiente fonético. O corpus deste estudo foi gravado por cinco informantes (três homens e duas mulheres) naturais de Vitória da Conquista - BA, universitários com idade entre 18 e 27 anos. Cada informante repetiu as frases três vezes. Os parâmetros acústicos adotados para caracterizar as fricativas foram a duração segmental e a frequência do espectro. Como se sabe, a duração segmental pode variar de acordo com vários fatores, por isso, optamos por analisar a duração relativa das fricativas, e não a duração absoluta. Para a análise da taxa de frequência em que são realizadas as fricativas, utilizamos a análise dos quatro momentos espectrais (FORREST ET AL., 1988). Nossos resultados evidenciam que a duração relativa foi eficaz para distinguir as fricativas com relação ao ponto de articulação, à sonoridade, ao contexto vocálico e à posição silábica. No que refere-se à frequência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of this master's degree thesis is to describe from the acoustic point of view the labiodental, alveolar and postalveolar fricatives, voiced and voiceless, of Brazilian Portuguese in onset and coda position in syllables. For this study , a corpus was organized, composed by two-syllable words (real and logatome - words that do not exist, but they are in accordance with the language phonotactics). The words of the corpus had the following syllable structures: CV.CV; CVC.CV; CV.CV. Thus, the onset position was occupied by labiodental, alveolar and postalveolar fricatives and voiceless bilabial plosive. The coda position was always occupied by alveolar fricatives. The syllable nucleus, in turn, was occupied by the vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ in order to check if the vowel context affects the characteristics of fricatives. The words from the corpus were inserted in the support sentence "I say target word softly," in order to homogenize the phonetic environment. The corpus of this study was recorded by five participants (three men and two women) from Vitória da Conquista - BA, students aged between 18 and 27 years. Each participant repeated a sentence three times. The acoustic parameters used to define the fricatives were segmental duration and frequency spectrum. As we know, the segmental length can vary depending on several factors. Therefore, we chose to analyze the relative duration of fricatives and not the absolute duration. For the frequency rate analysis in which fricatives are produced, we employed an analysis of four spectral moments (FORREST ET AL., 1988). Our results proved that the relative length was effective to distinguish fricatives in relation to places of articulation, voicing, vowel context and syllable position. As regards the frequency of fricatives, the results show that the values of the first spectral moment were the most effective to distinguish fricatives... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

As autonomy in vehicles increases, the role of the driver will diminish, moving on to more non-driving related tasks. We are at a juncture at which cars have the ability to drive themselves, but only if the driver is ready to take over control of the vehicle when required (e.g., Tesla autopilot). Therefore, it is important that adequate alerts are used to warn drivers in various contexts to take control back from these semi-automated vehicles. Considerable research has been conducted to design the safest alerts for the takeover transition. However, more systematic research is still required to accurately predict driver responses to different parameters of the alerts. Also, takeover research has not considered drivers' states (e.g., emotions). Anger is one of the emotions that has been shown to impair driver judgment and performance. There is limited research on how anger might influence takeover performance in semi-automated driving. This study aimed to investigate the influence of anger on takeover reaction time and safety by comparing angry and neutral drivers. Additionally, the effects of increased perceived urgency of auditory alarms on takeover reaction time were measured. Data from this research was used to help test mathematical driver behavior modeling using the QN-MHP cognitive architecture. Using a motion-based simulator, 36 participants performed takeovers in semi-automated vehicle on a 3-lane highway. Between takeovers, participants performed a secondary task (i.e., online game) on a tablet. There were no significant differences in takeover reaction time between angry and neutral drivers. However, angry drivers drove faster which can lead to dangerous collisions. Angry drivers took longer to change lanes with lower steering wheel angles. Neutral drivers' slower speeds and higher steering wheel angles indicated that they initiated the lane change earlier, and thus, made safer lane changes. As expected, higher frequency and more repetitions of the auditory takeover displays led to faster takeover reaction times. QN-MHP model predictions of takeover reaction times resulted in a 68.92% correlation with the empirical data collected. The results of this study suggest that angry drivers perform riskier than neutral drivers when taking over control of a semi-automated vehicle. This study is expected to make a significant contribution to research on the influence of emotion, specifically, anger on takeover performance in semi-automated vehicles as well as takeover display design. / Master of Science / Over the last decade, there has been an increasing shift towards the automation of cars. But, this is only made possible in situations where the driver is ready to take over control of the vehicle when required (e.g., Tesla autopilot). Therefore, it is important to use the right alert sounds to warn drivers to take control back from their self-driving cars. There has been a lot of research in designing the safest alerts for taking over control of the vehicle. However, research has not considered the driver's emotions while taking over control of their vehicle. Anger has been shown to be one of the emotions that can impair driver judgment and performance. Limited research has been performed to measure how anger can influence takeover performance. This study compared how angry drivers are different from non-angry (neutral) drivers in their takeover reaction time and safety. Additionally, the effects of a more urgent sounding alert on reaction time were also measured. The data from this research help to validate the predictions of a mathematical model of driver behavior. Thirty-six participants performed takeovers in a self-driving car simulator. While they were driving in the simulator, they also played a game on a tablet. The results showed that angry drivers and neutral drivers took the same time to takeover. But, angry drivers drove faster which can lead to dangerous collisions. Angry drivers took longer to change lanes with lower steering wheel angles. Neutral drivers started changing lanes earlier because they drove slower and turned more. This meant they drove safer than angry drivers. A more urgent sounding alert led to faster takeover reaction times from both drivers. The mathematical model predictions of takeover reaction time were nearly 70% close to the actual data collected. The results of this study suggest that angry drivers perform worse takeovers than neutral drivers. The findings will help design safer alerts in self-driving cars and also contribute to the design of self-driving cars that consider the drivers' emotional states.